ikatan ion terbentuk melalui proses derma dan terima elektron.Atom menderma/menerima elektron untuk membentuk ion di mana susunan elektron bagi ion adalah duplet/oktet (stabil).Susunan elektron ini adalah sama dengan susunan elektron bagi gas nadir.Daya elektrostatik yang kuat menarik kation dan anion untuk datang dekat dan membentuk sebation ion.
This document discusses alloys and their properties. It defines an alloy as a mixture of two or more metals or a metal and non-metal. Common alloys include steel, duralumin, stainless steel, bronze, and brass. Alloys have improved properties compared to pure metals, such as increased strength, improved corrosion resistance, and better appearance. The document provides examples of common alloys, their compositions, properties, and uses.
This document provides an overview of how elements are organized in the periodic table. It discusses early classification systems developed by Newlands and Mendeleev and how Moseley later determined that atomic number, not atomic mass, is the basis for organization. Key periodic properties like valence electrons and how they determine chemical properties are explained. Finally, it gives a brief tour of different groups of elements and trends seen in the periodic table.
The document provides information about chemical reactions, including defining reactants and products, describing types of chemical reactions like synthesis, decomposition, double displacement, displacement and combustion reactions. It also discusses how to write and balance chemical equations.
The document discusses several manufactured substances used in industry. It focuses on alloys, synthetic polymers, glass, and composite materials. For each category, it provides examples of specific materials, their compositions, properties, and common uses. Alloys discussed include bronze, brass, steel, stainless steel, and pewter. Synthetic polymers mentioned are polythene, polypropene, polyvinyl chloride, perspex, terylene, and nylon. The document also examines different types of glass and their characteristics.
The document provides information about various gemstones including opal, diamond, amber, aquamarine, and sapphire. It describes how opals diffract light internally to produce colorful patterns, how diamonds get their color from trace elements or radiation exposure, how amber is fossilized tree resin used historically and today, the color range and hardness of aquamarine varieties of beryl, and how sapphires get their blue and other colors from chromium or other mineral impurities in their corundum composition.
This document discusses the manufacture and uses of sulphuric acid and ammonia in industry. It describes the 3-stage contact process for producing sulphuric acid from sulphur dioxide and oxygen, and how sulphur dioxide is obtained from burning sulphur or sulphide ores. It also outlines how ammonia is used to manufacture nitrogenous fertilizers like ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate through neutralization reactions. Ammonia is further used as a refrigerant and to preserve latex by preventing coagulation.
Manufactured substances in industry Form 4 Folioanyzeizzaty
Manufactured substances are important in industry. This document discusses manufactured substances and was written by Chemistry Teacher En. Mohd Fazdli B. Mohd Nor for his student Nur Hannis 'Izzati Bt. Mohd Adan of Class 4 Arif with I.C. number 960324-04-5060.
This document discusses chemicals used for consumers, focusing on soaps and detergents, food additives, and medicines. It provides details on the history, manufacturing, and molecular structure of soaps and detergents. Detergents are synthetic cleansing agents made from petroleum, while soaps are made through saponification of animal fats or vegetable oils with alkalis. Both soaps and detergents work by having a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail that allow them to lift oils and dirt away during washing. Modern detergents contain additives like builders, bleaching agents, and enzymes to enhance cleaning power. Food additives and medicines are also summarized briefly.
ikatan ion terbentuk melalui proses derma dan terima elektron.Atom menderma/menerima elektron untuk membentuk ion di mana susunan elektron bagi ion adalah duplet/oktet (stabil).Susunan elektron ini adalah sama dengan susunan elektron bagi gas nadir.Daya elektrostatik yang kuat menarik kation dan anion untuk datang dekat dan membentuk sebation ion.
This document discusses alloys and their properties. It defines an alloy as a mixture of two or more metals or a metal and non-metal. Common alloys include steel, duralumin, stainless steel, bronze, and brass. Alloys have improved properties compared to pure metals, such as increased strength, improved corrosion resistance, and better appearance. The document provides examples of common alloys, their compositions, properties, and uses.
This document provides an overview of how elements are organized in the periodic table. It discusses early classification systems developed by Newlands and Mendeleev and how Moseley later determined that atomic number, not atomic mass, is the basis for organization. Key periodic properties like valence electrons and how they determine chemical properties are explained. Finally, it gives a brief tour of different groups of elements and trends seen in the periodic table.
The document provides information about chemical reactions, including defining reactants and products, describing types of chemical reactions like synthesis, decomposition, double displacement, displacement and combustion reactions. It also discusses how to write and balance chemical equations.
The document discusses several manufactured substances used in industry. It focuses on alloys, synthetic polymers, glass, and composite materials. For each category, it provides examples of specific materials, their compositions, properties, and common uses. Alloys discussed include bronze, brass, steel, stainless steel, and pewter. Synthetic polymers mentioned are polythene, polypropene, polyvinyl chloride, perspex, terylene, and nylon. The document also examines different types of glass and their characteristics.
The document provides information about various gemstones including opal, diamond, amber, aquamarine, and sapphire. It describes how opals diffract light internally to produce colorful patterns, how diamonds get their color from trace elements or radiation exposure, how amber is fossilized tree resin used historically and today, the color range and hardness of aquamarine varieties of beryl, and how sapphires get their blue and other colors from chromium or other mineral impurities in their corundum composition.
This document discusses the manufacture and uses of sulphuric acid and ammonia in industry. It describes the 3-stage contact process for producing sulphuric acid from sulphur dioxide and oxygen, and how sulphur dioxide is obtained from burning sulphur or sulphide ores. It also outlines how ammonia is used to manufacture nitrogenous fertilizers like ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate through neutralization reactions. Ammonia is further used as a refrigerant and to preserve latex by preventing coagulation.
Manufactured substances in industry Form 4 Folioanyzeizzaty
Manufactured substances are important in industry. This document discusses manufactured substances and was written by Chemistry Teacher En. Mohd Fazdli B. Mohd Nor for his student Nur Hannis 'Izzati Bt. Mohd Adan of Class 4 Arif with I.C. number 960324-04-5060.
This document discusses chemicals used for consumers, focusing on soaps and detergents, food additives, and medicines. It provides details on the history, manufacturing, and molecular structure of soaps and detergents. Detergents are synthetic cleansing agents made from petroleum, while soaps are made through saponification of animal fats or vegetable oils with alkalis. Both soaps and detergents work by having a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail that allow them to lift oils and dirt away during washing. Modern detergents contain additives like builders, bleaching agents, and enzymes to enhance cleaning power. Food additives and medicines are also summarized briefly.
Glass and ceramics are both made from sand but have different properties. Glass is made by heating sand and cooling it rapidly, resulting in an amorphous solid structure. The most common type of glass is soda-lime glass, made by heating sand, limestone, and sodium carbonate. Adding boron oxide forms borosilicate glass, which is more heat resistant. Lead crystal glass contains lead and is used for fine glassware. Ceramics are made from clay like kaolin, which hardens permanently when heated. Ceramics are very hard, brittle, chemically inert, and resist compression, making them suitable for uses like pottery, tiles, and electrical insulators.
Glass-ceramics are polycrystalline materials produced by controlled crystallization of specific glass compositions during heat treatment. They typically contain 50-95% crystalline phases with the remainder being residual glass. The crystallization process involves nucleation of small crystalline volumes followed by crystal growth. Several processing routes can be used, including conventional two-stage and single-stage heat treatments, petrurgic cooling, powder methods, and using sol-gel precursor glass. Glass-ceramics find applications in biomedical fields.
This document discusses composites, which are materials made from two or more constituent materials with different physical or chemical properties. It describes different types of composites including fiber reinforced plastics, concrete, wood, and others. It focuses on fiber reinforced plastic composites, discussing different fiber types like glass, carbon, and aramid fibers and how they are produced and their mechanical properties. It also discusses matrix materials like polyester and epoxy resins and how they contribute to the properties of fiber reinforced composites. The properties and applications of different composites are summarized.
This chapter discusses stoichiometry and interpreting chemical equations. [1] Equations show the amounts of reactants needed to produce a certain amount of products. [2] Stoichiometry is the study of quantities in chemical reactions. [3] Chemical equations can provide information about particles, moles, mass, and volume involved in reactions.
The document discusses chemicals that are important in consumers' everyday lives such as soap, detergents, and food additives. Soap has a long history dating back to ancient Babylon around 2800 BC. Soap is made from sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids that have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail structure. This allows soap to suspend dirt and grease in water, forming an emulsion that can be rinsed away, leaving surfaces clean. Detergents are similar but are made from synthetic resources like petroleum and do not form scum in hard water or precipitates in acidic water like soap can.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang asam sulfat, ammonia dan garamnya, aloi, polimer sintetik, kaca, seramik, dan bahan komposit. Memberikan informasi tentang proses pembuatan, sifat, dan penggunaan berbagai bahan kimia tersebut.
Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers connected by covalent bonds. There are two types of polymers: natural polymers found in living things, and synthetic polymers created through chemical processes. Some key points:
- Synthetic polymers can be divided into plastics, fibers, and elastomers. Common plastics include polyethylene, polyamide, and nylon.
- Polymer properties depend on factors like chain length, side groups, and cross-linking. Different polymers have various advantages and disadvantages for applications.
- Non-biodegradable synthetic polymers cause pollution problems if not properly disposed of or recycled. Methods to address this include reuse, reduction, recycling, and developing biode
Soap is a salt of a carboxylic acid made from reacting natural fats/oils with an alkali like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Soap has both a hydrophilic ionic head that is soluble in water and a hydrophobic tail that is soluble in oils/grease. Detergents are similar but are made synthetically from petroleum and have a sulphonate or sulphate group instead of a carboxylate group. Both work by lowering the surface tension of water to emulsify and suspend oils/grease for removal. Detergents are more effective than soap in hard water since they form soluble salts rather than insoluble precipitates.
Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers created from petroleum-derived monomers that are polymerized. Common synthetic polymers include polyvinyl chloride from chloroethylene monomers used for water pipes and plastic containers, polypropylene from propene used for plastic bags and bottles, and polyethylene from ethene used for plastic films and shopping bags. While synthetic polymers have advantages such as being inexpensive, stable, and easy to shape, they also have disadvantages like producing harmful gases if burned and being difficult to dispose of since they do not easily biodegrade.
Free Trilingual eBook ~ Jataka Tales with Moral Lessons pdf.pdfOH TEIK BIN
A free trilingual eBook comprising 5 PowerPoint presentations of meaningful Buddhist stories that teach important Dhamma/Life lessons. For reflection and practice to develop the mind to grow in love, compassion and wisdom. The texts are in English, Chinese & Malay.
(For other free eBooks, you can check out:
(对于其他免费电子书,您可以查看:
www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/presentations
www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/documents )
3. APA ITU ALOI ?
Proses pembuatan aloi dapat
memperbaik kelemahan sifat
logam tersebut.
Aloi ialah campuran yang
terdiri daripada logam dan
unsur-unsur lain mengikut
peratusan yang tertentu.
5. KEMULURAN
Daya tarikan antara atom logam tulen
sangat kuat,tetapi tidak tegar.
Apabila suatu daya dikenakan,lapisan-
lapisan atom boleh menggelongsor
antara satu sama lain.
Ini menjadikan logam tulen mudah
ditarik untuk dijadikan dawai yang
panjang.
6.
7. TAKAT LEBUR DAN TAKAT DIDIH
YANG TINGGI (Kecuali logam
kumpulan 1 dan merkuri)
Daya tarikan yang kuat wujud antara
atom ini dan memerlukan tenaga yang
banyak untuk memisahkannya.
Oleh itu,logam mempunyai takat lebur
yang tinggi.
9. KEBOLEHTEMPAANKEBOLEHTEMPAAN
Dalam keadaan semula jadi,penyusunan atom-
atom logam tidak sempurna kerana mempunyai
ruangan kosong.
Apabila satu blok logam tulen diketuk atau
ditekan,sebahagian kumpulan atom logam
tergelincir ke kedudukan yang baru supaya
memenuhi ruangan kosong.
Ini membolehkan logam dijadikan pelbagai
bentuk.
14. MENAMBAHKAN KEKERASAN
Pengaloian dapat menambah kekuatan dan
kekerasan logam.
-Penambahan sedikit karbon kepada logam ferum
menghasilkan aloi yang dikenali sebagai keluli karbon
yang sangat keras.Unsur seperti mangan , tungsten dan
kromium meningkatkan lagi kekerasan keluli.
15.
16.
17.
18. MENAHAN KAKISAN
Logam tulen seperti stanum dan ferum
mudah terkakis dalam keadaan
lembap,udara tercemar dan berasid.
-Penambahan karbon , nikel dan kromium kepada
logam ferum menghasilkan aloi yang dikenali
sebagai keluli nirkarat yang tahan terhadap
kakisan dan pengaratan.
19.
20.
21.
22. MEMBAIKI RUPA
Permukaan logam menjadi malap disebabkan
pembentukan lapisan oksida di atasnya.Proses
pengaloian boleh mengekalkan permukaan logam
yang berkilat.
-Penambahan sedikit kuprum dan antimoni kepada stanum
menghasilkan aloi piuter yang keras serta berkilat selepas
digosok.
23.
24.
25.
26. Logam emas merupakan logam
yang paling senang
ditempa.Emas tulen sangat
lembut dan tidak sesuai
digunakan untuk membuat
barang kemas.Sebaliknya,
emas yang dialoikan dengan
kuprum,argentum atau
paladium biasanya digunakan
untuk membuat barang kemas.
Emas 916 mempunyai 91.6%
emas.