Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returns carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs. It consists of iron, which binds oxygen molecules, enhancing oxygen transport. Transport of oxygen by hemoglobin is an example of chemical bonding between iron and oxygen atoms. Blood doping artificially boosts red blood cells to improve oxygen delivery to muscles, but it can have serious health risks like heart attack and stroke.