Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. It allows for oxygen transport and demonstrates chemical bonding. Higher altitudes like Mount Everest require more oxygen transported by hemoglobin. pH levels impact hemoglobin's ability to transport oxygen. Blood doping artificially increases red blood cells through blood transfusions or using erythropoietin to enhance endurance in running sports, though it presents health risks like thicker blood and higher heart attack chances.