This document discusses key concepts for planning and organizing an efficient kitchen, including: - Kitchens should be divided into work centers focused on tasks like food prep, cooking, and cleanup around major appliances. These centers should form a work triangle for optimal workflow. - Common kitchen layouts include one-wall, corridor, L-shaped, U-shaped, and island/peninsula designs. The U-shaped layout provides the shortest walking distances. - When evaluating a kitchen, consider if it meets needs for storage, counter space, and proximity of work centers to allow for efficient food preparation and cleaning. Displays can also provide accessible storage alternatives to cabinets.

1. LOOK FOR THESE
TERMS
work centers
work triangle
work flow
grounding
ammm
O H - A - P - T - E - R
Your Kitchen
To help you to . . .
■ Identify kitchen work centers and storage areas.
■ Evaluate basic types of kitchens.
■ Understand electrical safety in the kitchen.
■ Make the bestuse of your kitchen to meet your
needs.
In Colonial times, kitchens
were often located on the north side
of the house to keep them cooler in
the summer. Food was cooked over
an open fire. There were no “built-
in” cabinets, and water was carried
in from an outside well. By the
early 1900s, some kitchens had gas ranges, iceboxes, and a water pump. In
the late 1930s, running water and refrigerators were common.
Today’s kitchens include many
modern features and appliances.
However, from Colonial times to
now, one factor has remained
unchanged—the need for good
planning and wise use of space.

2. Chapter9 ■ Your Kitchen 127
■ Kitchens don’t need to be large to be efficient.
Planningis the key to help you organize your kitchen so it
is neat and convenient.
KITCHEN CONCEPTS
All the new techniques and skills you are
learning in this text revolve around the kitchen.
Ideally, then, everyone should be able to work in a
“dream kitchen.” Of course, that is not possible, but
you can make sure your kitchen won’t be a
nightmare. By understanding the basics of kitchen
planning you’ll be able to evaluate a kitchen so you
can make it more workable. You’ll be able to
organize and arrange space and storage areas to
make a kitchen more efficient and easy to use. With
planning guidelines, you’ll even be able to find
simple solutions to some common kitchen problems.
KITCHEN ORGANIZATION
More and more, kitchens are being used as
multipurpose rooms. For many families, the kitchen
is also a dining area. It is often considered a social
area where guests enjoy visiting and eating.
Sometimes part of the kitchen functions as a small
office or study area. A play area for children is often
included.
Kitchen planning involves a knowledge of work
centers and basic kitchen plans. With this
information, you can organize your kitchen to make
the best possible use of the space you have.
Work Centers
Kitchens are generally divided into work
centers. A work center is an area that focuses on a
particular type of work activity, such as preparation
or cooking. Each center includes appliances and
work space. Also, since a specific kind of activity is
done there, the necessary equipment should be stored
within easy reach in the area.
Kitchens can be divided into four major work
centers. The first three centers each include a major
appliance.
■Refrigerator-freezer center. The refrigerator
should have counter space next to it to use when
loading or unloading food. Storage space is
needed in this area for items used to package
food for refrigeration or freezing. Storage space
should also be available for items used when
serving refrigerated or frozen food.
■Range center. The focal point of this center is a
gas or electric range. A microwave oven also
may be included. There should be counter space
on at least one side of the range. Cabinet storage
is needed for foods used at this center. Storage
space is also needed for pots and pans and
cooking tools, such as ladles, wooden spoons
for stirring, turners, and pot holders.
■Sink or cleanup center. In addition to the sink,
this area may have appliances such as a
dishwasher, food waste disposer, and trash
compactor. Cleanup activities include washing^
dishes and utensils and cleaning fruits,
vegetables, and other foods. There should be
adequate counter space for stacking dishes.
Enough storage

3. ■ Major work centers such as this range center
include an appliance, work space, and storage space for
the necessary food, cookware, and kitchen tools. Name
five kitchen tools you would store in the range center.
space is needed for coffee makers and teapots,
paring knives, and cleaning supplies.
■ Mixing center. This area can be the counter
between two other work centers. It should have
several electrical outlets since many small
appliances may be used there. Storage is needed
for measuring, mixing, and baking equipment.
An electric mixer, food processor, and blender
may be stored here. Storage space is also needed
for cake mixes, flour, sugar, and other baking
ingredients.
In addition to the basic work centers, other
centers can be included:
An eating center can be part of the counter or it
can be a separate area with table and chairs. For eating
at the counter, stools may be used that can be pushed
under the counter when not in use. If a table is to be
placed in
■ A small eating area can be attached to a storage
cabinet for the times when only one or two people are
eating.
the kitchen, allow space for chairs to be pulled out
and for serving. If the area is also a passageway, extra
space is needed on the sides where the traffic will
pass.
If you have enough counter space, you might
plan a small appliance center. Keep frequently used
small appliances out on the counter, ready to use.
Some can be mounted on walls or under cabinets.
A planning center is included in some kitchens.
This is a sit-down desk area for planning menus,
making shopping lists, and keeping household
records. It can include bookshelves for cookbooks,
recipe files, a telephone, bulletin board, and calendar.
The planning center can be expanded to include a
home computer. Allow storage space for software.
If the kitchen is large enough, a laundry center
with a washer and dryer might be included.

4. Chapter 9 ■ Your Kitchen 129
a? g>
■ Is this work triangle arranged
properly for easy work flow?Why should
through traffic, or people walking through
the kitchen area, be routed outside the
work triangle?
Work Triangle
If possible, the three major work centers —range,
refrigerator-freezer, and sink— should be located so
that each is at the point of a triangle. This is known as
the work triangle.
In normal food preparation, the general procedure
is to take food out of the refrigerator, freezer, or
cabinet, clean it if necessary, prepare it, and then cook
and serve it. This is known as work flow.
Ideally, the three major appliances should be
arranged according to the work flow. This means the
sink should be between the refrigerator and the range.
However, that may not be possible without costly
remodeling to put the plumbing and electrical
connections where they are needed.
"Through traffic" is made up of people walking
through the kitchen to go from one area of the home
to another. Ideally, all through traffic should be
outside the work triangle. Otherwise it can cause
confusion, congestion, and accidents when someone
is trying to work in the kitchen.
1.2 TO 2.1 m (4 TO 7 FT)
.2 TO 2.7 m (4 TO 9 FT.)
■ No matter which kitchen plan the work triangle is
based on, the three sides of the triangle should total no less
than 3.6 m (12 ft.) and no more than 6.6 m (22 ft.). Ideally,
the sides of the triangle should measure as shown to
provide adequate counter and storage space
for each work center.

5. 130 Part Three ■ Consumer Decisions
■ The corridor kitchen can be efficient.
What problem occurs, though, ifboth ends of
the corridor have doors?V
D
Basic Kitchen Plans
The work triangle is usually arranged into basic
kitchen plans. The five most commonly used are one-
wall, corridor, L-shaped, U- shaped, and island or
peninsula kitchens.
■ One-wall kitchen. In this plan, the appliances are
lined up against one wall with storage cabinets
and counter space between them. This
arrangement is generally used where space is
limited, as in apartments. For most people, this
type of kitchen does not provide enough counter
or storage space and is not efficient.
■ Corridor kitchen. The appliances, cabinets, and
counter space are arranged on two facing walls.
If the room is not too long, this can be an
efficient kitchen. However, if both ends of the
kitchen have doors, traffic through the kitchen
may create confusion.
L-shaped kitchen. This arrangement calls for a
continuous line of appliances and cabinets on two
adjoining walls. It can be efficient, especially in a
large room. The remaining space can be used for
other activities.
■ U-shaped kitchen. This consists of a continuous
arrangement of appliances and cabinets on three
adjoining walls. It provides the best traffic and
work pattern and has the shortest walking distance
between appliances.
■ Island kitchen. This arrangement is used in large
kitchens with one of the other four basic plans. It
calls for a separate counter or island in what might
otherwise be unused space. A peninsula, or exten-
sion of one of the counters, can also be used.
■ A one-wall kitchen plan is usually limited in the amount of counter
and storage space available. If the wall is long enough to provide adequate
space, the distance between the two outside work centers is too great.
7
----1

6. Chapter 9 ■ Your Kitchen 131
■ The L-shaped kitchen creates an easy-to-use work triangle. If the
kitchen space is large enough, an eating center can be included.
■ The U-shaped kitchen is usuallyconsidered
the best work triangle because of its convenient
arrangement and short walkingspace between
appliances.
■ Large kitchens are suited to
the addition of an island. This is an
ideal way to use extra space that
otherwise would go unused. In some
cases, one of the counters is
extended to form a peninsula.

7. ■ If storage space is a problem, remember thatkitchen items don’t always have
to be hidden away in cabinets. In this kitchen, a colorful assortment of tools and
mugs is hung on a wall. Glass jars on the counter hold dry beans and noodles.
What are two advantages of using displays as a way to store items?
HOW TO EVALUATE A KITCHEN
Few kitchens can meet the ideal standards just
described. For instance, some lack storage or counter
space. Others may have too much distance between
work centers.
To evaluate what a kitchen's problems might be,
first decide what your needs are. Imagine yourself
using the kitchen to prepare a meal. Is the
arrangement of the kitchen convenient? Can you
pinpoint any problem areas? What kind of cooking
do you do? How often do you shop? Do you
entertain frequently?
The answers to those questions will help you
determine if the kitchen has problems that will affect
you. For instance, if you make many shopping trips
and pick up only a few items each time, limited
storage space for foods would not bother you.
However, if you shop once every two weeks and
bring home bags of groceries, the lack of cabinets
and storage would be a problem.
Once you know what the problems are, try to
figure out simple solutions. If there is not enough
counter space next to each major appliance, perhaps
space can be added easily, such as by using a utility
table. A table placed between work centers might cut
down your steps. Adding shelves or racks could
solve a storage space problem.
Now look at the kitchen more closely and
consider the following points:
■If people walk through the kitchen area, will
they interrupt your work? Will they create a
traffic jam?
■Does the kitchen have good lighting?
■Does the kitchen have an exhaust systemto get
rid of heat, odors, and steam?
■Is there an extra storage area for paper goods,
brooms, mops, and other cleaning supplies?
■Are there enough electric outlets?
■Is there space for other activities?
When you have answered the questions to
your satisfaction, you can decide what to do to make
the kitchen more efficient and usable.
UPDATING A KITCHEN
Sometimes the answers to kitchen problems are
easy and inexpensive. Other times the kitchen may
need to be remodeled. If a kitchen needs extensive
remodeling, it may be necessary to hire a
professional kitchen remodeler.
Your choices for updating the kitchen will
depend on whether you own or rent. If you rent, ask
the owner or manager for permission to do the work
you have in mind. Sometimes renters are repaid for
the materials used in improving the appearance of a
kitchen. If you own the home, decide how much you
can spend.
In either case, you will find many low-cost
remodeling hints in current home magazines.

8. Chapter9 ■ Your Kitchen 133Hardware stores and kitchen specialty shops stock
practical kitchen accessories. They can also give you
ideas and advice.
Keep in mind that the kitchen environment
combines three elements not found together in other
areas of the home: food, heat, and moisture. These
can be an invitation to insects and other pests if the
area is not kept clean. Decorative treatments,
including floor and wall coverings and accessories,
should be:
■Sanitary. Because you are working with food,
you will want to keep your kitchen as clean as
possible. Materials should be durable enough to
hold up under regular washing.
■Moisture-proof. The items should not only be
washable, but they should also be able to
withstand the steam normally found in a
kitchen.
■Heatproof. Avoid using highly flammable
materials in the kitchen. Use only heatproof
objects near any appliance that produces heat,
such as a range or toasteroven. If possible,have
a heatproof insert or portable glass-ceramic
counter-saver next to the range for hot pans.
Electrical Wiring
Kitchens must have an ample supply of
electricity for both large and small appliances. Do
not assume that new apartments and houses have
adequate wiring. Many homes lack enough
electricity to meet today’s needs.
Several telltale signs can alert you to improper
or inadequate wiring in a kitchen:
■Lights dim when an appliance goes on.
■Appliances such as toasters and grills take a
long time to heat.
■Mixers and motors slow down.
■Fuses blow or circuit breakers trip frequently.
The power will go out when this happens.
* This family expanded their kitchen by
enclosing a patio space and creating a new work
area.

9. 134 Part Three ■ Consumer Decisions
■ If your home has a neutral
wire, each wall receptacle has
three holes, such as this. Plugs
with three prongs mean the
appliance has a built-in ground
wire.
■ Many older homes have
wall outlets with only two holes.
Adapters are available so plugs
with three prongs can be used in
these outlets.
.Fuses and Circuit Breakers.
The wires in an electric circuit are designed to carry a certain amount of
electricity. If too much electricity flows through, the wires can overheat and
cause a fire. To prevent this, fuses and circuit breakers are installed. If you
put too many appliances on one circuit or if there is a defect in an
appliance, the fuse or circuit breaker will break the circuit so that electricity
can no longer flow through.In the case of a fuse, a metal strip melts. In the
case of a circuit breaker, a switch shuts off.
To restore power, follow these steps:
1. Usually the last appliance you turned on is the troublemaker. Dis-
connect it.
2. Take a flashlight with you to the service panel (fuse box or circuit
breaker box). Be sure you are not standing on a wet floor or leaning against
water pipes or a sink—you could get a severe shock.
3. To replace a fuse, first turn off the main power supply. On some service
panels this is done by throwing a switch on the box. On others the main
fuse or fuses are cartridges contained in blocks which must be pulled out by
their handles. After all power is off, replace the fuse. Turn the main power
supply back on.
4. To reset a breaker, you don’t need to shut off the main power. There
are various types of circuit breakers. Some are reset by throwing the switch
from the “off” to the “on” position. Others have a push-button arrangement.
Sometimes people think they can solve the problem of fuses blowing by
using a larger size fuse. Others use coins or foil to replace the fuse. These
are dangerous practices because they allow more electricity to flow through
than the wiring was meant to handle. When the wire gets hot, the house can
catch on fire.
■ The wire on the adapter plug must be fastened to the
outlet screw for grounding. However, this will ground
appliances only ifhouse wiringhas been installed in metal
pipe called conduit. If the outlets in your home have only
two holes, check with an electrician to be sure your
appliances are properly grounded.

10. Chapter 9 ■ Your Kitchen 135
These signs mean the wiring should be checked
by a qualified electrician to find the cause of the
problem. Repairs should be made to prevent fire,
injury, or even death.
Appliances Should Be Grounded
Electricity follows the path of least resistance to
the ground. Grounding an appliance means
providing a path for the electricity to travel if
something happens to the wiring. If the wiring on an
ungrounded appliance becomes defective and you
touch the appliance, you could get a severe shock
and even be killed. The National Electrical Code
now specifies that new homes must have a
grounding wire as part of the wiring system.
Modern appliances have plugs with either two
or three prongs.On plugs with three prongs,the third
prong (the rounded one) is connected by a wire in
the cord to the appliance’s metal housing. This
provides grounding for the appliance. When the
appliance is plugged into a three-hole receptacle, the
third prong fits a slot connected to the home’s
grounding wire.
How can you tell if your home has a grounding
wire? Look at the wall outlets. If the receptacles
have three holes, a grounding wire was probably
installed. However, sometimes a three-hole wall
outlet might have been installed even though there is
no grounding wire. This is done so that three-prong
appliances can be plugged in. The most practical and
safe way to find out if your home has a grounding
wire is to have it checked by an electrician. In an
apartment, ask the building manager.
If your home has wall outlets with a two- hole
receptacle, it probably does not have the grounding
wire. Check with an electrician to learn how
appliances can be grounded. For your own safety, be
sure to ground major appliances.
Lighting
Good lighting is essential in any kitchen.
Besides natural light from windows, there should be
overall room lighting and special work-area lighting.
Overall lighting usually comes from a ceiling
fixture, either incandescent or fluorescent. The
incandescent fixture should have a total of at least
150 watts. A fluorescent light should provide at least
80 watts.
Special lighting over work areas includes lights
installed over the range, the counter areas, and the
sink. Such lights will prevent you from working in
your own shadow. Lights can be installed under the
wall cabinets to provide good lighting for counter
work areas. Track lights or spotlights can be used
over the sink or in other open areas.
Counters
If the kitchen has little or no counter space, you
have several alternatives. You may be able to buy or
build a table to serve as a work counter. Portable
base cabinets, available at a reasonable price, provide
both storage and work space. Many have casters so
they can be wheeled to wherever they are needed. A
cutting board that fits over the sink can give you
added work space.
Worn or damaged counter tops can be a problem
because dirt accumulates in scratches and holes. If
only a small part of the counter top needs replacing,
have a heatproof insert or cutting board installed in
that area.
Storage
You may not be able to add storage space in a
small kitchen, but you can make more efficient use
of what you have. Storage aids, such as stackable
bins and turntables, are available in most housewares
departments.
If space is available, buy a large utility cabinet.
Decorate it with wall covering to blend with the
kitchen color scheme. If you have wall space,
consider a shelving systemor pegboard.
Kitchens in older homes often have adjoining
pantries. These can be organized into efficient
storage by using storage aids and shelving.

11. ■ There are many different types of kitchen flooring
available, each with its advantages and disadvantages.
What are the advantages of this vinyl floor?
Cabinets in older kitchens may show signs of
wear on the doors and shelves. Scratched or stained
shelves can be painted or covered with self-adhesive
plastic. Exteriors can be refinished or painted. If the
doors are beyond repair, you might consider having
them replaced.
Floors
Worn spots in floors can be covered with rugs.
However, be sure they are skidproof and washable.
If you plan to replace the flooring, you'll find
many different kinds available. Most can be installed
without professional help.
Although floor coverings contribute to the
overall design effect, they should also be selected for
ease of cleaning. The following are most commonly
used in kitchens:
■Resilient floors (sheet vinyl, vinyl tile). These
come in a variety of colors, textures, and
patterns. Some have a no-wax finish for easy
care.
■Kitchen carpeting. Use only the type made for
kitchens. Carpeting is comfortable to
Brasil
(36 Partrtiivc* Zter/sskz&s
■ Is storage space a problem in your
kitchen? Gain additional space by
fastening narrow shelves to the inside of a
door or to a wall.
Organize your kitchen to make it easy to use. Sometimes just rearranging
items can give you that extra space you need, and it may help you save time.
■ Store the utensils, tools, equipment, and foods in the appropriate work
center. For example, pots and pans should be placed in the range center.
■ Store items where they are usedfirst.Sometimesone kitchen utensil is used
for more than one job.In that case,keepit where you would need it first. If the
itemis small and inexpensive,you may want to buy another one and store it in
the other work center.
■ Put the items you use mostoften in places wherethey are easy to see. If you
use a skilleta lot,don’t hideit in the backofa cabinet.If you have thespace,put
small appliances on the counter.
■ Keep frequently used equipment and supplies at a convenient height.
■ Buy storage equipment thatincreasesusable space, such as doorracks and
shelves, beverage can dispensers, stackable bins, and revolving shelves.
Storage Savvy.

12. Chapter 9 ■ Your Kitchen 137
■ Kitchen decorating gives you a chance to express your
personal likes and interests. This country kitchen uses pans,
tools, baskets, and crocks for decorations. Design elements
and principles can be studied to make sure you achieve a
pleasing arrangement.
walk on and not as noisy as hard materials. It
must be vacuumed frequently and spills must be
wiped up immediately.
* Hard surfaces (brick, wood, ceramic tile).
These are durable and attractive, but un-
comfortable to stand on for long periods of time.
Walls
Old kitchen wall coverings might be improved
by cleaning. Try washing them with an all-purpose
kitchen cleaner. Test a small area first to be sure
they are washable.
Some wall coverings may be so badly faded or
stained, though, that they will need to be replaced.
Many types of wall coverings are available. You can
probably apply most of them yourself. Be sure the
material you select will withstand the steamand heat
in the kitchen.
■ Paint. This is easy to apply. Use a semi-
gloss finish because it washes more easily than
a flat finish.
■ Paper or vinyl wall coverings. These come
in a wide variety of designs and textures. Be
sure to select washable types. Many paper and
vinyl wall coverings are prepasted for easy
application.
■ Tile—ceramic or metal. This is relatively
expensive, but it is durable and easy to
maintain.
Updating a kitchen offers many opportunities
for personal creativity in decorating. Use the
concepts you’ve learned in this chapter as a starting
point. Then add your own unique touch to create a
kitchen that suits your needs and tastes.
.Decorating Your Kitchen.
Decorating a kitchen allows you to add a personal touch. Follow the same
color and design guidelines that you would use for other rooms in your
home. Here are some additional ideas for decorating a kitchen:
■ Colors can seem to change the temperature in your kitchen. The
temperature won’t actually change, but the kitchen will seem warmer or
cooler depending on the color. Reds, oranges, and yellows warm up a
room. Blues and greens look cool.
■Use open shelving for storing attractive plates and glassware.
■ Display a collection in the kitchen, such as antique cooking utensils.
You can hang items on the walls or display them on shelving.
Attach decorator beams to the ceilings. Hang up your pots and pans on
a pot rack.
■ Hang a decorative cork board or bulletin board for notes and mes-
sages.
" Spice racks can be attractive, but be sure they are hung away from the
heat of the range.
■ Warmth and humidity in the kitchen make it a good place to grow
plants. However, keep them away from the food preparation area so that
the soil and leaves do not accidentally fall into the food. Don’t keep
poisonous plants in the kitchen. These include dieffenbachia, poinsettia,
and bittersweet.
■ Grow a potted herb garden in the kitchen. It looks attractive, and fresh
herbs are great for cooking.
■ Hang dried herbs from the ceiling. If you don't grow your own, you
can probably buy some fresh herbs in the summer at an outdoor market.

13. Barrier-Free
Kitchens
1
5
People with handicaps want to be inde-
pendent. But weakness,a wheelchair,or
blindness can make it difficult to work in a
kitchen. Here are a few ideas to make
kitchens more convenient:
For Physical Weakness
■ Add soft vinyl knob covers to appliances
for an easier grip.
■ Tie a rope loop to appliance door han-
dles to make opening easier.
■ Use long tongs and reacher/grippers to
reach stored items.
For Those in Wheelchairs
■ Place a wide shelf at a comfortable
height for food preparation.
■ Remove cabinet doors for easier access.
■ Add storage aids such as turntables,
pullout trays, and pot racks.
■ Choose a built-in oven and cooktop.
Mount the oven at a convenient height.
Leave open space beneath the cooktop to
allow wheelchair access.
■ Fix a tilted mirror over the cooktop to
show what's in pots and pans.
For the Blind
■ Ask appliance manufacturers for Braille
knobs or add Braille labels.
■ Look for special kitchen aids such as
Braille cookbooks and timers, slicing
guides, and elbow-length oven mitts.
More Information
For more information contact:
■ Association of Home Appliance Mfrs.,
20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL 60606
■ American Foundation for the Blind, 15
West 16 Street, New York, NY 10011
■ Sears, Roebuck & Company, Home
Health Care Specialog, Sears Tower,
Chicago, IL 60684
■ ■ THINKING IT THROUGH
1. How could you temporarily make a
kitchen more convenient for someone
confined to a wheelchair for 2-3 months?
2. How could you organize your kitchen
so a blind family member could locate
cooking ingredients, utensils, pans, and
dishes easily?
The open space beneath the sink allows for wheelchair access. A pulloutshelf to the left of the wheelchair serves as a handy work area.

14. L
139
&
L E T ' S R E V I E W
Key Ideas
The major kitchen activities are carried out in work
areas, which include appliances, adequate storage,
and counter areas. These areas are arranged for
maximum efficiency. Certain basic designs are used.
Some changes are needed to make kitchens workable
for the handicapped and elderly. Kitchens can be
updated without expensive remodeling. Most of the
work can be done without professional help. If
electrical wiring is not adequate for the kitchen
appliances, however, it should be updated by an
electrician.
Chapter Checkup
1. What are work centers?
2. What is a work triangle?
3. Name and describe the five basic kitchen
plans. Give the advantages and disadvantages of
each.
4. What is the first step in analyzing a kitchen?
5. What are the three characteristics that
decorative kitchen treatments should have?
6. What happens if the wiring in a kitchen isn’t
adequate for all the appliances used?
7. What does grounding an electric appliance
mean?
8. Name three kinds of special lighting for
kitchens.
9. List three ways you can have more efficient
storage space in a kitchen.
10. List five ways a kitchen can be modified to
make it more convenient for handicapped people.
Explore and Report
1. Look in the school library for articles in
home magazines on low- cost ideas for improving
storage and work space in small kitchens. Choose
one to read and share with your classmates.
2. On paper describe a layout, storage, or decorating
problem found in your kitchen or one with which
you
are familiar. Provide a drawing if necessary.
After all papers in the class have been
collected, draw them randomly from the stack and
brainstorm with other class members for solutions to
the problem.
3. Your kitchen is 9 feet x 12 feet. You have
estimates on three different kinds of new floor
covering. Figure out the
cost for each of the following: vinyl tiles,
12" x 12" at $1.19 each; sheet vinyl at $9.99
per square yard; and sheet vinyl at $21.49
per square yard.
4. In the school library, research how
electricity works. Find out how a fuse or
circuit breaker works. Determine
what watts, volts, and kilowatt-hours measure.
What Would YOU Do?
1. You have moved into the first home of
your own—an apartment in an old building.
Among your possessions are
a blender, a toaster, a portable mixer, and an electric
coffee maker. You enjoy playing the radio while you
work in the kitchen. You notice that the lights dim
every time the refrigerator motor turns on. Many
times you have blown a fuse while preparing a meal.
2. All the members of your family help out
in the kitchen, but frustration occurs
because food and equipment
are often not returned to the same place. our family
has decided to reorganize the kitchen. Since you are
studying home economics, your family has appointed
you to make up a plan for more efficient ways to
store food and equipment.*
3. Your older sister and her husband live in
an older home with their two small
children. They are planning to
remodel their kitchen but can’t decide what type of
flooring to use.