This document discusses units of measurement and significant figures in chemistry. It introduces the International System of Units (SI) as the standard system used in chemistry. The fundamental SI units for common measurements like length, mass, time and temperature are defined. The document explains the difference between accuracy and precision in measurements and discusses the impact of significant figures. Types of measurement errors like random and systematic errors are also introduced.
This document provides an overview of measurement systems and units in chemistry. It discusses the metric system and its base units for length, mass, and volume. It also covers significant figures, scientific notation, conversion factors, and dimensional analysis which are important concepts for making measurements and unit conversions in chemistry. The key ideas are presented through definitions, examples, and comparisons of different units within the metric system.
This document provides an overview of the DEE1012 measurement course. It outlines the course learning outcomes, which are to apply measurement principles and solve problems using measuring operations and theorems. The document then details several topics that will be covered in the course, including the measurement process, elements of a measurement system, types of errors, measurement terminology, characteristics of measurement, and standards used in measurement. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts. References are listed at the end.
This document discusses uncertainty in measurement and significant figures. It explains that measurements have uncertainty due to limitations of instruments. Precision refers to the agreement between repeated measurements while accuracy is the agreement with the true value. There are two types of errors - random errors that can be high or low, and systematic errors that are always in the same direction. The document provides rules for determining the number of significant figures in measurements and calculations, including how significant figures are treated in addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
The document discusses significant figures in scientific measurements. It defines significant figures as the digits in a measurement that are known with certainty plus one estimated digit. The document outlines four rules for determining significant figures: 1) non-zero digits are always significant, 2) "sandwich" zeros between non-zero digits are significant, 3) trailing zeros are only significant if there is a decimal point, and 4) counting and equivalents have unlimited significant figures. The number of significant figures must be considered when performing calculations to ensure the answer is correctly rounded.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 3 on scientific measurement, including:
1) It discusses the importance of measurements and units in science, introducing the International System of Units (SI) with base units like meters, kilograms, and seconds.
2) It covers the concepts of accuracy, precision, and errors in measurement, as well as significant figures and proper reporting of measurements.
3) The document outlines methods for unit conversion using dimensional analysis and conversion factors to solve multi-step problems.
METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT Unit 1 notes (5 files merged)MechRtc
Metrology is the science of measurement. It is concerned with establishing standards of measurement, measuring errors and uncertainties, and ensuring uniformity of measurements. Metrology has applications in industry, commerce, and public health/safety. It functions to maintain standards, train professionals, regulate manufacturers, and conduct research to improve measurement methods and accuracy. Proper measurement requires standards, instruments, trained personnel, and control of environmental factors that could influence results. Sources of error include the measuring system and process itself as well as environmental and loading factors. Accuracy depends on the operator, temperature, measurement method, and instrument deformation.
This document discusses measurement errors and uncertainty. It defines measurement as assigning a number and unit to a property using an instrument. Error is the difference between the measured value and true value. There are two main types of error: random error, which varies unpredictably, and systematic error, which remains constant or varies predictably. Sources of error include the measuring instrument and technique used. Uncertainty is the doubt about a measurement and is quantified with an interval and confidence level, such as 20 cm ±1 cm at 95% confidence. Uncertainty is important for tasks like calibration where it must be reported.
The document discusses scientific measurement and units. It covers accuracy, precision, and significant figures when making measurements. Conversion factors allow measurements to be converted between different units through multiplication. Dimensional analysis uses the units of measurements to solve conversion problems by breaking them into steps. Complex problems are best solved by breaking them into manageable parts.
This document provides an overview of measurement systems and units in chemistry. It discusses the metric system and its base units for length, mass, and volume. It also covers significant figures, scientific notation, conversion factors, and dimensional analysis which are important concepts for making measurements and unit conversions in chemistry. The key ideas are presented through definitions, examples, and comparisons of different units within the metric system.
This document provides an overview of the DEE1012 measurement course. It outlines the course learning outcomes, which are to apply measurement principles and solve problems using measuring operations and theorems. The document then details several topics that will be covered in the course, including the measurement process, elements of a measurement system, types of errors, measurement terminology, characteristics of measurement, and standards used in measurement. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts. References are listed at the end.
This document discusses uncertainty in measurement and significant figures. It explains that measurements have uncertainty due to limitations of instruments. Precision refers to the agreement between repeated measurements while accuracy is the agreement with the true value. There are two types of errors - random errors that can be high or low, and systematic errors that are always in the same direction. The document provides rules for determining the number of significant figures in measurements and calculations, including how significant figures are treated in addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
The document discusses significant figures in scientific measurements. It defines significant figures as the digits in a measurement that are known with certainty plus one estimated digit. The document outlines four rules for determining significant figures: 1) non-zero digits are always significant, 2) "sandwich" zeros between non-zero digits are significant, 3) trailing zeros are only significant if there is a decimal point, and 4) counting and equivalents have unlimited significant figures. The number of significant figures must be considered when performing calculations to ensure the answer is correctly rounded.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 3 on scientific measurement, including:
1) It discusses the importance of measurements and units in science, introducing the International System of Units (SI) with base units like meters, kilograms, and seconds.
2) It covers the concepts of accuracy, precision, and errors in measurement, as well as significant figures and proper reporting of measurements.
3) The document outlines methods for unit conversion using dimensional analysis and conversion factors to solve multi-step problems.
METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT Unit 1 notes (5 files merged)MechRtc
Metrology is the science of measurement. It is concerned with establishing standards of measurement, measuring errors and uncertainties, and ensuring uniformity of measurements. Metrology has applications in industry, commerce, and public health/safety. It functions to maintain standards, train professionals, regulate manufacturers, and conduct research to improve measurement methods and accuracy. Proper measurement requires standards, instruments, trained personnel, and control of environmental factors that could influence results. Sources of error include the measuring system and process itself as well as environmental and loading factors. Accuracy depends on the operator, temperature, measurement method, and instrument deformation.
This document discusses measurement errors and uncertainty. It defines measurement as assigning a number and unit to a property using an instrument. Error is the difference between the measured value and true value. There are two main types of error: random error, which varies unpredictably, and systematic error, which remains constant or varies predictably. Sources of error include the measuring instrument and technique used. Uncertainty is the doubt about a measurement and is quantified with an interval and confidence level, such as 20 cm ±1 cm at 95% confidence. Uncertainty is important for tasks like calibration where it must be reported.
The document discusses scientific measurement and units. It covers accuracy, precision, and significant figures when making measurements. Conversion factors allow measurements to be converted between different units through multiplication. Dimensional analysis uses the units of measurements to solve conversion problems by breaking them into steps. Complex problems are best solved by breaking them into manageable parts.
The document outlines objectives and concepts related to scientific measurement in chemistry, including defining units in the International System of Units (SI) such as meters, kilograms, and kelvins; distinguishing between accuracy and precision in measurements; and explaining the proper handling of significant figures in measurements and calculations.
This document discusses scientific measurement and units. It covers accuracy, precision, and error in measurements. It introduces the International System of Units (SI) including the base units for length, volume, mass, temperature, and energy. It discusses significant figures and proper handling of calculations and conversions between units using dimensional analysis and conversion factors.
This document discusses uncertainty and significant figures in measurement. It explains that measurements have uncertainty because instruments cannot measure to an infinite number of decimal places. It defines precision as the agreement between repeated measurements and accuracy as the agreement with the true value. There are two types of errors - random errors which can be high or low, and systematic errors which are always in the same direction. The document then details the rules for determining the number of significant figures in measurements and calculations, including that addition and subtraction rely on decimal places while multiplication and division rely on the least precise term. Examples are provided to illustrate these rules.
How to use Vernier Caliper and how to take measurement from it.Salman Jailani
This document describes how to use a Vernier caliper to take measurements. It defines true value as the average of infinite measurements with zero average deviation, while measured value is the approximated true value found from multiple readings. Static error is the difference between measured and true values. The procedure explains how to check for zero error, take main and Vernier scale readings, calculate the measurement using least count, and record results from different specimens. Precautions include cleaning the caliper and items measured to minimize errors and get accurate readings.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from a chemistry textbook chapter on representing and analyzing data, including:
1) It discusses the SI system of measurement units and defines base units for time, length, mass, and temperature. Derived units like liters and the concept of density are also introduced.
2) Scientific notation and the technique of dimensional analysis for unit conversions are explained. Dimensional analysis uses conversion factors to change between units.
3) The concepts of accuracy, precision, error, and significant figures are defined as ways to quantify uncertainty in measurements and calculations. Graphs are described as a method to visually depict data trends.
1. The document provides an introduction to physics concepts including understanding physics, base and derived quantities, scalar and vector quantities, and measurements.
2. Key concepts discussed include the definition of physics, base units, derived units, scalar and vector quantities, and factors that affect the accuracy and sensitivity of measuring instruments.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate scientific notation, unit conversion, identifying systematic and random errors, and the proper use of instruments like the vernier caliper and micrometer screw gauge.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a course on instrumentation. The course aims to teach students about advances in technology and measurement techniques. It will cover various flow measurement techniques. The course outcomes are listed, along with the cognitive level and linked program outcomes for each. The teaching hours for each unit are provided. The document gives an overview of the course content and blueprint of marks for the semester end examination. It provides details on the units to be covered, including measuring instruments, transducers and strain gauges, measurement of force, torque and pressure, and more.
Chapter-1_Mechanical Measurement and Metrologysudhanvavk
This document outlines the objectives and content of a course on instrumentation. The course aims to teach students about advances in technology and measurement techniques. It will cover various flow measurement techniques. The course outcomes are listed, along with the cognitive level and linked program outcomes for each. The teaching hours for each unit are provided. The document gives an overview of the course content and blueprint of marks for the semester end exam. It provides details on the units to be covered, including measuring instruments, transducers and strain gauges, measurement of force, torque and pressure, and more.
This document outlines the key topics in Analytical Chemistry I including significant figures, types of errors, propagation of uncertainty, and systematic vs random errors. It discusses how measurements have uncertainty and errors. There are two main types of errors - systematic errors which affect accuracy and can be discovered and corrected, and random errors which cannot be eliminated and have equal chances of being positive or negative. The document also describes how to calculate the propagation of uncertainty through calculations using addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and other operations. It emphasizes keeping extra digits in calculations to properly account for uncertainty.
Diploma sem 2 applied science physics-unit 1-chap 2 error sRai University
This document discusses various types of errors that can occur in measurements. It describes instrumental error, observer error, and procedural error as the three main sources of uncertainty. It also defines accuracy as a measure of how close a measurement is to the accepted value, while precision refers to the closeness of repeated measurements. The document provides examples of calculating percentage error, relative error, and discusses significant figures when taking measurements.
- Random uncertainties arise from imprecision in measurements and can cause readings to be above or below the true value. They can be reduced by more precise instruments or repeating measurements.
- Systematic uncertainties result in all readings being consistently too high or too low. They may be due to instrumentation errors or experimental technique and can sometimes be addressed through calibration.
- Uncertainty is incorporated into measurements as a range rather than a single value, and it is important to propagate uncertainties through calculations.
Here are the steps to improve the accuracy and precision of measurements:
1. Calibrate equipment regularly using standard samples of known mass/volume. This reduces systematic error.
2. Use appropriate precision tools - e.g. measuring cylinders for liquids, not beakers. This reduces random error.
3. Take multiple measurements and report the average. This reduces the effect of random error.
4. Record measurements to an appropriate number of significant figures based on the precision of the tool. This communicates the level of uncertainty.
5. Consider and report possible sources of error, both systematic and random. This provides full context for the results.
Following these steps helps produce measurements that are both accurate to
This document discusses measurement accuracy and precision in engineering. It introduces key concepts such as:
- Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision refers to the consistency of repeated measurements.
- Sources of error in measurements include personal errors, instrument errors, and natural errors.
- Significant figures indicate the precision of measurements based on the reliability of each digit. Calculations must be rounded according to the least precise measurement.
- Repeated measurements of the same quantity reduce random errors, following the law of error compensation. Estimating total error involves taking the square root of the number of measurements.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in chemistry. It discusses how chemistry connects the macroscopic world we experience to the microscopic world of atoms and molecules. Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms, which combine to form molecules. A chemical reaction involves rearranging the way atoms are attached to each other. The three common states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases. Physical changes alter the form of matter without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes create new substances.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in physical quantities and measurements. It introduces learners to the intended learning outcomes of solving multi-concept measurement problems using experimental and theoretical approaches. The document differentiates between accuracy and precision, explains error analysis, and covers the estimation of uncertainties from multiple measurements using variance. Key topics include units, scientific notation, and the classification of physical quantities into base and derived quantities.
This document provides an overview of a training module on problem solving techniques. It includes definitions of AQC, SQC, and SPC and their differences. It discusses the importance of data and different types of data. Basic statistical concepts like average and standard deviation are introduced. Various tools for problem solving are described such as flow diagrams, brainstorming, graphs, and stratification. Flow diagrams can be used to depict processes and different types include macro, micro, and matrix diagrams. Brainstorming is a technique to generate ideas in a team setting. Different types of graphs like line, bar, pie, belt, compound, and strata graphs are used to represent data visually. Stratification involves separating data into categories to identify problem
This document discusses basic principles of measurements. It defines key terms like measurement, instrument, measurand and describes different types of measurement methods, standards, and performance characteristics of instruments. Specifically, it outlines direct and indirect comparison methods of measurement and discusses primary, secondary and working standards. It also categorizes instruments as mechanical, electrical, electronic; and defines static performance characteristics like accuracy, precision, error, range and resolution.
Metrology is the study of measurement and involves ensuring measurements are "good". A good measurement is accurate, precise, and trustworthy for making decisions. Key aspects of metrology include understanding units of measurement, accuracy vs precision, using standards to calibrate instruments and verify performance, recording data with proper significant figures, and recognizing sources of error and uncertainty in measurements. The overall goal is to minimize error and uncertainty to obtain measurements close to the true value.
breakfast importance in the health sectorJaved Iqbal
The document discusses healthy breakfast options for children. It recommends that breakfast include starchy carbohydrates like wholegrains for energy, at least one portion of fruit or vegetables for nutrients, and optionally a source of protein or dairy. Unhealthy options to limit include those high in sugar, salt, and saturated fat like pastries. A healthy breakfast provides nutrients and fiber to help children feel full and perform well throughout the morning. The document provides examples of balanced breakfasts and encourages including foods from the different food groups per nutrition guidelines.
The document outlines objectives and concepts related to scientific measurement in chemistry, including defining units in the International System of Units (SI) such as meters, kilograms, and kelvins; distinguishing between accuracy and precision in measurements; and explaining the proper handling of significant figures in measurements and calculations.
This document discusses scientific measurement and units. It covers accuracy, precision, and error in measurements. It introduces the International System of Units (SI) including the base units for length, volume, mass, temperature, and energy. It discusses significant figures and proper handling of calculations and conversions between units using dimensional analysis and conversion factors.
This document discusses uncertainty and significant figures in measurement. It explains that measurements have uncertainty because instruments cannot measure to an infinite number of decimal places. It defines precision as the agreement between repeated measurements and accuracy as the agreement with the true value. There are two types of errors - random errors which can be high or low, and systematic errors which are always in the same direction. The document then details the rules for determining the number of significant figures in measurements and calculations, including that addition and subtraction rely on decimal places while multiplication and division rely on the least precise term. Examples are provided to illustrate these rules.
How to use Vernier Caliper and how to take measurement from it.Salman Jailani
This document describes how to use a Vernier caliper to take measurements. It defines true value as the average of infinite measurements with zero average deviation, while measured value is the approximated true value found from multiple readings. Static error is the difference between measured and true values. The procedure explains how to check for zero error, take main and Vernier scale readings, calculate the measurement using least count, and record results from different specimens. Precautions include cleaning the caliper and items measured to minimize errors and get accurate readings.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from a chemistry textbook chapter on representing and analyzing data, including:
1) It discusses the SI system of measurement units and defines base units for time, length, mass, and temperature. Derived units like liters and the concept of density are also introduced.
2) Scientific notation and the technique of dimensional analysis for unit conversions are explained. Dimensional analysis uses conversion factors to change between units.
3) The concepts of accuracy, precision, error, and significant figures are defined as ways to quantify uncertainty in measurements and calculations. Graphs are described as a method to visually depict data trends.
1. The document provides an introduction to physics concepts including understanding physics, base and derived quantities, scalar and vector quantities, and measurements.
2. Key concepts discussed include the definition of physics, base units, derived units, scalar and vector quantities, and factors that affect the accuracy and sensitivity of measuring instruments.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate scientific notation, unit conversion, identifying systematic and random errors, and the proper use of instruments like the vernier caliper and micrometer screw gauge.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a course on instrumentation. The course aims to teach students about advances in technology and measurement techniques. It will cover various flow measurement techniques. The course outcomes are listed, along with the cognitive level and linked program outcomes for each. The teaching hours for each unit are provided. The document gives an overview of the course content and blueprint of marks for the semester end examination. It provides details on the units to be covered, including measuring instruments, transducers and strain gauges, measurement of force, torque and pressure, and more.
Chapter-1_Mechanical Measurement and Metrologysudhanvavk
This document outlines the objectives and content of a course on instrumentation. The course aims to teach students about advances in technology and measurement techniques. It will cover various flow measurement techniques. The course outcomes are listed, along with the cognitive level and linked program outcomes for each. The teaching hours for each unit are provided. The document gives an overview of the course content and blueprint of marks for the semester end exam. It provides details on the units to be covered, including measuring instruments, transducers and strain gauges, measurement of force, torque and pressure, and more.
This document outlines the key topics in Analytical Chemistry I including significant figures, types of errors, propagation of uncertainty, and systematic vs random errors. It discusses how measurements have uncertainty and errors. There are two main types of errors - systematic errors which affect accuracy and can be discovered and corrected, and random errors which cannot be eliminated and have equal chances of being positive or negative. The document also describes how to calculate the propagation of uncertainty through calculations using addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and other operations. It emphasizes keeping extra digits in calculations to properly account for uncertainty.
Diploma sem 2 applied science physics-unit 1-chap 2 error sRai University
This document discusses various types of errors that can occur in measurements. It describes instrumental error, observer error, and procedural error as the three main sources of uncertainty. It also defines accuracy as a measure of how close a measurement is to the accepted value, while precision refers to the closeness of repeated measurements. The document provides examples of calculating percentage error, relative error, and discusses significant figures when taking measurements.
- Random uncertainties arise from imprecision in measurements and can cause readings to be above or below the true value. They can be reduced by more precise instruments or repeating measurements.
- Systematic uncertainties result in all readings being consistently too high or too low. They may be due to instrumentation errors or experimental technique and can sometimes be addressed through calibration.
- Uncertainty is incorporated into measurements as a range rather than a single value, and it is important to propagate uncertainties through calculations.
Here are the steps to improve the accuracy and precision of measurements:
1. Calibrate equipment regularly using standard samples of known mass/volume. This reduces systematic error.
2. Use appropriate precision tools - e.g. measuring cylinders for liquids, not beakers. This reduces random error.
3. Take multiple measurements and report the average. This reduces the effect of random error.
4. Record measurements to an appropriate number of significant figures based on the precision of the tool. This communicates the level of uncertainty.
5. Consider and report possible sources of error, both systematic and random. This provides full context for the results.
Following these steps helps produce measurements that are both accurate to
This document discusses measurement accuracy and precision in engineering. It introduces key concepts such as:
- Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision refers to the consistency of repeated measurements.
- Sources of error in measurements include personal errors, instrument errors, and natural errors.
- Significant figures indicate the precision of measurements based on the reliability of each digit. Calculations must be rounded according to the least precise measurement.
- Repeated measurements of the same quantity reduce random errors, following the law of error compensation. Estimating total error involves taking the square root of the number of measurements.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in chemistry. It discusses how chemistry connects the macroscopic world we experience to the microscopic world of atoms and molecules. Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms, which combine to form molecules. A chemical reaction involves rearranging the way atoms are attached to each other. The three common states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases. Physical changes alter the form of matter without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes create new substances.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in physical quantities and measurements. It introduces learners to the intended learning outcomes of solving multi-concept measurement problems using experimental and theoretical approaches. The document differentiates between accuracy and precision, explains error analysis, and covers the estimation of uncertainties from multiple measurements using variance. Key topics include units, scientific notation, and the classification of physical quantities into base and derived quantities.
This document provides an overview of a training module on problem solving techniques. It includes definitions of AQC, SQC, and SPC and their differences. It discusses the importance of data and different types of data. Basic statistical concepts like average and standard deviation are introduced. Various tools for problem solving are described such as flow diagrams, brainstorming, graphs, and stratification. Flow diagrams can be used to depict processes and different types include macro, micro, and matrix diagrams. Brainstorming is a technique to generate ideas in a team setting. Different types of graphs like line, bar, pie, belt, compound, and strata graphs are used to represent data visually. Stratification involves separating data into categories to identify problem
This document discusses basic principles of measurements. It defines key terms like measurement, instrument, measurand and describes different types of measurement methods, standards, and performance characteristics of instruments. Specifically, it outlines direct and indirect comparison methods of measurement and discusses primary, secondary and working standards. It also categorizes instruments as mechanical, electrical, electronic; and defines static performance characteristics like accuracy, precision, error, range and resolution.
Metrology is the study of measurement and involves ensuring measurements are "good". A good measurement is accurate, precise, and trustworthy for making decisions. Key aspects of metrology include understanding units of measurement, accuracy vs precision, using standards to calibrate instruments and verify performance, recording data with proper significant figures, and recognizing sources of error and uncertainty in measurements. The overall goal is to minimize error and uncertainty to obtain measurements close to the true value.
breakfast importance in the health sectorJaved Iqbal
The document discusses healthy breakfast options for children. It recommends that breakfast include starchy carbohydrates like wholegrains for energy, at least one portion of fruit or vegetables for nutrients, and optionally a source of protein or dairy. Unhealthy options to limit include those high in sugar, salt, and saturated fat like pastries. A healthy breakfast provides nutrients and fiber to help children feel full and perform well throughout the morning. The document provides examples of balanced breakfasts and encourages including foods from the different food groups per nutrition guidelines.
Introduction to Computational chemistry-Javed Iqbal
Computational chemistry uses theoretical chemistry calculations incorporated into computer programs to calculate molecular structure and properties. It can calculate properties such as structure, energy, charge distribution, and spectroscopic quantities using methods ranging from highly accurate ab initio methods to less accurate semi-empirical and molecular mechanics methods. Computational chemistry allows medicinal chemists to use computer power to study molecular geometry, electron density, conformations, and energies.
The document provides an introduction to computational chemistry methods, including ab initio, semi-empirical, and density functional theory approaches. It outlines the central theme of relating molecular structure, dynamics, and function through computational modeling. Example applications include modeling small molecules, proteins, crystals and surfaces across various scales from quantum to molecular mechanical methods. Hands-on exercises are included to provide experience with computational chemistry techniques.
This document discusses heterocyclic compounds, which are cyclic compounds containing at least one element other than carbon in the ring. It provides examples of common 5-membered heterocycles containing one heteroatom like furan and thiophene, and azoles containing two heteroatoms like imidazole. It also discusses 6-membered heterocycles containing one heteroatom like pyridine, and those containing two heteroatoms. Condensed heterocycles are also mentioned. Hückel's rule for aromaticity of heterocycles based on the number of conjugate pi electrons is outlined. The properties of pyridine nitrogen which makes it basic, and pyrrole nitrogen which makes it acidic are described. Imid
This document discusses heterocyclic compounds, which are cyclic compounds containing elements other than carbon in the ring. It provides examples of 5-membered heterocycles containing one heteroatom like furan and thiophene, and azoles containing two heteroatoms like imidazole. 6-membered heterocycles discussed include pyridine and condensed heterocycles like indole and quinoline. Hückel's rule for aromaticity of heterocycles based on the number of conjugate pi electrons is also mentioned. The document contrasts the properties of pyridine nitrogen, which makes pyridine basic, and pyrrole nitrogen, which gives pyrrole slightly acidic properties. Imidazole and pyraz
Introduction to organic spectroscopy BasicJaved Iqbal
Spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption of electromagnetic radiation at various wavelengths by a substance. There are several techniques of spectroscopy defined by the wavelength region studied, including UV-Vis, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. Each technique provides information about different molecular properties based on quantized absorption levels. Spectroscopy instruments consist of a radiation source, monochromator to select wavelengths, a sample cell, detector, and readout device.
This document discusses several 5-membered heterocyclic compounds: furan, thiophene, pyrrole, imidazole, and indole. It outlines common strategies for synthesizing heterocycles, including ring closure methods, the "4+1" and "5+1" strategies, and manipulation of oxidation states. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is discussed as a major reaction type for these compounds, with reactivity generally following the order pyrrole > furan > thiophene > benzene. Oxidation and reduction reactions are also covered.
This document provides an overview of atomic structure and early models of the atom. It discusses early theories proposed by thinkers like Dalton, Thomson, and Rutherford. Key developments include Dalton's atomic theory, the discovery of the electron by Thomson, Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom based on his gold foil experiment, and modern concepts of atomic structure including the nucleus, protons, neutrons, and isotopes. The document also reviews fundamental chemical laws like conservation of mass and definite proportions.
This document contains abbreviations for various materials characterization techniques. It lists XRD and FTIR which are techniques to analyze crystal structure and chemical bonds. It also lists SEM-1 and SEM-2 which are likely references to scanning electron microscopy images of two different samples.
Diazines are heterocyclic compounds derived from benzene by replacing two CH groups with two nitrogen atoms. This can occur through three isomers - 1,2; 1,3; or 1,4-diazine. Pyrimidine is a 1,4-diazine where the nitrogen atoms are located at the 1 and 4 positions. Pyrimidine is aromatic in nature and its nitrogen lone pairs are not involved in resonance. It is a weaker base than pyridine due to electron withdrawing effects. Pyrimidine rings are found in nucleic acids and vitamin B1 and undergo reactions at the nitrogen and carbon positions through electrophilic addition, substitution, and nucleophilic substitution.
Thiazole is a heterocyclic organic compound containing sulfur and nitrogen atoms in a five-member ring. It is used as an intermediate in synthetic drugs, fungicides, and dyes. Derivatives of thiazole are the subject of research due to their importance in applications such as agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Thiazole rings are planar and aromatic, and various methods can be used to synthesize thiazole derivatives, including the Gabriel synthesis, Hantzsch thiazole synthesis from alpha-hydroxy carbonyl compounds, and from thiocyanate salts.
The document discusses indole, an aromatic heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring. It notes that indole and its substituted derivatives have diverse biological activities and are found in natural products and pharmaceuticals. Some key points made in the document include:
- Indole derivatives are used in many drug classes including antihypertensives, antidepressants, antipsychotics, NSAIDs, and more.
- Several total syntheses of complex indole natural products are described, utilizing reactions like intermolecular indole aryne cycloaddition.
- Methods for synthesizing substituted indoles are reviewed, such as the Fischer indole synthesis, Zn(OTf)2
The document discusses the size effects of nanoparticles including their physical properties, shapes, and applications. It states that nanoparticles less than 100 nm exhibit size-dependent properties not seen in bulk materials, such as higher strength. The properties of nanoparticles can change with temperature and pressure due to changes in crystal structure. Their large surface area to volume ratio gives nanoparticles additional properties like improved catalytic activity.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 6 on thermochemistry. It defines energy and different types of energy like potential and kinetic energy. It discusses how energy can be transferred through work and heat. Enthalpy, calorimetry, and Hess's law which are important concepts in thermochemistry are also introduced. The document provides examples of exothermic and endothermic reactions and how they relate to changes in a system's internal energy. It derives the equation used to calculate work done by or on a gas during expansion or compression.
This document contains the table of contents and sections from Chapter 7 of a chemistry textbook. Section 7.1 discusses electromagnetic radiation and its characteristics as waves. Section 7.2 covers early discoveries about the nature of matter including Planck's postulate, Einstein's photon theory, and de Broglie's equation showing that matter has wave-like properties. Section 7.3 examines the atomic spectrum of hydrogen, which emits light in discrete wavelengths.
This document provides an overview of stoichiometry and the mole concept in chemistry. It discusses how counting by weighing can be used to determine the number of atoms in a sample based on its mass. The modern system of atomic masses uses carbon-12 as the standard, and mass spectrometry helps determine atomic masses accurately. Average atomic masses account for natural abundances of isotopes. The mole is defined as the amount of a substance with the same number of elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions or other particles) as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12, and it allows direct conversion between mass and number of particles. Sample calculations are provided to demonstrate determining numbers of moles, atoms and masses in chemical problems.
This document provides information about CHEMY 323, a spectroscopy course offered at the University of Bahrain in 2023-2024. It will be held on Mondays and Wednesdays from 8:00-9:15 am in building S41-0031. The instructor is Dr. Javed Iqbal, whose office is located in S41-1035 and can be reached by mobile phone or email. The document defines spectroscopy and the electromagnetic spectrum, and describes several spectroscopic techniques including UV-Vis, IR, NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis that can be used to obtain information about substances.
This document discusses several 5-membered heterocyclic compounds including furan, thiophene, and pyrrole. It outlines their general structures, with one carbon atom replaced by an oxygen in furan, sulfur in thiophene, and nitrogen in pyrrole. Several common methods for synthesizing these heterocycles are also presented, such as the Paal-Knorr reaction involving cyclization of 1,4-diketones or analogous compounds. The document concludes by comparing the reactivity of these heterocycles towards electrophilic aromatic substitution and other reaction types.
Chapter 3 Organic compounds alkanes and their stereochemistry.pptxJaved Iqbal
This chapter discusses organic compounds including alkanes, their isomers, and conformations. It defines functional groups and covers topics such as naming alkanes using IUPAC rules. Alkanes can exist as straight-chain or branched-chain isomers. The conformations of alkanes like ethane involve staggered and eclipsed arrangements that determine their relative stability due to torsional strain.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)