The document discusses psychoactive drugs and addiction. It defines psychoactive drugs as drugs that alter a person's consciousness and can cause intoxication. Addiction is defined as a dependence on a substance or behavior, characterized by compulsive desire, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and harm. The document then covers specific classes of drugs like opioids, depressants, stimulants, cannabis, hallucinogens, and inhalants. It discusses signs of abuse and addiction, risks of drug use, and various treatment approaches.

1. Chapter 9
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

2.  Drugs that alters a person’s experiences or consciousness
 Can cause intoxications
 A state in which sometimes unpredictable physical and
emotional changes occur
2
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

3.  Addictive behaviors are habits that have gotten out
of control, with resulting negative effects on a
person’s health
 Addiction is a psychological or physical
dependence on a substance or behavior
 Dependence defined by four key characteristics:
1. Compulsive desire for a drug
2. Need to increase the dosage
3. Harmful effects to the individual
4. Harm to society
 Tolerance
3
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

4.  Reinforcement
 Compulsion or craving
 Loss of control
 Escalation
 Negative consequences
4
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

5.  Often starts when a person does something to bring
pleasure or to avoid pain
 Eventually, the behavior no longer brings pleasure, but it
is necessary to avoid the pain of going without it
 Examples of addictive behaviors:
 Gambling
 Compulsive Exercising
 Work Addiction
 Sex and love addiction
 Compulsive buying or shopping
 Internet addiction
 Characteristics of people with addiction
5
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

6.  Commonly referred to as addicts
 Substance or activity used as substitute for coping
strategies
 May have trouble dealing with stress or emotions
 May have a genetic predisposition to a particular
substance
 May have problems with impulse control
or self-regulation
 Tend to be risk-takers
6
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

7.  Eating
 Watching TV
 Playing video games
 Gambling
 Compulsive exercising
 Work preoccupation
 Sex and love addiction
 Compulsive buying or shopping
 Internet usage
7
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

8.  Drugs are chemicals other than food that are intended
to affect the structure or function of the body
 Prescription medicines
 Antibiotics
 Antidepressants
 Over-the-counter substances
 Tobacco
 Alcohol
 Caffeine
 Illegal substances
 LSD
 Heroin
 The drug tradition
8
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

9.  The APA’s Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders – authoritative reference
 Abuse
 Substance abuse:
 Failure to fulfill major responsibilities
 Drug use in situations that are hazardous
 Drug related legal problems
 Drug use despite persistent social or interpersonal problems
 Physical dependence may or may not be present
9
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

10.  Substance dependence
1. Developing tolerance to the substance
2. Experiencing withdrawal
3. Taking in larger amounts
4. Expressing a persistent desire to cut down
5. Spending great deal of time getting the substance
6. Giving up or reducing important activities
7. Continuing usage even with recognition of a
problem
 Considered physically dependent if experiences
either tolerance or withdrawal
10
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

11. 11
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

12.  All income and education levels
 All ethnic groups
 All ages
 Increased risk from:
 Being young
 Being male
 Being a troubled adolescent
 Being a thrill-seeker
 Being in a dysfunctional family
 Being in a peer group that accepts drug use
 Being poor
 Dating young
12
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

13.  Exciting
 Illegal
 Curious
 Want to escape
 Rebellious
 Vulnerable to peer pressure
 Seeking a spiritual experience
 Experiment
 Cope with difficulties
13
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

14.  Combination of three types of risk factors:
 Physical
 Psychological
 Social
 Physical risks
 Brain chemistry
 Metabolism
 Exposed to drugs in womb
14
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

15.  Psychological risks
 Difficulty in controlling impulses
 Strong need for excitement
 Feelings of rejection
 Hostility or aggression
 Anxiety or depression
 Mental illness
 Dual (co-occurring) disorders
 Social Factors
 Growing up in a family with drug abuse
 Peer group approval
 Poverty
 Health care professionals 15
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

16.  Intoxication
 Unexpected side effects
 Unknown drug constituents
 Risks associated with injection drug use
 Legal consequences
16
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

17.  Changes in brain chemistry
 Neurotransmitters
 Drug factors:
 Pharmacological properties
 Dose-response function
 Time-action function
 Drug use history
 Method of use
 User Factors
 Social Factors
17
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

18. Psychoactive Drugs Chapter Nine 18
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

19. 19
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

20.  Opioids (narcotics)
 Natural or synthetic
 Opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine,
hydrocodone, oxycodone, meperidine, and fentanyl
 Relieve pain
 Cause drowsiness
 Induce euphoria
 Methods of administration
 Injection, absorbed, snorting, sniffing, smoking
 Symptoms of overdose
20
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

21.  Also known as sedative-hypnotics
 Slow down the overall activity of the CNS
 Types
 Effects
 Effects on the body
 Medical uses
 From use to abuse
 Overdosing
21
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

22.  Speed up the activity of the nervous or muscular
system
 Cocaine
 Methods of use
 Effects
 Abuse and dependence
 Use during pregnancy
22
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

23.  Amphetamines
 Effects
 From use to abuse
 State dependence
 Dependence
 Psychosis
 Ritalin
 Ephedrine
 Caffeine
23
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

24. 24
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

25.  Cannabis sativa
 THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)
 Short-term effects and uses
 Depersonalization
 Long-term effects and uses
 Respiratory damage
 Dependence
25
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

26.  Altered state of consciousness, perceptions, feelings
and thoughts
 LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, STP, DMT, MDMA,
Ketamine, PCP (angel dust)
 Synesthesia
 Flashbacks
26
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

27.  Nearly all inhalants produce effects similar to those of
anesthetics and slow down the body’s functions
 Several major groups
 Volatile solvents
 Aerosols
 Nitrites
 Anesthetics
 Methods of use
 Sniffing
 Snorting
 “Bagging”
 “Huffing”
27
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

28.  Drug research
 Drugs, society, and families
 Legalizing Drugs
 Drug Testing
28
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

29.  Medication-assisted treatment
 Drug substitution
 Treatment centers
 Self-help groups and peer counseling
 AA
 NA
 Harm reduction strategies
 Codependency
29
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

30.  Governmental attempts
 Anti-drug education programs
 Indirect approaches
 Young people’s self-esteem
 Improve academic skills
 Increase recreational opportunities
 Direct approaches
 Information about the adverse effects
 Peer pressure resistance
30
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

31. Chapter 9
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.