Chapter 4 5

1
Higher School of Foreign Language Teknokrat
CHAPTER FOUR
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter focuses on the analysis and the discussion about the phenomena that
occur in the sentences contained in the script of Sang Pencerah movie and its
English subtitles The Enlightened One. The writer will discuss about the changing
in the point of view and in the grammatical fields in order to discover the
accuracy and clarity in the English subtitles of Sang Pencerah movie.
The indicator used and the data analyzed are based on the theories which are
stated in chapter two. As the indicator data used, as proposed by Rahimi
(2004:56) and modified by the writer, this analysis defied the scale into four either
for the accuracy or the clarity. The sentence measured by scale three is indicated
as accurate, the sentence measured by scale two is indicated as average, the
sentence measured by scale one is indicated as less-accurate and the sentence
measured by scale zero is indicated as inaccurate. The scale is also applied in the
measurement of clarity. Sentence measured by scale three is indicated as clear,
sentence measured by scale two is indicated as average, sentence measured by
scale one is indicated as less-clear and sentence measured by zero is indicated as
unclear. The occurrences of modulation and transposition procedures and the
measurement of accuracy and clarity in the 25 data gained are classified. Both
modulation and transposition tables and the indicators of accuracy and clarity
table are revealed as follows:

2
4.1 Types of Modulation Procedure
4.1.1 Active for Passive and Vice Versa
Data 3
SL: Jadi dibutuhkan beberapa syarat untuk mendirikan perkumpulan. Pertama,
harus ada pengurus tetap. Kedua, nama perkumpulan dan maksud tujuan
perkumpulan tersebut untuk apa.
TL: So there are certain requirements to establish an organization. First, you
must have permanent staffs. Secondly, the organization’s name, what’s
purpose and intention?
From the example above the passive sentence in SL, indicated by the phrase”jadi
dibutuhkan beberapa syarat” is changed by active sentence in TL, indicated by
the phrase“there are certain requirements”. The changing of passive to active
from the data above gives the influence toward the point of view of the reader.
This type also occurs in several data, they are the data number 3, 8, 13, 14, 15 and
16.
4.1.2 Syntactical Modulation
Data 15
SL: Tapi apakah keutuhan keluarga harus dikorbankan?
Aux. S P

3
TL: But do we have to sacrifice the unity of our family?
Aux. S P O
From the data above the sequence of grammatical structure in SL Aux. + S + P is
changed and it has additional in TL Aux. + S + P + O. This type also occurs in
several data, they can be found in data 15, 22, 24, and 25.
4.1.3 Abstract for Concrete
Data 1
SL: Sekelompok orang yang menyerukan kebaikan dan meninggalkan
kemungkaran.
TL: A group of people inviting to all that is good and forbidding what is
wrong.
From the example above there is changing of a point of view from abstract to
concrete. The word mungkar has similar meaning with something which is
forbidden, it changes with the word wrong in TL, and it is more specific or
concrete. Something which is forbidden is not necessarily wrong. This type occurs
in several data, they can be found in data 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 14 and 21.

4
4.1.4 The Expression Stated in SL being Explained in TL
Data 9
SL: Saya berpesan dua perkara. Yang pertama, jangan sampai perkumpulan
Muhammadiyah mengecilkan kedudukan Mesjid Besar. Yang kedua, saya
tidak mau ada perselisihan dikalangan umat soal keyakinan agama.
TL: I only have two messages. The first one, don’t let Muhammadiyah
constrict the authority of Great Mosque. Secondly, I don’t want any
dispute on the community against my faith.
From the data above, the N perkara in SL is changing into the N message in TL.
The word Perkara contains an implicit meaning and the point of the idea does not
explain as bare as the point of idea stated in SL with the word message. This type
occurs in several data, they can be found in data 7, 9 and 23.
4.1.5 The Changing of Proverb or Word because of Cultural Differentiation
Data 2
SL: Langgar itu untuk ibadah. Perkumpulan untuk aktifitas sosial kita.
TL: Mosque is for worshiping. An organization is for our social activity.
From the data above, the N langgar in SL is changing into the N mosque in TL,
basically those two constructions have similar function, langgar and mosque are
the place that usually used for praying or reading Quran for Moslem but the

5
construction or the building of langgar and mosque look differently, mosque or
well known as masjid is bigger than langgar. This type occurs in several data,
they can be found in data 2, 7 and 16.
4.1.6 Cause for Effect and Vice Versa
Data 19
SL:Saya berpesan dua perkara. Yang pertama, jangan sampai perkumpulan
Muhammadiyah mengecilkan kedudukan Mesjid Besar. Yang kedua, saya
tidak mau ada perselisihan dikalangan umat soal keyakinan agama.
TL: I only have two messages. The first one, don’t let Muhammadiyah
constrict the authority of Great Mosque. Secondly, I don’t want any
dispute on the community against my faith.
From the example above, the cause for effect type of modulation occurs when
the N kedudukan in SL is changing into the N authority in TL. kedudukan has
similar meaning with position, the position of a person in the office, institution
or soon while authority has similar meaning with power, the power itself can
be created or possessed by the person who has the position. Therefore the type
of cause and effect occurs in the example above. This type occurs in several
data, they can be found in data 9, 12 and 21.

6
4.1.7 Part for The Whole
Data 2
SL: Langgar itu untuk ibadah. Perkumpulan untuk aktifitas sosial kita.
TL: Mosque is for worshiping. An organization is for our social activity.
From the example above, the part for the whole type of modulation occurs when
the N perkumpulan in SL is changing into the N organization in TL. perkumpulan
obviously has the same format with organization, it is the a group of people, yet
what make them different is the legality of the group of people. An organization is
established by using the legal document, the structure position of people and the
frame work which is well-arranged whereas perkumpulan does not have all of
sophisticated thing like what has been need in organization. Basically an
organization is established from perkumpulan, when the value of a group of
people gets massive and the structure of people becomes real and exact, the
perkumpulan is changed into an organization. This type occurs in several data,
they can be found in data 2, 3, 5, 6 and 20.
4.2 Types of Transposition Procedure
4.2.1 Level Shift
This type of shift is functioned to fill the lexical gap, it either happens when the
lexical in the SL changes into grammatical structure in TL or for the suffix that

7
mostly happens in Bahasa changes also into grammatical structure in English. The
example of this type is discussed as follow:
Data 25
SL: Saya menengerti, tapi secara structural organisasi itu harus mendapat izin.
TL: I understand that, but structurally an organization has to have an approval.
The lexical secara in SL is changed by ly which is structurally functioned as
suffix in structural-ly. This type only occurs in data 25.
4.2.2 Category Shift
4.2.2.1 Structural Shift
This type is the common type that usually happened in the translation field. The
sequence of grammatical pattern which is happened in SL is usually changing.
The example and the discussion of this type reveals as follows:
Data 17
SL: Zaenab, kamu dijemput bapak kamu itu.
S P O
TL: Zaenab, your father has come to pick you up
O P S
The sequence of the sentence above is changed from S + P + O as a structure in
SL into O + P + S in TL. This type occurs in several data, they can be found in
data 17 and 19. Another kind of structural shift is when the system or language
rule in Bahasa does not same with the system or language rule in English, e.g., the

8
rule of H + M in Bahasa will automatically change into M + H in English. The
example of this type is discussed as follow:
Data 4
SL: Kita itu boleh punya perinsip asal jangan fanatik karena fanatic itu ciri
orang bodoh.
TL: We can have principal as long as we don’t become a fanatic because
fanaticism is a sign of ignorant people.
In this data, the adjective phrase stated in SL orang bodoh has the pattern of H +
M and it is change into ignorant people in TL which is M + H. This case also
happens on the structure of noun phrase and the adjective phrase which is
composed from verb, e.g. football field and living cells. This type occurs in
several data, they can be found in data 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, 17, 18 and 24.
4.2.2.2 Class Shift
This type of shift comprises shift from one part of speech to another. It usually
happens when Adj. in SL is changed by N or clause in SL changes into explicit
sentence in SL or vice versa. The example and the discussion of this type reveals
as follows:
Data 4
SL: Kita itu boleh punya prinsip asal jangan fanatik karena fanatik itu ciri
orang bodoh.

9
TL: We can have principal as long as we don’t become a fanatic because
fanaticism is a sign of ignorant people.
From the data above, the Adj., fanatik is changing into N, fanaticism in TL. This
type occurs in several data, they can be found in data 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 18 and 23.
another kind of class shift is the changing of a clause into an explicit sentence, for
instance:
Data 3
SL: Kedua, Nama perkumpulan dan maksud tujuan perkumpulan tersebut
untuk apa.
TL: Secondly, the organization’s name, what’s purpose and intention?
From the example above, the compound sentence which explicitly reveal in SL
change into clause in TL. This type occurs in several data, they can be found in
data 1, 3 and 10.
4.2.2.3 Unit Shift or Rank Shift
This type occurs when the translation equivalent in the TL is at a different rank to
the SL. The example and the discussion of this type reveals as follows:
Data 1
SL: Sekelompok orang yang menyerukan kebaikan dan meninggalkan
N
kemungkaran.
N

10
TL: A group of people inviting to all that is good and forbidding
Clause
what is wrong.
Clause
From the data above they are the rank changing occur from SL to TL, they happen
when N “kebaikan” and “kemungkaran” in SL is changed into Clause. “that is
good” and “what is wrong” in TL. This type occurs in several data, they can be
found in data 1, 3, 7, 8, 11, 14, 16, 22, and 23.
4.2.2.4 Intra-System Shift
This type of shifting takes place when the SL and TL possess approximately
corresponding systems but where the translation involves selection of a non-
corresponding term in the TL system. The kinds of this type occur when the plural
changes into singular.
Data 24
SL: Sekalipun surat resmi pendirian perkumpulan belum turun, tapi hari ini aku
tetepkan sebagai hari lahir Muhammadiyah.
TL: Even though we haven’t got the official establishment papers yet, but today I
proclaim as the birth of Muhammadiyah Organization.
From the data above the singular noun phrase “surat resmi pendirian
perkumpulan” is changed into the plural noun phrase “the official establishment
papers”. This type occurs in several data, they can be found in data 3, 19 and 24.

11
4.3 An Analysis of Accuracy and Clarity in Sang Pencerah English Subtitles
The Enlightened One
After the analyseses of modulation and transposition procedures have been done
in English subtitle The Enlightened One the writer analyzes the accuracy and
clarity gained from the response of informants by using the indicator scales as
proposed by Rahimi (2004:56) and they are modified by the writer. In general the
accuracy engages with the appropriateness between the messages in the SL and
the messages in TL whereas the clarity with the easiness to understand the
meaning or message in TL.
4.3.1 An Analysis of Accuracy
According to the result of the analysis done in Sang Pencerah movie and its
English subtitles The Enlightened One, the writer either found three kinds of scale
that mostly appear from 25 data or concluded the scale of accuracy in the data
analyzed is indicating accurate for whole. There are thirteen data that indicate as
accurate for scale three, eleven data that indicate as average for scale two, one
data that indicate as less accurate for scale one and no data that indicate as
inaccurate for scale zero. The example of those three scales explained as follows:

12
4.3.1.1 The Data for Scale Three
Data 10
SL: Ketika kita memimpin orang lain kita lupa bertanya bahwa kita apakah
sudah mampu memimpin diri kita sendiri.
TL: When we lead other people we tend to forget and ask our self, do we have
the ability?
According the data above, the information in SL is suitably conveyed in TL. It can
communicate well without omitting and adding any info which is not basically
stated in SL, therefore the meaning in SL is obviously conveyed in TL. This scale
occurs in several data, they can be found in data 2, 3, 5, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19,
21, 23 and 25.
4.3.1.2 The Data for Scale Two
Data 7
SL: Hidupilah muhammadiah jangan mencari hidup dalam Muhammadiyah.
TL: Try to make Muhammadyah live forever, not to make a living out of
Muhammadiyah.
According to the data above, the information in SL is quite suitably conveyed in
TL although there is an addition of info in TL. The phrase “Try to make” should

13
not be stated since it is not stated in TL. This scale occurs in several data, they can
be found in data 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 22 and 24.
4.3.1.3 The Data for Scale One
Data 8
SL: Hendaknya semua anggota Muhammadiyah mencontoh pribadi Rasulullah
SAW. Dapat diberi amanah, menjunjung tinggi persamaan, dan terbuka pada
siapa pun.
TL: All of the members of Muhammadiyah follow the personality of
Rasulullah SAW as their role model. Could hold a trusteeship, uphold the
equality, and have an open mind to everyone.
According to the data above, the information in SL is insufficiently conveyed in
TL and there are several additional and omission of information which are stated
in both of SL and TL. Certain distortion of meaning also appears in TL. The
words “Hendaknya” is not translated in TL and the word “ as their role model”
and “have” should not stated in TL because that is not stated in SL, while certain
distortions happen when the word “mencontoh” in SL is translated into “ follow”.
The word “mencontoh” is apparently not appropriate with the word “follow”
because they have different meaning, whereas the word “amanah” should be
translated by “trustworthiness” not by “trusteeship” because trusteeship is the
position or responsibility of a person who controls property or money for another

14
person or organization.. This scale occurs in several data, they can be found in
data 8 and 20.
4.3.2 An Analysis of Clarity
Regarding to the accuracy, the clarity also involved in this research. In the
founding of clarity, there are three kinds scale that mostly appear from 25 data
gained. The writer concluded that the scale for whole data is indicating average.
There are eleven data that indicate as clarity for scale three, twelve data that
indicate as average for scale two, two data that indicate as less for scale one and
no data that indicate as unclear for scale zero. The example of those three scales
explained as follows:
4.3.2.1 The Data for Scale Three
Data 18
SL: Muhammadiyah bukan organisasi politik. Tak ada alasan apapun untuk
menolak permohonan Dahlan.
TL: Muhammadiyah is not a political organization. So there’s no reason to
refuse Dahlan’s proposal.
According to the data above, the TL can be easily understood by the target readers
or the informants since the forms and languages in SL are familiar with the target

15
reader therefore the message is understandable easily. This scale occurs in several
data, they can be found in data 2, 5, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, and 25.
4.3.2.2 The Data for Scale Two
Data 24
SL: Sekalipun surat resmi pendirian perkumpulan belum turun, tapi hari ini aku
tetapkan sebagai hari lahir Muhammadiyah.
TL: Even though we haven’t got the official establishment papers yet, but
today I proclaim as the birth of Muhammadiyah Organization.
According to the data above, the TL is quite understandable to target reader since
it contains unfamiliar forms. It is indentified by the phrase hari lahir in SL which
is translated into the birth in TL. It seems unfamiliar for target reader, since
establishment of is an appropriate translation of hari lahir. Therefore target reader
requires special or little interpretation to understand the language in TL. This
scale occurs in several data, they can be found in data 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 22,
and 24.

16
4.3.2.3 The Data for Scale One
Data 16
SL: Saya ini berharap Muhammadiah bisa jadi perkumpulan yang benar-benar
bertujuan untuk masyarakat bukan untuk kepentingan pribadi.
TL: I do hope that, Muhammadiah could become an organization purpose, to
serve for the benefit of the people not for an individual purpose.
According to the data above, the TL is less understandable to target readers.
Therefore the readers require frequent interpretation due to the frequent use of this
uneasy to understand language in TL. It is according to the informants who stated
that the uneasy understanding occurs because the grammar in TL is not
constructed, punctuation marks are not accurately applied, and the context in the
whole sentence which is compiled into noun phrase is not transferred completely
in TL. This scale only occurs in data 16.
4.4 The Most Frequently Applied Procedure
The tendency of the most frequently-applied procedure of translation in Sang
Pencerah movie and its subtitles The Enlightened One and the measurement of
the accuracy and clarity applied are apparently disclosed as follows:

17
Table 4.3 Modulation
No. Types of Modulation n
1 Active for Passive 6
2 Syntactical Modulation 4
3 Abstract for Concrete 7
4 The Expression which is Explained 3
5 The Changing of Proverb or Word because of Cultural Differentiation 3
6 Cause for effect 3
7 Part for The Whole 5
Total 31
Table 4.4 Transposition
No. Types of Transposition n
1 Level Shift 1
2 Structural Shift 10
3 Class Shift 11

18
4 Unit or Rank Shift 9
5 Intra System Shift 3
Total 34
From the analyses of modulation and transposition procedures above, the most-
frequently applied procedure in Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitle The
Enlightened One is transposition which collects 34 occurrences, whereas
modulation only collects 31 occurrences from 25 data obtained.
4.5 The Accuracy and Clarity between Modulation and Transposition
According to the 25 data that have been measured generally by the writer, all of
the data are indicated as accurate and clear, yet, in order to gain the validity of the
accuracy and clarity between modulation and transposition, the writer has done
the inquiry and verification to prove the real phenomena which happen in this
problem. The inquiries spilled and revealed in these tables as follows:
Table 4.5 Accuracy Table 4.6 Clarity
Modulation Transposition Modulation Transposition
Data Scale Data Scale Data Scale Data Scale

19
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3
6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2
7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2
8 1 8 2 8 2 8 2
9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2
10 - 10 3 10 - 10 3
11 - 11 3 11 - 11 3
12 2 12 - 12 2 12 -
13 2 13 2 13 2 13 2
14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3
15 3 15 3 15 3 15 3
16 2 16 2 16 1 16 1

20
17 3 17 3 17 3 17 3
18 - 18 3 18 - 18 3
19 - 19 3 19 - 19 3
20 1 20 - 20 3 20 -
21 3 21 - 21 3 21 -
22 2 22 2 22 2 22 2
23 3 23 3 23 3 23 3
24 2 24 2 24 2 24 2
25 3 25 3 25 3 25 3
Table 4.7 The Result of Accuracy
Category Scale Modulation Category Scale Transposition
Accurate 3 9 Accurate 3 12
Average 2 10 Average 2 9
Less 1 2 Less 1 1
Inaccurate 0 - Inaccurate 0 -

21
Table 4.7 The Result of Clarity
Category Scale Modulation Category Scale Transposition
Clear 3 9 Clear 3 11
Average 2 11 Average 2 10
Less 1 1 Less 1 1
Unclear 0 - Unclear 0 -
From the whole analysis above, it is identified that Sang Pencerah movie and its
English subtitles The Enlightened One (in chapter 13-14) tend to apply the
grammatical changing, transposition rather than the view point changing,
modulation. It is proved from the 25 data collected, 31 types of modulation are
identified while for the transposition 34 types are identified in those 25 data.
According to the procedure used, modulation and transposition, the accuracy and
clarity as the essential point are measured by the informants. In order to give a
glance outlook toward the accuracy and clarity aspects within Indonesian movie
and its English subtitles, some findings are uncovered from the measurement scale
that mostly appear from the accuracy and clarity aspects. The writer found the
differences for the accuracy measurement between the modulation and
transposition. From the inquiry done by the writer, the transposition procedure
obtains twelve points for the category of accurate with the three-scale, meanwhile

22
modulation procedure only gains nine points, therefore transposition is identified
and proved as the procedure that indicates as the accurate procedure which is
applied. The same phenomenon also occurs in the clarity. The transposition
procedure obtains eleven points for the category of clear with the three-scale,
whereas modulation procedure only gains nine points, it can be concluded that
transposition is the clear applied-procedure.
In addition, the aspect of view point changing plays an important role when the
translator translates the movie and its English translation and so does the
grammatical changing indeed, yet what mostly applied in this movie and its
English subtitle is the transposition as the procedure engaged with the changing of
grammatical point.

23
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSIONS
According to the analyses of modulation and transposition and the measurement
result from the informants as explained in chapter four, the writer can draw the
conclusions as follows:
1. From the 13 types of modulation which are uncovered in chapter two,
there are only seven types that are mostly used in English subtitle of Sang
Pencerah movie. There are six occurrences of active for passive type of
modulation, four occurrences of syntactical modulation, seven occurrences
of abstract for concrete, three occurrences of the expression which is
explained, three occurrences of the changing of proverb or word because
of cultural differentiation, three occurrences of cause for effect, and five
occurrences of part for the whole of modulation. Most of data in English
subtitles or seven (23%) data from 31 modulations apply abstract for
concrete modulation as the type used.
2. From the English subtitles identified, whole types of transposition or
shifting are applied. There is one occurrence of level shift, 10 data
included in structural shift type, 11 data included in class shift, nine
occurrences of unit or rank shift, and three occurrences of intra-system
shift, therefore most of data in the English subtitles or 11 (32%) data from
34 transpositions or shifting apply class shift as the type used.

24
3. From the procedures indicated in the data gained there are three types of
scale for the accuracy term, i.e. accurate for the scale-three, average for the
scale-two, less for the scale-one and no data as indicated inaccurate. There
are also three types of scale for the clarity term, i.e. clear for the scale-
three, average for the scale-two, less for the scale-one and no one data as
indicated unclear. Furthermore, the writer has done a deeper inquiry and
classified the procedure of modulation and transposition based on the
accuracy and clarity terms. As the result, from 25 data gained, there are
nine (36%) occurrences in modulation indicated as accurate, 10 (40%) data
indicated as average, two (8%) data indicated as less and four (16%) data
as the rest of them do not contain the procedure of modulation, while for
transposition or shift, there are 12 (48%) data indicated as accurate, nine
(36%) data indicated as average, one (4%) data indicated as less and three
(12%) data as the rest of them do not contain the procedure of
transposition.
4. From 65 procedure-indicated in the data gained, modulation obtains 31
(48%) types that involve in the data and transposition obtains 34 (52%)
types that involve in the data, therefore transposition is the most frequently
applied procedure in the English subtitles of Sang Pencerah movie.
The inquiry also has been done in the term of clarity, as the result gained
from 25 data, there are nine (36%) data in modulation indicated as clear,

25
11 (44%) data indicated as average, one (4%) data indicated as less, four
(16%) data as the rest of them do not contain the procedure of modulation,
whereas there are 11 (44%) data in transposition or shift indicated as
clear, 10 (40%) data that indicated as average, one (4%) data indicated as
less and three (12%) data as the rest of them do not contain the procedure
of transposition. Therefore, regarding to the chapters 13-14, the chapters
analyzed in this research, the writer concludes that the procedure of
transposition is the most accurate and clearest than that of modulation.

26
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