This document discusses engineering design processes and considerations. It outlines the typical 8-step engineering design process, including recognizing needs, defining problems, researching, conceptualizing, synthesizing, evaluating, optimizing, and presenting solutions. It then focuses on civil engineering design processes for buildings, outlining the 7 steps from recognizing a need for a building to construction administration. The document also discusses additional design considerations like sustainability, economics, materials selection, and standards/codes.
WAYS ENGINEERS SOLVE PROBLEMS LECTURE 9.pptxBismark Budu
This document provides an overview of an introduction to engineering course. It discusses the engineering approach to problem solving, which involves planning, analysis, and design. Engineering design problems can vary significantly in scale and complexity. The engineering method typically involves identifying the problem, gathering information, searching creatively for solutions, developing preliminary designs, evaluating solutions, preparing reports, and implementing the design. Technical report writing is also covered, outlining the common components of an engineering report such as the title, abstract, introduction, methodology, results, conclusions, recommendations, and references.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in mechanical engineering design. It discusses the phases of design including identifying needs, defining problems, synthesizing solutions, analysis and optimization, testing, and presentation. Important considerations in design are addressed such as functionality, safety, reliability, manufacturability, and economics. Design tools, codes and standards, and a designer's professional responsibilities are also summarized. The document aims to outline the systematic process of mechanical engineering design.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in mechanical engineering design. It discusses the phases of design including identifying needs, defining problems, synthesizing solutions, analysis and optimization, testing, and presentation. It also covers considerations like functionality, safety, reliability and manufacturability. Design tools like CAD, CAE, standards, codes and economics are reviewed. The responsibilities of design engineers to follow a systematic process are outlined.
Team Dynamics and Technical Excellence.pdfnihal559159
This document outlines an agenda for an event titled "Unleash Your Potential" with the goal of mastering team dynamics and technical excellence. The agenda is divided into 6 parts and includes sessions on professional growth and mentoring, team building and communication, an HVAC technical session, the importance of testing and commissioning, organizational and professional certifications, and a question and answer period.
The engineering design process involves 7 primary steps: 1) identifying a need or problem, 2) establishing design criteria and constraints, 3) evaluating alternative design solutions, 4) building prototypes, 5) testing prototypes against criteria, 6) analyzing test results and redesigning as needed, and 7) documenting the final design. The goal is to create a solution that meets customer needs within given constraints through an iterative process of testing and improvement.
This document provides an overview of an MIT course on project management. It discusses the following key points:
1. The course is divided into three parts covering project finance, evaluation, and organization.
2. Topics covered include the project phases of development, close out, resource scheduling, simulation, monitoring and control, changes and claims, earned value analysis, and quality reviews.
3. Construction project management focuses on infrastructure projects, and the course materials will help students understand the economic challenges faced by owners and contractors.
Application of Value Engineering in Commercial Building Projectsnitinrane33
The current construction industry conditions have entailed the use of rational method and techniques and
research and application of new techniques by utilizing advancements in technology in the field of production as well as in
every field. Value Engineering is a proven management technique that can make valuable contributions to value
enhancement and cost reduction in construction industry. Value Engineering is one of the most effective techniques
known to identify and eliminate unnecessary costs in product design, testing, manufacturing, construction, operations,
maintenance, data, procedures and practices. The methodology is composed of three main stages. The first stage is the
Pre-Study of the Value Engineering. The purpose of this stage is to plan and organize the value study. Value Engineering
is the systematic application of recognized techniques that identify the functions of the product or service, creatively
establish the worth of those functions, and provide only the necessary functions to meet the required performance at the
lowest overall cost. Value Engineering focuses on accomplishing the required functions at the lowest overall cost. It helps
in eliminating or minimizing wastage of material, time, and unnecessary cost, which improves value to the customer. The
second stage is the Value Study which is the core of Value Engineering study and it is composed of five phases, the
Information phase, Function Analysis Phase, Creative Phase, Evaluation Phase and the Presentation phase. All phases
and steps perform sequentially. Such sequence of the methodology is expected to assist in logical and systematic flow of
the process to achieve the targets of the VE study. The third stage is the Post Study. The objective during post-study
activities is to assure the implementation of the approved value study change recommendations. In this study, how the
principles of Value Engineering are applied in construction projects is explained, and by taking case study on commercial
building as the sample project, practices of Value Engineering in this project are described.
WAYS ENGINEERS SOLVE PROBLEMS LECTURE 9.pptxBismark Budu
This document provides an overview of an introduction to engineering course. It discusses the engineering approach to problem solving, which involves planning, analysis, and design. Engineering design problems can vary significantly in scale and complexity. The engineering method typically involves identifying the problem, gathering information, searching creatively for solutions, developing preliminary designs, evaluating solutions, preparing reports, and implementing the design. Technical report writing is also covered, outlining the common components of an engineering report such as the title, abstract, introduction, methodology, results, conclusions, recommendations, and references.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in mechanical engineering design. It discusses the phases of design including identifying needs, defining problems, synthesizing solutions, analysis and optimization, testing, and presentation. Important considerations in design are addressed such as functionality, safety, reliability, manufacturability, and economics. Design tools, codes and standards, and a designer's professional responsibilities are also summarized. The document aims to outline the systematic process of mechanical engineering design.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in mechanical engineering design. It discusses the phases of design including identifying needs, defining problems, synthesizing solutions, analysis and optimization, testing, and presentation. It also covers considerations like functionality, safety, reliability and manufacturability. Design tools like CAD, CAE, standards, codes and economics are reviewed. The responsibilities of design engineers to follow a systematic process are outlined.
Team Dynamics and Technical Excellence.pdfnihal559159
This document outlines an agenda for an event titled "Unleash Your Potential" with the goal of mastering team dynamics and technical excellence. The agenda is divided into 6 parts and includes sessions on professional growth and mentoring, team building and communication, an HVAC technical session, the importance of testing and commissioning, organizational and professional certifications, and a question and answer period.
The engineering design process involves 7 primary steps: 1) identifying a need or problem, 2) establishing design criteria and constraints, 3) evaluating alternative design solutions, 4) building prototypes, 5) testing prototypes against criteria, 6) analyzing test results and redesigning as needed, and 7) documenting the final design. The goal is to create a solution that meets customer needs within given constraints through an iterative process of testing and improvement.
This document provides an overview of an MIT course on project management. It discusses the following key points:
1. The course is divided into three parts covering project finance, evaluation, and organization.
2. Topics covered include the project phases of development, close out, resource scheduling, simulation, monitoring and control, changes and claims, earned value analysis, and quality reviews.
3. Construction project management focuses on infrastructure projects, and the course materials will help students understand the economic challenges faced by owners and contractors.
Application of Value Engineering in Commercial Building Projectsnitinrane33
The current construction industry conditions have entailed the use of rational method and techniques and
research and application of new techniques by utilizing advancements in technology in the field of production as well as in
every field. Value Engineering is a proven management technique that can make valuable contributions to value
enhancement and cost reduction in construction industry. Value Engineering is one of the most effective techniques
known to identify and eliminate unnecessary costs in product design, testing, manufacturing, construction, operations,
maintenance, data, procedures and practices. The methodology is composed of three main stages. The first stage is the
Pre-Study of the Value Engineering. The purpose of this stage is to plan and organize the value study. Value Engineering
is the systematic application of recognized techniques that identify the functions of the product or service, creatively
establish the worth of those functions, and provide only the necessary functions to meet the required performance at the
lowest overall cost. Value Engineering focuses on accomplishing the required functions at the lowest overall cost. It helps
in eliminating or minimizing wastage of material, time, and unnecessary cost, which improves value to the customer. The
second stage is the Value Study which is the core of Value Engineering study and it is composed of five phases, the
Information phase, Function Analysis Phase, Creative Phase, Evaluation Phase and the Presentation phase. All phases
and steps perform sequentially. Such sequence of the methodology is expected to assist in logical and systematic flow of
the process to achieve the targets of the VE study. The third stage is the Post Study. The objective during post-study
activities is to assure the implementation of the approved value study change recommendations. In this study, how the
principles of Value Engineering are applied in construction projects is explained, and by taking case study on commercial
building as the sample project, practices of Value Engineering in this project are described.
Building Performance Evaluation - Post Occupancy EvaluationGalala University
1. The document outlines a comprehensive framework called Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) that assesses the functional, technical, and human performance of architectural and urban design projects over their lifecycle.
2. BPE involves quantitative and qualitative measurements to evaluate aspects like lighting, acoustics, user satisfaction, and aesthetics from the perspectives of observed performance by experts, perceived performance by occupants, and measured performance through physical monitoring.
3. BPE can be conducted at three levels - indicative, investigative, and diagnostic - with increasing depth and duration. Regular BPE provides feedback to improve future building designs and adds to the body of architectural knowledge.
لمشاهدة ملفات الفيديو
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkGpVeBchIs&index=7&list=PL0CTRdzzWSMuvJ9nKHzyxGAYCapJMQ8_Y
للمتابعة في جروب المذاكرة
https://www.facebook.com/groups/PMP.SG
Building Performance Evaluation - تقيم اداء المبانىGalala University
This case study evaluated the performance of Marina Mall in Kuwait through user surveys and technical measurements. Key findings included that users found wayfinding and circulation difficult. Noise levels were high under the central dome area. Lighting levels varied significantly between day and night. Security was also deemed insufficient. To address these issues, short term solutions focused on improving signage, corridors, and security staffing. The case study demonstrated how building performance evaluation provides valuable user feedback to improve building design and operation.
Chapter-4 Product and Service Design.pptxamanuel236786
The document discusses product design and new product development. It begins by outlining an effective design process that matches customer requirements and minimizes costs and time. It then covers key aspects of product design including defining appearance, performance, and materials. The document also discusses strategies for new product introduction, the new product development process, and key stages from concept development to commercialization. It provides guidelines for effective design including designing for manufacture and assembly. The document concludes by covering considerations for service design given its intangible nature.
Chapter 4 Product and Service Design.pptxamanuel236786
The document discusses product design and new product development. It begins by outlining an effective design process that matches customer requirements and minimizes costs and time. It then covers key aspects of product design including defining the product, performance standards, and materials. The document also discusses strategies for new product introduction, the new product development process, and key stages from concept development to commercialization. It provides guidelines for effective design including considering manufacturability. The document emphasizes that design must meet customer needs through various testing stages.
Chapter 4 Product and Service Design.pptamanuel236786
The document discusses product design and new product development. It begins by outlining an effective design process that matches customer requirements and minimizes costs and time. It then covers key aspects of product design including defining appearance, performance, and materials. The document also discusses strategies for new product introduction, the new product development process, and key stages from concept development to commercialization. It provides guidelines for effective design including designing for manufacture and assembly. The document concludes by covering considerations for service design given its intangible nature.
This document discusses the application of value engineering principles to reduce costs in residential building construction. It describes conducting a value engineering study on a sample 2,160 square foot residential building in India. The building was analyzed using the five phase value engineering job plan approach. It was found that finishing works in the superstructure consumed a large portion of the costs. Alternatives like replacing cement plastering with gypsum and swapping wooden doors and windows for UPVC models were identified to improve value by reducing costs without compromising functions. The study demonstrated that applying value engineering techniques can help balance construction costs, time, and quality on residential building projects.
This document discusses key aspects of product design and development. It defines product, product development process, and design process. It outlines the six phases of product development and different types of products. The document also discusses product conceptual design, form and function, fundamental design rules, concurrent engineering approach, and composition of effective design teams.
This document outlines the sections and content required for a project phase 1 end semester assessment report. It includes sections for a problem statement, abstract and scope, literature survey, suggestions from previous reviews, design approach, constraints and dependencies, proposed methodology, architecture, design description, technologies used, project progress, and references. The problem statement should clearly define the problem. The abstract and scope should introduce the project and scope. The literature survey should critically assess and summarize 4-5 relevant research papers. The design approach should describe the chosen approach and its benefits and drawbacks. The methodology section should cover the basic approach, any needed changes, and details of a new approach. The architecture should provide a high-level design view. The design description
Concurrent engineering (CE) takes a systematic approach to integrated product and process design from the beginning of the development process. This allows all life cycle issues to be considered upfront. CE overlaps the sequential phases of product development, reducing time and costs. It uses cross-functional teams where information flows bidirectionally. CE has led to dramatic decreases in development time and costs for large companies like Ford. While results can be impressive, implementation varies between companies and countries. CE requires well-organized teamwork throughout the concurrent product development process.
This document discusses integrating lean supply chain management techniques with construction work planning and value engineering. It describes how lean principles like just-in-time delivery and eliminating waste can improve construction project delivery. Work planning involves developing weekly work packages and addressing any issues or constraints to work completion. Value engineering uses a structured process including information gathering, functional analysis, and idea generation to identify design or process alternatives that reduce costs over the life cycle of a project while meeting performance needs. Integrating these lean approaches can help construction management teams effectively plan work and continuously improve project value and efficiency.
This document discusses integrating lean supply chain principles with construction work planning and value engineering. It describes lean construction as focusing on maximizing value and reducing waste through techniques like supply chain management and just-in-time delivery. Work planning involves developing weekly construction schedules using a database program and lean techniques like last planner to improve planning and reduce issues. Value engineering analyzes design components to achieve essential functions at lowest cost through a structured creative process. Integrating these lean approaches can help construction projects improve planning, reduce waste and costs, and increase value.
Here are a few key questions to consider when thinking about starting a business:
- Have you done your market research and developed a business plan? A solid plan is essential for success.
- What problem are you solving or need are you meeting? Make sure there is genuine customer demand.
- How will you differentiate your business from competitors? You need a competitive advantage.
- What startup costs will you incur and how will you fund the business initially? Have funding sources in mind.
- How much time can you dedicate to the business? Running a business is a major commitment.
- What skills do you have and what skills do you need to outsource or learn? Identify any gaps.
This document discusses architecture in agile projects. It covers how agile methods like Scrum incorporate architecture through iterative development and continuous delivery. It also discusses balancing upfront architecture work with flexibility through methods like Architecture Tradeoff Analysis and attribute-driven design. A case study shows how one project used agile practices like continuous experimentation, refactoring, and incremental improvements to develop a complex system architecture.
GENN001 Fall2013 Session #8 Problem SolvingEsmail Bialy
This document discusses the engineering approach to problem solving. It outlines the typical phases of the engineering design process, including identifying the problem, gathering data, searching for creative solutions, developing preliminary designs, evaluating solutions, preparing reports/plans, and implementing the design. It also discusses techniques like brainstorming, checklists, attribute listing and the use of models. Teamwork, failures, and a case study are also covered.
Value engineering is a systematic approach to identifying unnecessary costs in construction projects. It was developed in the 1940s by Lawrence Miles at General Electric to address costs during wartime shortages. The value engineering process involves multi-disciplinary teams analyzing the functions of a project and finding alternative ways to achieve those functions at a lower overall cost. Value engineering studies typically identify ways to save 5-10% of total project costs through eliminating unnecessary expenses without compromising quality, utility or lifespan. The goal is not just reducing item costs but determining the worth of basic functions and setting target costs to find more cost-effective design alternatives.
This document provides an overview of concepts in engineering design taught by Dr. Yogesh Dewang. It discusses various topics including:
1. Designing a system by breaking it into subsystems and components in an iterative process.
2. Visualization by interpreting non-visual data and producing images.
3. Photography as a science, art, and practice of creating images.
4. Simplified iteration model showing design as an iterative process.
5. Comparison of engineering design method versus scientific method.
1. The document discusses concurrent engineering (CE), which is a collaborative approach to product development that involves cross-functional teams working simultaneously from the beginning to consider issues across a product's entire lifecycle.
2. CE aims to reduce product development time and costs while improving quality. It achieves this through parallelization of tasks and consideration of downstream issues like manufacturability during early design phases.
3. The document contrasts the traditional sequential approach, where departments work separately in series, with the concurrent approach where information flows bidirectionally and decisions consider constraints across all lifecycle stages.
The document provides definitions and explanations of industrial engineering. It discusses how industrial engineering draws upon specialized knowledge in mathematics, physical sciences, and social sciences combined with engineering principles and design methods. Industrial engineering is concerned with designing, improving, and installing integrated systems involving people, materials, equipment, energy, and information. It aims to specify, predict, and evaluate the results of such systems. The document also outlines the core competencies and skills of industrial engineers, including applying concepts to solve complex engineering problems, analyzing systems, and considering economic and social factors in solutions. It provides examples of job roles for industrial engineers in areas like manufacturing, chemicals, banking, and as consultants.
This document provides an overview of developing business/IT solutions and the systems development process. It discusses the traditional systems development cycle as well as prototyping and end user approaches. The systems development cycle involves conception, design, and implementation of systems to meet business needs. It outlines the key stages of systems investigation, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. It also discusses evaluating hardware, software, and service acquisition. The goal is to use a systematic approach to analyze needs and design effective IT solutions to address business opportunities.
Building Performance Evaluation - Post Occupancy EvaluationGalala University
1. The document outlines a comprehensive framework called Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) that assesses the functional, technical, and human performance of architectural and urban design projects over their lifecycle.
2. BPE involves quantitative and qualitative measurements to evaluate aspects like lighting, acoustics, user satisfaction, and aesthetics from the perspectives of observed performance by experts, perceived performance by occupants, and measured performance through physical monitoring.
3. BPE can be conducted at three levels - indicative, investigative, and diagnostic - with increasing depth and duration. Regular BPE provides feedback to improve future building designs and adds to the body of architectural knowledge.
لمشاهدة ملفات الفيديو
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkGpVeBchIs&index=7&list=PL0CTRdzzWSMuvJ9nKHzyxGAYCapJMQ8_Y
للمتابعة في جروب المذاكرة
https://www.facebook.com/groups/PMP.SG
Building Performance Evaluation - تقيم اداء المبانىGalala University
This case study evaluated the performance of Marina Mall in Kuwait through user surveys and technical measurements. Key findings included that users found wayfinding and circulation difficult. Noise levels were high under the central dome area. Lighting levels varied significantly between day and night. Security was also deemed insufficient. To address these issues, short term solutions focused on improving signage, corridors, and security staffing. The case study demonstrated how building performance evaluation provides valuable user feedback to improve building design and operation.
Chapter-4 Product and Service Design.pptxamanuel236786
The document discusses product design and new product development. It begins by outlining an effective design process that matches customer requirements and minimizes costs and time. It then covers key aspects of product design including defining appearance, performance, and materials. The document also discusses strategies for new product introduction, the new product development process, and key stages from concept development to commercialization. It provides guidelines for effective design including designing for manufacture and assembly. The document concludes by covering considerations for service design given its intangible nature.
Chapter 4 Product and Service Design.pptxamanuel236786
The document discusses product design and new product development. It begins by outlining an effective design process that matches customer requirements and minimizes costs and time. It then covers key aspects of product design including defining the product, performance standards, and materials. The document also discusses strategies for new product introduction, the new product development process, and key stages from concept development to commercialization. It provides guidelines for effective design including considering manufacturability. The document emphasizes that design must meet customer needs through various testing stages.
Chapter 4 Product and Service Design.pptamanuel236786
The document discusses product design and new product development. It begins by outlining an effective design process that matches customer requirements and minimizes costs and time. It then covers key aspects of product design including defining appearance, performance, and materials. The document also discusses strategies for new product introduction, the new product development process, and key stages from concept development to commercialization. It provides guidelines for effective design including designing for manufacture and assembly. The document concludes by covering considerations for service design given its intangible nature.
This document discusses the application of value engineering principles to reduce costs in residential building construction. It describes conducting a value engineering study on a sample 2,160 square foot residential building in India. The building was analyzed using the five phase value engineering job plan approach. It was found that finishing works in the superstructure consumed a large portion of the costs. Alternatives like replacing cement plastering with gypsum and swapping wooden doors and windows for UPVC models were identified to improve value by reducing costs without compromising functions. The study demonstrated that applying value engineering techniques can help balance construction costs, time, and quality on residential building projects.
This document discusses key aspects of product design and development. It defines product, product development process, and design process. It outlines the six phases of product development and different types of products. The document also discusses product conceptual design, form and function, fundamental design rules, concurrent engineering approach, and composition of effective design teams.
This document outlines the sections and content required for a project phase 1 end semester assessment report. It includes sections for a problem statement, abstract and scope, literature survey, suggestions from previous reviews, design approach, constraints and dependencies, proposed methodology, architecture, design description, technologies used, project progress, and references. The problem statement should clearly define the problem. The abstract and scope should introduce the project and scope. The literature survey should critically assess and summarize 4-5 relevant research papers. The design approach should describe the chosen approach and its benefits and drawbacks. The methodology section should cover the basic approach, any needed changes, and details of a new approach. The architecture should provide a high-level design view. The design description
Concurrent engineering (CE) takes a systematic approach to integrated product and process design from the beginning of the development process. This allows all life cycle issues to be considered upfront. CE overlaps the sequential phases of product development, reducing time and costs. It uses cross-functional teams where information flows bidirectionally. CE has led to dramatic decreases in development time and costs for large companies like Ford. While results can be impressive, implementation varies between companies and countries. CE requires well-organized teamwork throughout the concurrent product development process.
This document discusses integrating lean supply chain management techniques with construction work planning and value engineering. It describes how lean principles like just-in-time delivery and eliminating waste can improve construction project delivery. Work planning involves developing weekly work packages and addressing any issues or constraints to work completion. Value engineering uses a structured process including information gathering, functional analysis, and idea generation to identify design or process alternatives that reduce costs over the life cycle of a project while meeting performance needs. Integrating these lean approaches can help construction management teams effectively plan work and continuously improve project value and efficiency.
This document discusses integrating lean supply chain principles with construction work planning and value engineering. It describes lean construction as focusing on maximizing value and reducing waste through techniques like supply chain management and just-in-time delivery. Work planning involves developing weekly construction schedules using a database program and lean techniques like last planner to improve planning and reduce issues. Value engineering analyzes design components to achieve essential functions at lowest cost through a structured creative process. Integrating these lean approaches can help construction projects improve planning, reduce waste and costs, and increase value.
Here are a few key questions to consider when thinking about starting a business:
- Have you done your market research and developed a business plan? A solid plan is essential for success.
- What problem are you solving or need are you meeting? Make sure there is genuine customer demand.
- How will you differentiate your business from competitors? You need a competitive advantage.
- What startup costs will you incur and how will you fund the business initially? Have funding sources in mind.
- How much time can you dedicate to the business? Running a business is a major commitment.
- What skills do you have and what skills do you need to outsource or learn? Identify any gaps.
This document discusses architecture in agile projects. It covers how agile methods like Scrum incorporate architecture through iterative development and continuous delivery. It also discusses balancing upfront architecture work with flexibility through methods like Architecture Tradeoff Analysis and attribute-driven design. A case study shows how one project used agile practices like continuous experimentation, refactoring, and incremental improvements to develop a complex system architecture.
GENN001 Fall2013 Session #8 Problem SolvingEsmail Bialy
This document discusses the engineering approach to problem solving. It outlines the typical phases of the engineering design process, including identifying the problem, gathering data, searching for creative solutions, developing preliminary designs, evaluating solutions, preparing reports/plans, and implementing the design. It also discusses techniques like brainstorming, checklists, attribute listing and the use of models. Teamwork, failures, and a case study are also covered.
Value engineering is a systematic approach to identifying unnecessary costs in construction projects. It was developed in the 1940s by Lawrence Miles at General Electric to address costs during wartime shortages. The value engineering process involves multi-disciplinary teams analyzing the functions of a project and finding alternative ways to achieve those functions at a lower overall cost. Value engineering studies typically identify ways to save 5-10% of total project costs through eliminating unnecessary expenses without compromising quality, utility or lifespan. The goal is not just reducing item costs but determining the worth of basic functions and setting target costs to find more cost-effective design alternatives.
This document provides an overview of concepts in engineering design taught by Dr. Yogesh Dewang. It discusses various topics including:
1. Designing a system by breaking it into subsystems and components in an iterative process.
2. Visualization by interpreting non-visual data and producing images.
3. Photography as a science, art, and practice of creating images.
4. Simplified iteration model showing design as an iterative process.
5. Comparison of engineering design method versus scientific method.
1. The document discusses concurrent engineering (CE), which is a collaborative approach to product development that involves cross-functional teams working simultaneously from the beginning to consider issues across a product's entire lifecycle.
2. CE aims to reduce product development time and costs while improving quality. It achieves this through parallelization of tasks and consideration of downstream issues like manufacturability during early design phases.
3. The document contrasts the traditional sequential approach, where departments work separately in series, with the concurrent approach where information flows bidirectionally and decisions consider constraints across all lifecycle stages.
The document provides definitions and explanations of industrial engineering. It discusses how industrial engineering draws upon specialized knowledge in mathematics, physical sciences, and social sciences combined with engineering principles and design methods. Industrial engineering is concerned with designing, improving, and installing integrated systems involving people, materials, equipment, energy, and information. It aims to specify, predict, and evaluate the results of such systems. The document also outlines the core competencies and skills of industrial engineers, including applying concepts to solve complex engineering problems, analyzing systems, and considering economic and social factors in solutions. It provides examples of job roles for industrial engineers in areas like manufacturing, chemicals, banking, and as consultants.
This document provides an overview of developing business/IT solutions and the systems development process. It discusses the traditional systems development cycle as well as prototyping and end user approaches. The systems development cycle involves conception, design, and implementation of systems to meet business needs. It outlines the key stages of systems investigation, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. It also discusses evaluating hardware, software, and service acquisition. The goal is to use a systematic approach to analyze needs and design effective IT solutions to address business opportunities.
1. Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni
Generated By Cengage Edited By Dr. Yousef Alshammari
Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni
Chapter 3
Introduction to
Engineering
Design
3-1
2. Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni
Generated By Cengage Edited By Dr. Yousef Alshammari
Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni
Learning Objectives
1. Engineering Design Process
Explain the basic steps that engineers follow to design something
and to arrive at a solution to a problem
2. Additional Design Considerations
Describe what is meant by sustainability and its role in design;
also explain the roles of engineering economics and material in
engineering design
3. Teamwork
Explain what is meant by a design team and describe the
common traits of good teams; also explain how good teams
manage conflicts
3-2
3. Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni
Generated By Cengage Edited By Dr. Yousef Alshammari
Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni
Learning Objectives
4. Project Scheduling and the Task Chart
Describe the process that engineering managers use to
ensure that a project is completed on time and within the
allocated budget
5. Engineering Standards and Codes
Describe why we need standards and codes and give
examples of standards and codes organizations in the United
States and abroad
3-3
4. Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni
Generated By Cengage Edited By Dr. Yousef Alshammari
3-4
Engineering Design Process
Basic Steps
1. Recognizing the need for a product or a service
2. Defining and understanding the need
3. Research and preparation
4. Conceptualization
5. Synthesis
6. Evaluation
7. Optimization
8. Presentation
5. Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni
Generated By Cengage Edited By Dr. Yousef Alshammari
Step 1: Recognizing the need for
a product or a service
The need for a product or service could come from
You
Company
Client(s)
3-5
6. Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni
Generated By Cengage Edited By Dr. Yousef Alshammari
3-6
Step 2: Problem definition and
understanding
The most important step in any design
process
Before you move on to the next step,
Make sure you understand the problem
Make sure that the problem is well defined
Good problem solvers are those who first
fully understand what the problem is
7. Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni
Generated By Cengage Edited By Dr. Yousef Alshammari
3-7
Step 3: Research and preparation
Collect useful information as much as you can
Search to determine if a product already
exists that closely meets the need
Consider if you can adopt or modify existing
components
Review and organize the information collected
in a suitable manner
8. Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni
Generated By Cengage Edited By Dr. Yousef Alshammari
3-8
Step 4: Conceptualization
Generate ideas or concepts that could offer
reasonable solutions to your problem
Identify the components of the system
Analyze the merit of the developed concepts
Evaluate alternatives (see Table 3.1, p. 55)
Create a milestone chart
9. Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni
Generated By Cengage Edited By Dr. Yousef Alshammari
3-9
Step 5: Synthesis
At this point you begin to consider details
Perform calculations
Run computer models
Narrow down the type of materials to be used
Size the components of the system
Answer questions about how the product is
going to be fabricated
Consult pertinent codes and standards for
compliance
10. Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni
Generated By Cengage Edited By Dr. Yousef Alshammari
3-10
Step 6: Evaluation
Analyze the problem in more detail
Identify critical design parameters and consider
their influence in your final design
Make sure that all calculations are performed
correctly
For uncertainties, perform experimental
investigation
Identify the best solution from alternatives
11. Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni
Generated By Cengage Edited By Dr. Yousef Alshammari
3-11
Evaluating Alternatives
When a design is narrowed down to a few
workable concepts, evaluation of these
concepts is needed before detail design is
pursued
Each design would have its own evaluation
criteria
12. Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni
Generated By Cengage Edited By Dr. Yousef Alshammari
3-12
Step 7: Optimization – minimization
or maximization
Optimization is based on some particular
criterion such as cost, strength, size, weight,
reliability, noise, or performance
Optimizing individual components of an
engineering system does not necessarily lead
to an optimized system
13. Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni
Generated By Cengage Edited By Dr. Yousef Alshammari
3-13
Step 8: Presentation
Communicate your solution to your client
(e.g., your boss, coworkers, customers)
Prepare for an oral and/or a written report
Engineers are often required to give oral and
progress reports on regular basis to various
groups
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Civil Engineering Design Process
Civil engineering design process is slightly
different from other engineering disciplines
Civil engineering is concerned with providing
public infrastructures and services such as
the design and construction of
• Buildings • Roads and highways
• Bridges • Dams
• Tunnels • Mass transit systems
• Airports • Water supply systems
• Sewage systems
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Civil Engineering Design Process
Civil Engineers must follow specific
procedures, regulations, and standards that
are established by local, state, and federal
agencies
(e.g.) Design procedures for a bridge will be
different than for a building or a mass
transit system
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Design Process for Buildings
1. Recognizing the need for a building
(Step 1: recognizing the need for a product or a service)
2. Define the usage of the building
(Step 2: problem definition and understanding)
3. Project planning
(Step 3: research and preparation)
4. Schematic design phase
(Steps 4 & 8: conceptualization and presentation)
5. Design development phase
(Steps 5, 6, & 8: synthesis, evaluation, and presentation)
6. Construction documentation phase
(Steps 5 & 7: synthesis and optimization)
7. Construction administration phase
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Step 1: Recognizing the need for
a building
Examples of the need
Build a new elementary school or expand an existing
one to accommodate more children
Build a new medical clinic due to an increase in
medical needs and convenience to patients
Replace or expand a factory to increase production due
to market demand
Build, replace, or expand a bridge due to increase in
traffic volume
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Step 1: Recognizing the need for
a building
Private sector
The need is usually identified by the owners of a
business or real estate
Public sector
The need is usually identified by others
(e.g. a school principal, a city engineer, or a district
engineer)
The need must be approved by the
corresponding oversight body
(e.g. school board, city council, or the department of
transportation)
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Step 2: Define the usage of
the building
The client determines types of activities that would
take place in the building
(e.g.)
New elementary school - Principal
The number of students enrolled in the future
The number of classrooms, computer labs, etc.
The need for a library, cafeteria, etc.
Medical clinic - staff
The number of examination rooms, x-ray labs,
reception areas, record rooms, etc.
The usage and activity data will help architects
determine the amount of area that would be required
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Step 3: Project planning
The client selects potential sites for the new
building
Factors influence site selection
Cost and location
Zoning
Environmental impact
Archaeology impact
Traffic flow
The client selects an architect firm or a
contractor to initiate the design phase
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Step 4: Schematic design phase
The architect consults with the client to fully
understand the intended usage of the building and
to obtain an approximate budget for the project
The architect prepares multiple schematic designs
for the building
The client and the architect narrow down the options
to one or two designs
Schematic design
Layout of rooms and spaces
Material type
Framing system, etc.
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Step 5: Design development (DD) phase
The architect continues to finalize layout of the
building
The architect consults with a structural engineer to
determine the limits of column size and beam size
The structural engineer then performs a
preliminary design for the building
The mechanical engineer performs the preliminary
design for the HVAC system
The electrical engineer performs the preliminary
electrical design
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Step 5: Design development (DD) phase
(continued)
The interior designer performs a preliminary design
for the interior of the building
The contractor provides a cost estimate for the
project
The architect meets with the client to present the
preliminary design and seek feedback
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Step 6: Construction documentation
(CD) phase
All the detail work is done in this phase
Construction document includes
Design specifications and drawings from the
architect, civil, structural, mechanical, and
electrical engineers, and the interior
designers
Work of landscape architect may be
included
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Step 6: Construction documentation
(CD) phase
(continued)
The civil engineer provides the site plan design
which includes:
Grading of the ground from the perimeter of
building to sidewalk
Grading of the parking area
Drainage for surface runoff
Demolition plan and the relocation of power-
lines as needed
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Step 6: Construction documentation
(CD) phase
(continued)
The structural engineer provides all the design details
for structural components including:
Foundation, beams and columns, interior and
exterior walls, and connections
Roof and floor supports and supports for openings
such as windows, doors
Canopies, etc.
The structural engineer must bear in mind all the
design specifications required by the building codes as
established by local government
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Step 7: Construction administration phase
The general contractor will have a superintendent
on site to manage the construction and its
progress and to coordinate all the subcontractors
A project manager representing the architect
would meet with the site superintendent and the
client on a regular basis to review the construction
progress and to respond to any issues that require
further attention
The structural engineer visits the construction site
periodically to observe the progress of the project
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Additional Design Considerations
Sustainability in design
Earth Charter
Engineering economics
Material selection
Patent, Trademark, and copyright
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Sustainability in Design
Sustainability and Sustainable Engineering
No universal definition
The generally accepted definition
“Design and development that meets
the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”
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Sustainability in Design
Engineers contribute to both private and
public sectors of our society
In private sector, they design and produce the
goods and services that we use in our daily
lives to allow us to enjoy a high standard of
living
In public sector, they support local, state, and
federal missions such as meeting our
infrastructure needs, energy and food
security, and national defense
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Sustainability in Design
Increasingly, because of worldwide socioeconomic
trends, environmental concerns, and earth’s finite
resources, more is expected of engineers
Future engineers are expected to design and
provide goods and services that increase the
standard of living and advance health care, while
addressing serious environmental and
sustainability concerns
In designing products and services, engineers
must consider the link among earth’s finite
resources, environmental, social, ethical,
technical, and economical factors
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Five Issues Must be Understood by
Engineers on Sustainability
1. The world’s current economic development is not
sustainable – the world population already uses
approximately 20% more of the world’s resources
than the planet can sustain
2. The effects of outpacing the earth’s carrying
capacity have now reached crisis proportions –
spiking energy costs, extreme weather events
causing huge losses, and prospect of rising sea
levels threatening coastal cities. Global population
increase outstrips the capacity of institutions to
address it
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Five Issues Must be Understood by
Engineers on Sustainability
3. An enormous amount of work will be required if
the world is to shift to sustainable development –
a complete overhaul of the world’s processes,
systems, and infrastructure will be needed
4. The engineering community should be leading the
way toward sustainable development but has not
yet assumed that responsibility
Civil engineers have few incentives to change
Most civil engineers deliver conventional
engineering designs that meet building codes and
protect the status quo
(cont.)
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Five Issues Must be Understood by
Engineers on Sustainability
5. People outside the engineering community are
capitalizing on new opportunity – for example,
accounting firms and architects
The architects bring their practices into
conformity with the U.S. Green Building
Council’s leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building
Rating System
(cont.)
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The Earth Charter
An ethical guideline for building a sustainable,
just, and peaceful global society in the 21st
century
Our energy needs, clean air and water
requirements, and food supply - We need to
work together
International competition for the Earth’s finite
resources
Global interdependence
Shared responsibility for the wellbeing of the
entire human family
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Engineering Economics
Economic factors always play important roles
in engineering design decision making
Products that are too expensive cannot be
sold at a price that consumers can afford
and still be profitable to the company
Products must be designed to provide
services not only to make our lives better
but also to make profits for the
manufacturer
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Material Selection
The selection of material is an important design
decision
Examples of properties to consider when
selecting materials
Density
Ultimate strength
Flexibility
Machinability
Durability
Thermal expansion
Electrical & thermal conductivity
Resistance to corrosion
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Material Properties
Electrical Resistivity
A measure of resistance of material to flow of
electricity
Density
Mass per unit volume
A measure of how compact the material is for a
given volume
Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus)
A measure of how easily a material will stretch
when pulled or how well material will shorten when
pushed
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Material Properties
Modulus of Rigidity (Shear Modulus)
A measure of how easily a material can be
twisted or sheared
Tensile Strength
The maximum tensile load a material specimen
in the shape of a rectangular bar or cylinder
can carry without failure
Compressive Strength
• The maximum compressive load a material
specimen in the shape of a rectangular bar,
cylinder, or cube can carry without failure
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Material Properties
Modulus of Resilience
• A mechanical property that shows how
effective the material is in absorbing
mechanical energy without going through any
permanent damage
Modulus of Toughness
• A mechanical property that indicates the ability
of the material to handle overloading before it
fractures
Strength-to-Weight Ratio
• The ratio of strength of the material to its
specific weight
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Material Properties
Thermal Expansion
• The change in the length of a material that would
occur if the temperature of the material were
changed
Thermal Conductivity
How good a material is in transferring thermal
energy (heat) from a high temperature region to a
low temperature region within the material
Heat Capacity
• The amount of thermal energy required to raise the
temperature of 1 kg mass of material by 1oC, or 1
lb mass of material by 1oF
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Material Properties
Viscosity
• Fluid property that measures how easily a given
fluid can flow
Vapor Pressure
• Under the same conditions, fluids with low vapor-
pressure values will not evaporate as quickly as
those with high values of vapor pressure
Bulk Modulus of Compressibility
• A measurement of how compressible a fluid is
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Patent, Trademark, and Copyright
Patent, trademark, service marks, and
copyrights provide a means to promote new
ideas and inventions
Intellectual property is protected in many
countries
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Patent
The right to exclude others from making,
using, offering for sale, or selling the
invention in U.S. or importing the invention
into U.S.
Does not grant the inventor the right to
make, use, or sell the invention; it prevents
others from doing so
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Trademark
A name, word, or symbol that a company
uses to distinguish its products from others
Excludes others from using the same or
similar mark
Does not prevent others from making the
same or similar products
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Service Mark
A name, word, or symbol that a company
uses to distinguish its services from others
Excludes others from using the same or
similar mark
Does not prevent others from providing the
same or similar services
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Copyright
A form of protection provided by the laws of the
U.S. to the authors of “original works of
authorship”
Covers literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and
other types of intellectual works
Covers both published and unpublished work
Protects form of expression, not the content or
the subject matter
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Copyright
For a work created after January 1, 1978,
copyright laws protect the work for
the author’s life plus 70 years
the last surviving author’s life plus 70 years in
the case of multiple authors
Currently, no international copyright laws for
worldwide protection
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Teamwork
Design team
A group of individuals with complementary
expertise, problem solving skills, and talent
who are working together to solve a problem
or achieve a common goal
Employers are looking for individuals who not
only have a good grasp of engineering
fundamentals, but can also work well with
others in a team environment
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Common Traits of Good Teams
1. The project that is assigned to a team must have
clear and realistic goals. These goals must be
understood and accepted by all members of the
team
2. The team should be made up of individuals with
complementary expertise, problem solving skills,
background, and talent
3. The team must have a good leader
4. The team leadership and the environment in which
discussions take place should promote openness, respect,
and honesty
5. The team goals and needs should come before individual
goals and needs
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Secondary Roles of Good Team Members
The Organizer
Experienced and confident; trusted by members of the
team and serves as a coordinator for the entire project
The Creator
Good at coming up with new ideas, sharing them with
other team members, and letting the team develop the
ideas further
The Gatherer
Enthusiastic and good at obtaining things, looking for
possibilities, and developing contacts
The Motivator
Energetic, confident, and outgoing; good at finding ways
around obstacles
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Secondary Roles of Good Team Members
The Evaluator
Intelligent and capable of understanding the complete
scope of the project; good at judging outcomes correctly
The Team Worker
Tries to get everyone to come together, does not like
friction or problems among team members
The Solver
Reliable and decisive and can turn concepts into practical
solution
The Finisher
Can be counted on to finish his or her assigned task on
time; detail oriented and may worry about the team’s
progress toward finishing the assignment
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Other Factors
Influencing Team Performance
The way a company is organized
How projects are assigned
What resources are available to a team to
perform their tasks
Corporate culture: whether openness, honesty,
and respect are promoted
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Conflict Resolution
When a group of people work together,
conflicts sometimes arise
Miscommunication
Personality differences
The way events and actions are
interpreted by a member of a team
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Conflict Resolution
Managing conflicts is an important part of a team
dynamic
In managing conflicts, it is important to recognize
there are three types of people:
Accommodating
Compromising
Collaborative
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Conflict Resolution – Type of People
Accommodating team members
Avoid conflicts
Highly cooperative
Allow assertive individuals to dominate
Could lead to poor team decision
Compromising team members
Demonstrate a moderate level of assertiveness
and cooperation
By compromising, the team may have
sacrificed the best solution for the sake of
group unity
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Collaborative approach
High level of assertiveness and cooperation by
the team
No finger pointing
A conflict = a problem to be solved by the
team
Team proposes solutions
Means of evaluation
Combine solutions to reach an ideal solution
Conflict Resolution
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Engineering Standards and Codes
Developed over the years by various organizations
• Product safety
• Reliability in services
• Uniformity in parts and components
Standards allow for easy ways to communicate the size
of a product
For example, if we had global standards for shirts and
shoes, then cross reference tables would not be
necessary
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Examples of Standards and Codes
Organizations in the United States
ANSI American National Standard Institute
ASTM American Society for Testing and
Materials
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
UL Underwriters Laboratories
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ASHRAE American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers
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Other Codes and Standards
Conformité Europeenné
ISO International Organization for Standardization
BSI British Standard Institute
CSBTS China State Bureau of Quality & Technical
Supervision
DIN German Deutsches Institute für Normung