Counterfactual thinking involves imagining alternative outcomes for events that have already occurred. It is categorized into upward counterfactual thinking, which imagines a better outcome, and downward counterfactual thinking, which imagines a worse outcome. The document describes two personal experiences that illustrate each type of counterfactual thinking. The first involves a friend getting caught cheating on an exam, where the author imagines being able to help faster. The second involves the author getting caught trying to skip school, where they imagine their mother not scolding them in front of teachers. Both experiences led the author to conclude they involved the respective types of counterfactual thinking.

1. CounterfactualThinkinghad been categorized into two
category which id upward counterfactualand also downward
counterfactual. Counterfactualthinking, which means imagining
differentoutcomefor the event that already, occurred. Whileupward
counterfactual, which means expecting and imagining a better
outcomeor result for event that already, happen. Downward
counterfactualthinking, which means imaginingor thinking a worst
result or outcome for an eventthat already happens.
I had an experience about an event that relate to upward
counterfactualthinking. While I was in form 5 secondary school. The
trial exam for Sijil Pendidikan Malaysia(spm)isnear and he doesn’t
feel like wanted to study at all thus he decided to cheat on the exam
and he asked me is it I wanted to join and I rejected it because I feel it
is a test its not fair for everyoneto cheat. On that day of exam my
friend he seriously brought in a small size of smartphoneso he could
Google any answershe needed and started to cheat. Allof sudden
that his phonesdrop on the floor and I wanted to help him to kick the
phonesout of his table area but its too because the teacher caught
him on the spot and he got a zero marksfor that paper. In my mind
that time I actually feel that I could help him out at the situation if I
could be fast enoughto kick his phonesbut then I am too slow.

2. I can conclude that actually upward counterfactualthinkingactually
occurred here.
I also had an experienceabout downward counterfactual. Its
about there’s onetime that I was planningto get out of school during
school time for went o cyber café because there’s a competition is
happeningand I wish I could be there to watch it. So I actually climb
the wall of my school and tryingto get outof the school. When I was
climbing one of my school prefects actually saw me and he shouted at
me but then I managed to escape. Unfortunately he saw my faces and
he wentto the office and tell to the principleand principleactually
call up my nameon the next day assembly and my parentgot call to
school also. My mum ishere and she got to know the whole story and
she scolded mein frontof all the teacher and I feel so shame of
myself. At the time I did speak to myself said that at least my mum
didn’tslap meat my face in frontof all the teacher. So downward
counterfactualoccurred at here.
ANG AVERLLEN
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CHAPTER 3
COUNTERFACTUALTHINKING.