The document discusses several key principles of management proposed by theorists like Henry Fayol. It begins by explaining Fayol's 14 principles of management, including division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, and unity of direction. It then discusses scientific management principles put forth by Frederick Taylor, such as using science rather than rule-of-thumb methods, developing workers' greatest efficiency, and mental revolution between workers and management. Finally, it briefly outlines techniques of scientific management like functional foremanship and standardization of work.
Henri Fayol was a French mining engineer and director who is considered the founder of modern management. In the late 19th century, he developed 14 principles of management based on his experience turning around a failing mining company. The principles address topics such as division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, and esprit de corps. Fayol believed that by following these general guidelines, managers could more effectively and efficiently achieve organizational goals.
1. The document outlines key principles of management proposed by theorists like Taylor and Fayol. Taylor's scientific principles focused on science over rules of thumb, harmony between workers and management, and cooperation over individualism. Fayol's principles covered areas like the division of work, authority and responsibility, and discipline.
2. The techniques of scientific management proposed by Taylor are also summarized, including functional foremanship, standardization, method study, and time study.
3. The importance of management principles is highlighted as providing guidance to managers and optimizing the utilization of resources.
14 principles of management by henri fayolCOMMERCEIETS
The document discusses several principles of management. It defines principles as general guidelines for managerial decision making and behavior. Some key principles discussed include: division of work and specialization, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests, parity between authority and responsibility, discipline, centralization vs decentralization, and following the scalar chain of command. Positive and negative effects of adhering to or violating each principle are provided.
Principles of management Ch 2 ppts.pptx.Anoopsaini20
The document discusses Henri Fayol's 14 principles of general management. It provides details on each principle such as their meaning, positive and negative effects. Some of the key principles discussed include division of work, authority and responsibility, unity of command, centralization and decentralization, order, equity, and stability of personnel. The principles are presented as general guidelines for effective management and organization of people and resources.
The document discusses Henri Fayol's 14 principles of management. It provides an overview of each principle, describing what it means and outlining potential positive and negative effects. The key principles discussed include division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests, remuneration of employees, centralization and decentralization, scalar chain, order, equity, and stability of personnel. For each principle, the document aims to explain the concept and its significance for effective management.
This document provides an overview of principles of management and techniques of scientific management. It discusses principles formulated by Fayol including division of work, unity of command, and subordination of individual interests. It also outlines Taylor's scientific management principles like science over rule of thumb and his techniques like functional foremanship and differential piece wage system. The document is intended to provide student support material for class 12 business studies.
This document provides an overview of chapter 2 from a class on principles of management. It begins by stating the learning objectives which are to explain the meaning of principles of management, discuss Taylor's scientific management principles and techniques, and explain Fayol's management principles. It then defines key terms and discusses the nature, significance and various theorists' contributions to management principles, including Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's 14 principles. It compares Taylor and Fayol's views and provides additional learning materials and an activity.
This document discusses principles of management and scientific management. It provides an overview of Fayol's 14 principles of management which are universal guidelines for managers. These principles aim to provide insights for optimal resource utilization and effective administration. It also describes Taylor's scientific management, which takes a systematic approach to improve worker efficiency through techniques like functional foremanship, standardization, simplification, and differential wages. The document concludes by comparing the perspectives of Taylor and Fayol on key aspects of management.
Henri Fayol was a French mining engineer and director who is considered the founder of modern management. In the late 19th century, he developed 14 principles of management based on his experience turning around a failing mining company. The principles address topics such as division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, and esprit de corps. Fayol believed that by following these general guidelines, managers could more effectively and efficiently achieve organizational goals.
1. The document outlines key principles of management proposed by theorists like Taylor and Fayol. Taylor's scientific principles focused on science over rules of thumb, harmony between workers and management, and cooperation over individualism. Fayol's principles covered areas like the division of work, authority and responsibility, and discipline.
2. The techniques of scientific management proposed by Taylor are also summarized, including functional foremanship, standardization, method study, and time study.
3. The importance of management principles is highlighted as providing guidance to managers and optimizing the utilization of resources.
14 principles of management by henri fayolCOMMERCEIETS
The document discusses several principles of management. It defines principles as general guidelines for managerial decision making and behavior. Some key principles discussed include: division of work and specialization, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests, parity between authority and responsibility, discipline, centralization vs decentralization, and following the scalar chain of command. Positive and negative effects of adhering to or violating each principle are provided.
Principles of management Ch 2 ppts.pptx.Anoopsaini20
The document discusses Henri Fayol's 14 principles of general management. It provides details on each principle such as their meaning, positive and negative effects. Some of the key principles discussed include division of work, authority and responsibility, unity of command, centralization and decentralization, order, equity, and stability of personnel. The principles are presented as general guidelines for effective management and organization of people and resources.
The document discusses Henri Fayol's 14 principles of management. It provides an overview of each principle, describing what it means and outlining potential positive and negative effects. The key principles discussed include division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests, remuneration of employees, centralization and decentralization, scalar chain, order, equity, and stability of personnel. For each principle, the document aims to explain the concept and its significance for effective management.
This document provides an overview of principles of management and techniques of scientific management. It discusses principles formulated by Fayol including division of work, unity of command, and subordination of individual interests. It also outlines Taylor's scientific management principles like science over rule of thumb and his techniques like functional foremanship and differential piece wage system. The document is intended to provide student support material for class 12 business studies.
This document provides an overview of chapter 2 from a class on principles of management. It begins by stating the learning objectives which are to explain the meaning of principles of management, discuss Taylor's scientific management principles and techniques, and explain Fayol's management principles. It then defines key terms and discusses the nature, significance and various theorists' contributions to management principles, including Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's 14 principles. It compares Taylor and Fayol's views and provides additional learning materials and an activity.
This document discusses principles of management and scientific management. It provides an overview of Fayol's 14 principles of management which are universal guidelines for managers. These principles aim to provide insights for optimal resource utilization and effective administration. It also describes Taylor's scientific management, which takes a systematic approach to improve worker efficiency through techniques like functional foremanship, standardization, simplification, and differential wages. The document concludes by comparing the perspectives of Taylor and Fayol on key aspects of management.
IN THIS PRESENTATION YOU WILL FIND ALL TOPICS RELATED TO PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT AND EACH TOPIC IS EXPLAINED BY ME WITH FULL DETAIL AND WITH FULL UPDATES ACCORDING TO NEW SYLLABUS.IN THIS PPT MANY PICTURES ARE ALSO THERE WHICH IS MOST IMPORTANT INSTRUMENT IN PPT.IF ANY QUERY SO PLZ CONTACT ME 9780529658 AND PLEASE TRY TO LEARN THE CONCEPT.IN THIS PPT MANY TOPICS ARE THERE IN PROPER ORDER.YOU WILL FIND THE PRINCIPLES OF FAYOL AS WELL AS PRINCIPLES OF TAYLOR.THE TECHNIQUES OF TAYLOR ARE ALSO THERE IN MY PPT.SIMPLINESS IS MINE PPT ADWANTAGE THAT YOU WILL DEFINATELY LIKE.PLEASE LIKE SHARE AND FOLLOW ME AND IF ANY QUERY SO PLZ CONATACT ME OR HIT COMMENT BACK.I WILL BW DEFINATELY THERE TO ANSWER YOU.
This document discusses the nature and principles of management. It outlines 7 key points about the principles of management: 1) They are universally applicable in both business and non-business organizations, 2) They serve as general guidelines rather than definite laws, 3) They are formed through practice and experimentation, 4) They are flexible and can change over time, 5) They are mainly concerned with human behavior, 6) They establish relationships between causes and effects, 7) They are contingent on different situations. The document then discusses the significance of principles of management, highlighting how they provide useful insight, enable optimum resource use, help make scientific decisions, and allow organizations to adapt to changing environments.
MANAGMENT and health management
its element and important
health administration and management
how to be good leader
how to be good manager
all information about manager
and important of them
1. The document discusses the principles of management according to Fayol and scientific management according to Taylor.
2. It contrasts their approaches, noting that Fayol focused on general management principles while Taylor emphasized increasing productivity through scientific techniques.
3. Their major contributions were Fayol developing fourteen principles of management and Taylor establishing the basis for production lines through scientific methods.
The document summarizes Max Weber's bureaucratic organizational structure and Henri Fayol's administrative management theory. Some key features of bureaucracy include specialization, hierarchy, rules, and impersonal relationships. Fayol identified 14 principles of management, including division of labor, authority and responsibility, unity of command, and discipline. Bureaucracy aims to efficiently coordinate large administrative tasks but can lead to problems like goal displacement and unintended consequences if not properly implemented.
This document provides an answer key for a principles of management exam from November/December 2006. It includes answers to 10 multiple choice questions covering topics like the differences between management and administration, scientific management, decision making, informal organization, limitations of line and staff authority, creativity vs innovation, and uses of computers. It also includes longer answer responses explaining concepts like the nature of management as both a science and art, steps in the scientific management method, Fayol's 14 principles of management, objectives and how to set them, nature and purpose of organization, and qualitative forecasting techniques. Finally, it discusses MBO (management by objectives) with a focus on its application in the IT industry.
1. Management principles provide understanding and guidance for thinking and practice, though they should not be treated as rigid rules. They represent generalizations from experience.
2. Principles of management can never be stated as rigorously as principles of physical science because human behavior is more erratic. They are general ideas to guide sound action, not absolute truths.
3. Management principles help increase efficiency, crystallize the nature of management, improve management research, and attain social goals by bringing order and committing resources advantageously. They provide a foundation for efficient management.
The document contains responses to several questions related to management concepts. It discusses the contingency approach to management, Luther Gulick's contributions to management functions through POSDCORB, the differences between unity of command and direction, the importance of gang-plank in organizations, details about the Hawthorne experiments, justification that management is a pseudo-science, differences between brainstorming and Delphi techniques, differences between products and services, types of management plans and principles, decision making process, and bases of departmentation.
The document discusses several theories of management including:
1) Scientific Management Theory proposed by Frederick Taylor which emphasized time-motion studies, piece-rate wages, division of labor, and functional foremanship.
2) Bureaucratic Theory proposed by Max Weber which advocated for hierarchies, rules, impersonality, and career advancement based on qualifications.
3) Administrative Management principles proposed by Henri Fayol including planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.
4) Human Relations Approach advocated by Mary Parker Follett and Elton Mayo which emphasized cooperation between employers and employees, job satisfaction, and team spirit.
The document discusses institutional supervision and quality assurance. It provides learning objectives for a course on supervision and quality assurance, including defining key terms and understanding the roles and responsibilities of supervisors. It also outlines assessment methods, content on the meaning and goals of supervision, functions of supervisors, factors for effective supervision, and principles and qualities of good supervision. The document emphasizes the importance of supervision in organizations and supporting the development of employees.
The document is a project on principles of management submitted by Yash Agarwal to his teacher Amit Rajput. It discusses the 14 principles of management developed by Henri Fayol, including division of work, authority, discipline, unity of command, centralization and order. It provides examples of each principle and how they can be applied to increase efficiency and productivity in an organization. The project was completed under Mr. Rajput's supervision and certification.
The document discusses the principles of management proposed by several theorists. It provides details on Fayol's 14 principles of management which focus on improving overall administration. These principles are flexible guidelines. It also describes Taylor's scientific management techniques which aim to increase worker efficiency through work standardization and specialization of tasks. The key difference between Fayol and Taylor is that Fayol focused on management efficiency with flexible universal principles while Taylor focused more narrowly on increasing production through rigid standards and ignoring human elements.
CHAPTER ONE
Fundamentals of Management
1.1. Definitions of Management
There is no single, comprehensive and universally accepted definition of management. This holds true due to the following major reasons among others:
Different scholars view management from different perspectives
It has many areas of applications. It is applied in profit, not for profit, private, government, social and business organizations.
Management as a discipline is recent in origin and hence there are a number of theories being added to the field.
It is so broad that it is difficult to encompass all its aspects in a single definition.
It has undergone changes because of the developments in behavioral science and quantitative techniques.
There are different approaches to management, definitions change as the environment changes. The environment of an organization changes due to changes in the political, social, economic, ethical and other factors.
The following are among the most widely accepted definitions of management:
Management is … the organ of society specifically charged with making resources productive - Peter Drucker
Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims - Koontz and Weihrich.
Management is a distinct process consisting of activities of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling, performed to determine and accomplish stated objectives with the use of human beings and other resources - Terry and Franklin.
The work involved in combining and directing the use of resources to achieve particular purposes is called management - David R. Hampton.
Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the work of the organization members and of using all available organizational resources to reach stated organizational goals - Stoner, Freeman and Gilbert.
Management is the art of getting things done through people effectively and efficiently - Mary Parker Follett.
Effectiveness/Quality: is a way that produces a desired result.
Efficiency/Related to minimum Cost: is being capable of achieving the desired result with the minimum use of resources, time and effort.
1.2. Significance of Management
1) Encourages Initiative: Management encourages initiative. Initiative means to do the right thing at the right time without being told or influenced by the superior. The employees should be encouraged to make their own plans and also to implement these plans. Initiative gives satisfaction to employees and success to organization.
2) Encourages Innovation: Management also encourages innovation in the organization. Innovation brings new ideas, new technology, new methods, new products, new services, etc. This makes the organization more competitive and efficient.
3) Facilitates Growth and Expansion: Management makes optimum utilization of available resources. It reduces wastage and increase efficiency.
Dr. Deodatt M. Suryawanshi's document discusses principles of management for doctors. It defines management as getting things done through people and outlines key functions including planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. The document contrasts management with administration and describes management styles like authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire leadership. It also discusses principles of management put forth by Henri Fayol such as division of labor, unity of command, and discipline. The document emphasizes that as medical professionals advance, they will take on greater administrative and policy making roles, making an understanding of management principles important.
fayol principles of management in reliance freshfunwithsiddh
This document provides an overview of management principles according to Henri Fayol. It discusses 14 of Fayol's management principles including division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, centralization and decentralization. For each principle, it provides a brief definition and explanation of how the principle contributes to effective management. It also includes brief sections on Reliance Fresh stores and an introduction to the concept of management. Overall, the document concisely outlines classic management principles and how they can guide managerial decision making and organizational functioning.
Contribution of Henri Fayol to the development of Management theory....Mohit Agarwal
This document discusses Henri Fayol's contributions to the development of management thought and principles of management. It provides an introduction to Fayol's background and career as a mining engineer and director. The core of the document outlines Fayol's 14 principles of management, which include specialization of labor, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests, fair compensation, and stability of tenure. Fayol developed these principles based on his experience managing a large mining company to explain how managers should organize work and interact with employees. His principles remain influential in modern management theory.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
IN THIS PRESENTATION YOU WILL FIND ALL TOPICS RELATED TO PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT AND EACH TOPIC IS EXPLAINED BY ME WITH FULL DETAIL AND WITH FULL UPDATES ACCORDING TO NEW SYLLABUS.IN THIS PPT MANY PICTURES ARE ALSO THERE WHICH IS MOST IMPORTANT INSTRUMENT IN PPT.IF ANY QUERY SO PLZ CONTACT ME 9780529658 AND PLEASE TRY TO LEARN THE CONCEPT.IN THIS PPT MANY TOPICS ARE THERE IN PROPER ORDER.YOU WILL FIND THE PRINCIPLES OF FAYOL AS WELL AS PRINCIPLES OF TAYLOR.THE TECHNIQUES OF TAYLOR ARE ALSO THERE IN MY PPT.SIMPLINESS IS MINE PPT ADWANTAGE THAT YOU WILL DEFINATELY LIKE.PLEASE LIKE SHARE AND FOLLOW ME AND IF ANY QUERY SO PLZ CONATACT ME OR HIT COMMENT BACK.I WILL BW DEFINATELY THERE TO ANSWER YOU.
This document discusses the nature and principles of management. It outlines 7 key points about the principles of management: 1) They are universally applicable in both business and non-business organizations, 2) They serve as general guidelines rather than definite laws, 3) They are formed through practice and experimentation, 4) They are flexible and can change over time, 5) They are mainly concerned with human behavior, 6) They establish relationships between causes and effects, 7) They are contingent on different situations. The document then discusses the significance of principles of management, highlighting how they provide useful insight, enable optimum resource use, help make scientific decisions, and allow organizations to adapt to changing environments.
MANAGMENT and health management
its element and important
health administration and management
how to be good leader
how to be good manager
all information about manager
and important of them
1. The document discusses the principles of management according to Fayol and scientific management according to Taylor.
2. It contrasts their approaches, noting that Fayol focused on general management principles while Taylor emphasized increasing productivity through scientific techniques.
3. Their major contributions were Fayol developing fourteen principles of management and Taylor establishing the basis for production lines through scientific methods.
The document summarizes Max Weber's bureaucratic organizational structure and Henri Fayol's administrative management theory. Some key features of bureaucracy include specialization, hierarchy, rules, and impersonal relationships. Fayol identified 14 principles of management, including division of labor, authority and responsibility, unity of command, and discipline. Bureaucracy aims to efficiently coordinate large administrative tasks but can lead to problems like goal displacement and unintended consequences if not properly implemented.
This document provides an answer key for a principles of management exam from November/December 2006. It includes answers to 10 multiple choice questions covering topics like the differences between management and administration, scientific management, decision making, informal organization, limitations of line and staff authority, creativity vs innovation, and uses of computers. It also includes longer answer responses explaining concepts like the nature of management as both a science and art, steps in the scientific management method, Fayol's 14 principles of management, objectives and how to set them, nature and purpose of organization, and qualitative forecasting techniques. Finally, it discusses MBO (management by objectives) with a focus on its application in the IT industry.
1. Management principles provide understanding and guidance for thinking and practice, though they should not be treated as rigid rules. They represent generalizations from experience.
2. Principles of management can never be stated as rigorously as principles of physical science because human behavior is more erratic. They are general ideas to guide sound action, not absolute truths.
3. Management principles help increase efficiency, crystallize the nature of management, improve management research, and attain social goals by bringing order and committing resources advantageously. They provide a foundation for efficient management.
The document contains responses to several questions related to management concepts. It discusses the contingency approach to management, Luther Gulick's contributions to management functions through POSDCORB, the differences between unity of command and direction, the importance of gang-plank in organizations, details about the Hawthorne experiments, justification that management is a pseudo-science, differences between brainstorming and Delphi techniques, differences between products and services, types of management plans and principles, decision making process, and bases of departmentation.
The document discusses several theories of management including:
1) Scientific Management Theory proposed by Frederick Taylor which emphasized time-motion studies, piece-rate wages, division of labor, and functional foremanship.
2) Bureaucratic Theory proposed by Max Weber which advocated for hierarchies, rules, impersonality, and career advancement based on qualifications.
3) Administrative Management principles proposed by Henri Fayol including planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.
4) Human Relations Approach advocated by Mary Parker Follett and Elton Mayo which emphasized cooperation between employers and employees, job satisfaction, and team spirit.
The document discusses institutional supervision and quality assurance. It provides learning objectives for a course on supervision and quality assurance, including defining key terms and understanding the roles and responsibilities of supervisors. It also outlines assessment methods, content on the meaning and goals of supervision, functions of supervisors, factors for effective supervision, and principles and qualities of good supervision. The document emphasizes the importance of supervision in organizations and supporting the development of employees.
The document is a project on principles of management submitted by Yash Agarwal to his teacher Amit Rajput. It discusses the 14 principles of management developed by Henri Fayol, including division of work, authority, discipline, unity of command, centralization and order. It provides examples of each principle and how they can be applied to increase efficiency and productivity in an organization. The project was completed under Mr. Rajput's supervision and certification.
The document discusses the principles of management proposed by several theorists. It provides details on Fayol's 14 principles of management which focus on improving overall administration. These principles are flexible guidelines. It also describes Taylor's scientific management techniques which aim to increase worker efficiency through work standardization and specialization of tasks. The key difference between Fayol and Taylor is that Fayol focused on management efficiency with flexible universal principles while Taylor focused more narrowly on increasing production through rigid standards and ignoring human elements.
CHAPTER ONE
Fundamentals of Management
1.1. Definitions of Management
There is no single, comprehensive and universally accepted definition of management. This holds true due to the following major reasons among others:
Different scholars view management from different perspectives
It has many areas of applications. It is applied in profit, not for profit, private, government, social and business organizations.
Management as a discipline is recent in origin and hence there are a number of theories being added to the field.
It is so broad that it is difficult to encompass all its aspects in a single definition.
It has undergone changes because of the developments in behavioral science and quantitative techniques.
There are different approaches to management, definitions change as the environment changes. The environment of an organization changes due to changes in the political, social, economic, ethical and other factors.
The following are among the most widely accepted definitions of management:
Management is … the organ of society specifically charged with making resources productive - Peter Drucker
Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims - Koontz and Weihrich.
Management is a distinct process consisting of activities of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling, performed to determine and accomplish stated objectives with the use of human beings and other resources - Terry and Franklin.
The work involved in combining and directing the use of resources to achieve particular purposes is called management - David R. Hampton.
Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the work of the organization members and of using all available organizational resources to reach stated organizational goals - Stoner, Freeman and Gilbert.
Management is the art of getting things done through people effectively and efficiently - Mary Parker Follett.
Effectiveness/Quality: is a way that produces a desired result.
Efficiency/Related to minimum Cost: is being capable of achieving the desired result with the minimum use of resources, time and effort.
1.2. Significance of Management
1) Encourages Initiative: Management encourages initiative. Initiative means to do the right thing at the right time without being told or influenced by the superior. The employees should be encouraged to make their own plans and also to implement these plans. Initiative gives satisfaction to employees and success to organization.
2) Encourages Innovation: Management also encourages innovation in the organization. Innovation brings new ideas, new technology, new methods, new products, new services, etc. This makes the organization more competitive and efficient.
3) Facilitates Growth and Expansion: Management makes optimum utilization of available resources. It reduces wastage and increase efficiency.
Dr. Deodatt M. Suryawanshi's document discusses principles of management for doctors. It defines management as getting things done through people and outlines key functions including planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. The document contrasts management with administration and describes management styles like authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire leadership. It also discusses principles of management put forth by Henri Fayol such as division of labor, unity of command, and discipline. The document emphasizes that as medical professionals advance, they will take on greater administrative and policy making roles, making an understanding of management principles important.
fayol principles of management in reliance freshfunwithsiddh
This document provides an overview of management principles according to Henri Fayol. It discusses 14 of Fayol's management principles including division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, centralization and decentralization. For each principle, it provides a brief definition and explanation of how the principle contributes to effective management. It also includes brief sections on Reliance Fresh stores and an introduction to the concept of management. Overall, the document concisely outlines classic management principles and how they can guide managerial decision making and organizational functioning.
Contribution of Henri Fayol to the development of Management theory....Mohit Agarwal
This document discusses Henri Fayol's contributions to the development of management thought and principles of management. It provides an introduction to Fayol's background and career as a mining engineer and director. The core of the document outlines Fayol's 14 principles of management, which include specialization of labor, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests, fair compensation, and stability of tenure. Fayol developed these principles based on his experience managing a large mining company to explain how managers should organize work and interact with employees. His principles remain influential in modern management theory.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
1. Chapter 2
Q.1. Explain the concept of management principles and also explain the nature
of management principles.
Ans. A principle means a fundamental statement of basic truth which
establishes a relationship between cause and effect. Principles of
management are general guidelines for decision making and behaviour.
These principles are derived on the basics of observations, so these
principles solue the problem of management in a very systematic manner.
Nature/Feature of Management Principles:
1. General guideline: Principles of management do not provide readymade
solutions of all managerial problems but these principles provide general
guidelines for the decision making
2. Universal Applicability: The management principles are applicable to all
types of organisations and at all the levels. So, these principles are
applicable on business enterprise, non-business enterprise, public sector or
private sector.
3. Formed by Practice and Experimentation: The management principles are
developed only after the deep study and research work. They are not
developed over a night.
4. Flexible: Principles of management are flexible in nature. They can be
adjusted according to the requirement of business.
5. Behavioural in Nature: A management is an art of managing people, it does
not apply on non-living things. So, it influences the complex behaviour of
human beings.
6. Cause and effect Relationship: Management principles establish a
relationship between cause and effect. They tell the managers if a
particular principle is applied in a particular situation. What will be the
effect.
Principle of Division of work shows that if there will be division of work
there will be greater efficiency.
Q2. Discuss the need and importance of management principles.
Ans. 1. Providing useful insight to the managers: Management Principles act a
guideline to the managers. These principles improve knowledge, ability and
understanding of managers.
2. 2. Optimum Utilisation of Resources: Principles of management helps in
the optimum utilisation of resources like man, machine and material.
These principles cut down the wasteful monument and provide safety
of time and energy.
3. Scientific Decision: With the help of principles, logical decisions are
taken by the managers.
4. Accepting changing environment: Principle of management helps the
managers to adopt new changes due be change in political, social and
technological environment.
5. Fulfilling social responsibilities: Management is itself a part of society
and it uses the resources of society. So this is the reason that the
business is responsible to fulfil social responsibilities.
6. Management training, education and research: In the professional
colleges, management principles are taught. So, in this way these
principles act as management training, education and research.
Q3. Discuss the various principles formed by Henry Fayol (Father of
Management).
Ans. Introduction: Henry Fayol was worn in France in 1841. He gets the degree
in Mining Engineering in a coal Mining Company. He formulated 14
principles of management.
1. Division of work: It means specialisation. Each job or work should be
assigned to the specialists of that job. Division of work promotes efficiency.
Fayol suggested the division of work not only at factory but at
management levels as well.
Example: If one person is skilled in computer programming and that person
continues to do that over a period of time, this continuity of computerised
work specialises him in that job and consequently improves his
performance. The aim of this principle is division of whole work into small
segments to get the specialisation.
Positive Effects of principle of Division of Work:
I. Advantages of specialisation are obtained, such as, better quality of work,
increase in the speed of production and less wastage of resources.
II. Increase in the work efficiency of the workers.
III. It results in increase in production and better work.
IV. It reduces work load.
Violating Effects of this Principle:
3. I. The above-mentioned positive effects of specialization will not be
obtained.
II. The work efficiency of workers will be decreased.
III. Chances of duplication of work and that there will be no specialization
2. Principle of Authority and Responsibility: Authority and responsibility go
together. Fayol stressed that rights and power to give orders should be
balanced by the responsibility for performing necessary functions. Authority
without responsibility is meaningless and responsibility without authority
makes the person ineffective
Positive Effects of the Principle of Authority and Responsibility:
I. This principle will help in achieving the target.
II. This principle will help in meeting responsibilities on time without any
delay.
III. This Principle will increase the confidence level of the employees.
IV. No misuse of authority.
Violating Effects of this Principle:
a. Misuse of authority in case more authority is given than required.
b. Difficulty in achieving the target in case less authority is given
than required.
c. Decline in the confidence level of the employees in case authority
is given.
d. In case the desired results are not obtained, the accountability of
the employees cannot be fixed.
Principle of Discipline: According to the principle, discipline is the essence of
obedience, Respect for given authority. It means sincerity about the work. It can
be maintained by reward and punishment.
Positive Effects of the Principle of Discipline:
a. A discipline organization has a better reputation.
b. Systematic working in the organization.
c. increase the efficiency of the employees.
d. help in maintaining better labor management relations.
e. Clear and written rules eliminate causes of suspicion or
misunderstanding.
Violating Effects of this Principle:
4. a. Decline in the reputation of the organization and efficiency of the
employees.
b. An atmosphere of doubt and suspicion will prevail in the
organization.
c. A height of disorder will also prevail in the organization.
d. Delay in work due to the absence of rules and regulations.
4. Unity of Command: According to this principle, every subordinate should get
orders and instructions only from one boss and he should be responsible to the
only boss. If the sub-ordinate gets orders from more than one boss then he will
be confused about where rules and orders he should follow.
Positive effects:
a. No confusion in the minds of subordinates.
b. No disturbance and no chance of conflicts.
Adverse effects of violation:
a. Lock of discipline.
b. Conflicts among superiors
5. Unity of Direction: According to this principle, there should be one head
and one plan for all activities. All the employers and employees working in one
group should have a target. Unity of direction implies that efforts of a group
directed towards common goals.
Positive effects:
a. It brings coordination.
b. Avoid confusion and brings unity of action.
Adverse effects of violation:
a. Wastage of resources
b. Unnecessary duplication of work.
6. Remuneration of employees: According to this principle, remuneration of
employees should be just and fair the rate of wages must be fixed, keeping
in view the nature of work, cost of being, and financial position of the
enterprise.
Positive effects:
a. Good relations between workers and management.
b. Employees get motivated
Adverse effects of violation:
a. Unhealthy relation.
5. b. Increase in labour turnover.
7. Centralisation and decentralization: When all the powers remain in the
hands of top management, then it is called centralization. On the other
hand, if these powers are distributed at different levels, then it is called
decentralisation. According to this principle, there should be a proper
balance between centralisation and decentralisation.
Positive effects:
a. Good control by top-level management.
b. Fast decision.
Adverse effects of violation:
a. Complete centralization, denominate the employees.
b. Complete decentralization, increases carelessness.
8.Scalar Chain: This is a chain of supervisors from the highest to the lowest
rank. At times, it can be short circuited. It says that between every
communication should follow the prescribed route. This is also what the
principle of unity of command implies. But, at times, Fayol felt that
departure from the chain is necessary to make communication fast and
effective. Communication should be short-circuited as far as possible.
For example, if there are A, B, C, D, E, five people and the massage from A
to E is to be communicated, it will move from A to B, then from B to C then
from C to D and finally from D to E. The important condition is that no step
should be overlooked.
Scalar chain
A
B L
C M
D N
E O
F P
G Gang Plank Q
6. Another aspect of this principle is that in case the strict observance of the
scalar chain results in some loss to the organisation, it can be made brief under
special circumstances (or the process can be shortened). In the diagram
employee ‘F’ can have direct contact with employee ‘P’ keeping in view the
importance of the message or conversation and eliminating unnecessary delay
(as indicated by the arrow marks in the diagram). But for doing so employees
‘F’ and ‘P’ shall overstepeek the prior permission of their immediate boss’s ‘E’
and ‘O’. Moreover, the details of their talk also shall have to be given to these
officers. Such type of contact has been explained as Gang Plank by Fayol. Gang
Plank is the shorter route provide to subordinates to communicate with each
other in case of emergency. This eliminates delays in communication. In case,
the prior permission of the immediate bosses has not been obtained the scalar
chain shall have to be followed in accordance with this principle. The aim of this
principle is line of authority to be followed in the organisation.
Positive Effects of Principle Scalar Chain:
a. Systematic flow of information.
b. No communication gap prevails in the organisation.
c. Quick solution of the problem.
d. No confusion of dual order.
e. Unity of command is there.
Violating Effects of this Principle:
a) Unsystematic flow of information.
b) Bitterness in relations on account of ignoring the close superiors.
c) Increase in problem on account of non-availability of desired
information in time.
d) There may communication gap and that no clarity in authority-
responsibility relationship
9. Principle of order (Sequence): According to this principle, right person
should be on the right job and the right thing should be kept on the right place.
In other words, there must be a fix place to keep every material and fix seat for
every employee so no time and energy should be wasted in the search of person
and material.
7. Positive effects:
a. No wastage of time search of men and material.
b. Smooth and systematic working.
Adverse effects of violation
a. Wasteful movements of material and tools.
b. Decreases productivity and efficiency
10. Principle of equity: According to this principle, management should treat all
the sub-ordinates Equally. A manager should not give motive favour to
some to some and neglect the others. He should be fair and impartial and
he should not be partial on the basis of cost and religion.
Positive effects:
a. Good relations between employers and employees.
b. Full satisfaction on the job.
Adverse effects of violation:
a. Employees will not be loyal and devoted.
b. Unhealthy relations.
11. Stability of Tenure (Job security): According to this principle, employees
should not be transferred from their jobs frequently. They should be given
reasonable time to show talent because every person takes some time to
learn and get settled on the job.
Positive effects:
a. Provide a feeling of job security.
b. It increases the efficiency of the employees.
Adverse effects of violation:
a. Increases the cost of recruitment, selection and training.
b. dissatisfaction among employees.
12. Principle of Initiative: According to this principle, sub-ordinates should get
an opportunity to take initiative to carry out the plans of the organisation
because workers and employees have more good ideas for any problem.
Moreover, they feel proud and happy.
Positive effects:
a. Develops feeling of motivation.
b. Achievement of target in time.
Adverse effects of violation:
a. Demonization among employees.
b. Less utilisation of their abilities.
8. 13. Sub-Ordination of Individual Interest to General Interest: According to this
principle, interest of an organisation is bigger than the individual interest
sometimes employees ignore the interest of organisation due to their
personal benefits. This attitude is very harmful for the organisation.
Positive effects:
a. Achievement of goods easily.
b. Feeling of Honesty.
Adverse effects of violation:
I. Disturbance in work
II. Wrong proactive in the organisation.
14. Principle of esprit de Corps (Unity is Strength): This principle states the
importance of team work. It means unity is strength. In this principle,
Henry Fayol suggested that every employees must be considered as an
important part of the team. This principle also develops the feeling of
mutual trust.
Positive effects:
a. Develops team spirit
b. Helpful in achievement of goals.
Adverse effects of violation:
a. Difficult to achieve the objectives
b. Lack of co-operation
Q4. Find out the difference between unity of command and unity of direction.
Ans.
Basis Unity of command Unity of Direction
1.
MEANING
Every employee should
get orders and
instructions only from
one boss.
All the activities having similar
objectives must be completed
under the supervision of one
person
2. AIM Its aim is to avoid
confusion and fix up the
responsibilities
It aims is to direct the effects of
the employees in the same
direction.
3. AFFECTS It is affecting only an It is affecting the entire
9. individual employs organisation
Q5. What do you mean by scientific management and discuss the important
principles of scientific management?
Ans. Scientific management was originated by E.W. Taylor. He was born in
U.S.A. and known as “Father of Scientific Management”
Manning: It means logical approach in place of traditional approach. In other
words, application of new techniques and methods of doing the work in place
of old one is called scientific management. According to F.W. Taylor,
scientific, management means knowing exactly what you want the man to
do and seeing that they do it in the lest and the cheapest way.
Principles: F.W. Taylor has developed the following principles:
1. Science, Not rule of Thumb: According to the principle, Taylor insisted
that each job performed in the organisation should be based on
scientific enquiry and not on the basis of ‘trial and error’ method.
Taylor advocated that traditional rule of Thumb methods should be
replaced by scientific methods.
2. Harmony, Not Discord (Mental Revolution): According to this principle,
Taylor insisted that there should be complete change in the minds of
workers and management workers should realise that they cannot
service without the management and management should realise that
they cannot survive without the help of workers. So, both the groups
should think that their benefit is in the benefit of organisation. This
principle is also known as the ‘Mental Revolution’
3. Co-operation, not-Individualism: According to this principle, work must
be carried on by the co-operation of each other. There must be
mutual trust and understanding between management and workers.
Management should take the workers in full confidence before setting
up any plan.
4. Development of each worker to his greatest efficiency: Industrial
efficiency depends upon the efficiency of workers while workers
depend upon fair selection and proper training. So, Taylor suggested
that workers and employees should be selected with due care and
after selection the work should the given to them according to their
knowledge for maximum efficiency.
Q6. Explain briefly the techniques/elements of scientific management.
Ans. Following are the important techniques of scientific management:
10. 1. Functional Foremanship: According to these techniques, the organisation
should be divided into two departments:
1. Planning Development
2. Production Development.
In this technique, Taylor felt that workers must before from the
burden of mental work and they must concentrate on the production
work. In this technique, the total work is divided into small part and
each part is supervised by an expert. So, this technique is extension of
principle of Division of Labour. Taylor said that a Forman must be
intelligent, educated, energetic and expert but all these qualities
cannot be found in one person. So, he stressed on having minimum 8
experts -4 under planning department and 4 under production
department.
(i) Under Planning Department:
(a) Route Clerk: This foreman fixes up the sequence of steps performing
mechanical job, and tells the route of production.
(b) Instruction card clerk: This Forman is responsible for fiving general
instructions to carry on the job in a specified manner.
(c) Time and cost Clerk: This foreman is responsible to fix up the time
starting and completion of job. He also prepares the cost sheet for
every job.
(d) Disciplinarian: This foreman is responsible for performance of job in
orderly and systematic way.
(ii) Under Production Department:
(a) Gang Boss: He arranges all machines, tools, and other resources for the
job so that there is no delay.
(b) Speed Boss: this foreman assures timely completion of job
(c) Repair Boss: This boss ensures that machines and tools are kept in
working conditions.
(d) Inspector: this boss keeps a check on quality control of the output.
2. Standardisation of work: Taylor suggested that every factor of
production should be standardised either it is raw material or labour or
machine or method of doing work, etc., Standardisation always helps to
reduce the wastage of material and improve quality of work.
3. Simplification of work: Simplification means elimination of unnecessary
variety of products because more various of product require more
machinery, more labour and more cost.
11. For example: Most of the large companies produce one or two special
products like Mercedes, Toyota, Microsoft, etc. are successful in the
market.
4. Methods Study: The objective of method study is to find out the one
best of doing the job. Its main aim, to minimise the cost of production
and maximise the efficiency of manpower.
5. Motion Study: It is a study of movement of workers and machines like
lifting, sitting, holding, turning, changing position, etc. The purpose of
motion study is to avoid wasteful and unnecessary motion at the time
of doing job. In recent time videography can be used to find out wrong
motions of workers.
6. Time Study: This study determinants the standard time taken to
perform a job. In this study a worker of every skill is selected and
another person watches him with the help of stop watch and notes the
time spend on different activities. So, this study decides that how
must time is required to do a particular job.
7. Fatigue Study: It this true that man is an active factor of production
but it is also true that if they do the work continuously, they feel
tired. So, Taylor suggested that there must be rest intervals to regain
the stamina and energy.
8. Differential Piece wage system: Taylor believed that wages paid to the
workers should be according to their efficiency. Less wages should be
paid to inefficient workers and more wages to efficient workers. In this
technique, if a worker produces more than the standard units, he
should be given higher wages but if his output is below the standard,
he should be given lower wages.
Advantages:
a. It motivates the employees.
b. It rewards the efficient employees.
Disadvantages:
a. Quality of work goes down
b. Harmful for the health of workers.