Chapter 20 the skin effect
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Skin effect on transmission line.
The Presentation represents one of the electromagnatic effect on transmission line (The skin effect), other being the proximity effect.
The Following topics are covered :
1.Defination
2,Cause
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The document discusses the skin effect phenomenon in conductors carrying alternating current. It defines skin effect as the tendency of AC to flow mostly near the surface of a conductor. It then defines and explains skin depth - the depth at which current density decreases to 1/e of its surface value - and how it depends on frequency, resistivity, and permeability. Factors like eddy currents induced by the changing magnetic field are said to cause the skin effect. The document also provides formulas to calculate skin depth and gives an example using gold at 60 Hz.
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The document discusses the concept of skin factor in wellbore flow, which is a dimensionless quantity that describes flow efficiency. A positive skin factor indicates damage that restricts flow, while a negative skin indicates flow enhancement. Skin can result from various factors like partial completion, damage near the wellbore, hydraulic fracturing, or deviation of the well from vertical. Equations are provided to calculate the pressure drop and flow efficiency based on the skin factor. The total skin is the sum of individual skin components from different sources like damage, completion, deviation etc.
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The document discusses the depth of penetration of eddy currents in materials. It defines standard depth of penetration as the depth below the surface where the magnetic field strength is reduced to 36.8% of the surface value. Standard depth of penetration increases with decreasing frequency, conductivity, and permeability. It also decreases exponentially with increasing depth into the material. The document provides an equation to calculate standard depth of penetration and examples applying it to copper and steel. It concludes by thanking the instructor for the learning opportunity.
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1. For a 6 unit insulator string where the capacitance between each link/pin and earth is 0.1 of the self capacitance, the voltage across the lowest unit is 58.29% of the total voltage and the string efficiency is 58.29%.
2. For a 3 unit string where the link/pin capacitances to earth and line are 20% and 10% of the self capacitance, the voltage distribution is 0.31V, 0.303V, 0.387V with an efficiency of 86.13%. With a guard ring increasing the lower link/pin capacitance to 35% of the self capacitance, the voltage distribution is 0.3299V, 0.
19552135 pc-chapter-31
1. Michael Faraday discovered the principles of electromagnetic induction in the early 19th century through experiments showing that a changing magnetic field can induce an electromotive force (emf) in a nearby conductor.
2. Faraday's law of induction states that the magnitude of the induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through a circuit.
3. Generators and motors operate based on Faraday's law - a rotating coil of wire inside a magnetic field will experience a changing magnetic flux, inducing an emf to generate electricity in a generator, or experience a torque to cause rotation as a motor.
World without faraday
The document discusses Michael Faraday and his contributions to electricity and electromagnetism. It then describes what a world without Faraday's discoveries may have looked like, with no electricity and the technologies that rely on it. Alternative technologies to generating electricity without electromagnetic induction are also presented, such as piezoelectric generators, wind turbines placed on poles or balloons, solar cells, batteries, and radioisotope generators. However, these alternatives are noted to have issues with scale, storage, efficiency, costs, and public acceptance.
Resistance,bundled conductor,skin effect,proximity effect
The document summarizes key concepts related to electrical power systems. It discusses resistance in conductors, which depends on material, length, cross-sectional area, and temperature. It also describes bundled conductors, which are made of multiple subconductors joined together to increase current capacity. Skin effect and proximity effect are explained, where skin effect causes current to flow at the surface of conductors especially at high frequencies, and proximity effect increases resistance due to interaction between magnetic fields of nearby conductors.
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Skin effect on transmission line.
The Presentation represents one of the electromagnatic effect on transmission line (The skin effect), other being the proximity effect.
The Following topics are covered :
1.Defination
2,Cause
3.Formula
4.Skin Depth
5.Mitigation Techniques.
Skin effect
The document discusses the skin effect phenomenon in conductors carrying alternating current. It defines skin effect as the tendency of AC to flow mostly near the surface of a conductor. It then defines and explains skin depth - the depth at which current density decreases to 1/e of its surface value - and how it depends on frequency, resistivity, and permeability. Factors like eddy currents induced by the changing magnetic field are said to cause the skin effect. The document also provides formulas to calculate skin depth and gives an example using gold at 60 Hz.
Skin Effects
The document discusses the concept of skin factor in wellbore flow, which is a dimensionless quantity that describes flow efficiency. A positive skin factor indicates damage that restricts flow, while a negative skin indicates flow enhancement. Skin can result from various factors like partial completion, damage near the wellbore, hydraulic fracturing, or deviation of the well from vertical. Equations are provided to calculate the pressure drop and flow efficiency based on the skin factor. The total skin is the sum of individual skin components from different sources like damage, completion, deviation etc.
Depth of penetration
The document discusses the depth of penetration of eddy currents in materials. It defines standard depth of penetration as the depth below the surface where the magnetic field strength is reduced to 36.8% of the surface value. Standard depth of penetration increases with decreasing frequency, conductivity, and permeability. It also decreases exponentially with increasing depth into the material. The document provides an equation to calculate standard depth of penetration and examples applying it to copper and steel. It concludes by thanking the instructor for the learning opportunity.
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1. For a 6 unit insulator string where the capacitance between each link/pin and earth is 0.1 of the self capacitance, the voltage across the lowest unit is 58.29% of the total voltage and the string efficiency is 58.29%.
2. For a 3 unit string where the link/pin capacitances to earth and line are 20% and 10% of the self capacitance, the voltage distribution is 0.31V, 0.303V, 0.387V with an efficiency of 86.13%. With a guard ring increasing the lower link/pin capacitance to 35% of the self capacitance, the voltage distribution is 0.3299V, 0.
19552135 pc-chapter-31
1. Michael Faraday discovered the principles of electromagnetic induction in the early 19th century through experiments showing that a changing magnetic field can induce an electromotive force (emf) in a nearby conductor.
2. Faraday's law of induction states that the magnitude of the induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through a circuit.
3. Generators and motors operate based on Faraday's law - a rotating coil of wire inside a magnetic field will experience a changing magnetic flux, inducing an emf to generate electricity in a generator, or experience a torque to cause rotation as a motor.
World without faraday
The document discusses Michael Faraday and his contributions to electricity and electromagnetism. It then describes what a world without Faraday's discoveries may have looked like, with no electricity and the technologies that rely on it. Alternative technologies to generating electricity without electromagnetic induction are also presented, such as piezoelectric generators, wind turbines placed on poles or balloons, solar cells, batteries, and radioisotope generators. However, these alternatives are noted to have issues with scale, storage, efficiency, costs, and public acceptance.
Resistance,bundled conductor,skin effect,proximity effect
The document summarizes key concepts related to electrical power systems. It discusses resistance in conductors, which depends on material, length, cross-sectional area, and temperature. It also describes bundled conductors, which are made of multiple subconductors joined together to increase current capacity. Skin effect and proximity effect are explained, where skin effect causes current to flow at the surface of conductors especially at high frequencies, and proximity effect increases resistance due to interaction between magnetic fields of nearby conductors.
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1. Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831 through experiments showing that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a nearby conductor.
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3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
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- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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