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Chapter 2 athletics

The document details notable male and female athletes in athletics, highlighting their achievements and records, including figures like Abebe Bikila, Mildred Didrikson Zaharias, and Usain Bolt. It explains events such as the decathlon, heptathlon, marathon, and race walking, covering their formats and historical contexts. Additionally, it outlines essential rules and regulations that govern running events in athletics.

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CHAPTER 2: MEN/WOMEN FAMOUS NAMES IN ATHLETICS Prepared by : Alberto B. Rosete P.E Instructor
CONTENTS LESSON 1: FAMOUS NAMES IN ATHLETICS LESSON 2: MULTI EVENTS LESSON 3: BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS LESSON 4: TERMINOLOGIES
FAMOUS NAMESIN ATHLETICS LESSON 1
The Greatest Male Track and Field Athletes
ABEBE BIKILA Abebe Bikila, (born August 7, 1932, Mont, Ethiopia—died October 25, 1973, Addis Ababa), Ethiopian marathon runner who won a gold medal and set a world record while running barefoot at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome, then bested his own record at the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo
ADHEMAR DA SILVA Adhemar Ferreira da Silva (September 29, 1927 – January 12, 2001) was a Brazilian triple jumper. He won two Olympic gold medals and set four world records, the last being 16.56 metres in 1955 Pan American Games. In his early career he also competed in the long jump, placing fourth at the 1951 Pan American Games.
AL OERTER Al Oerter, in full Alfred Oerter, Jr., (born Sept. 19, 1936, Astoria, Queens, N.Y., U.S.—died Oct. 1, 2007, Fort Myers, Fla.), American discus thrower, who won four consecutive Olympic gold medals (1956, 1960, 1964, and 1968), setting an Olympic record each time.
BOB BEAMON Bob Beamon, (born August 29, 1946, Bronx, New York, U.S.), American long jumper, who set a world record of 8.90 metres (29.2 feet) at the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City.
BRUCE JENNER Caitlyn Jenner, formerly known as Bruce, is a former track and field star who won the gold medal and broke the world record in the men's decathlon at the Olympic Games Montreal 1976. After placing 10th at the Olympic Games Munich 1972, Jenner returned four years later to win gold in world-record fashion.
CARL LEWIS US Long Jump and 100m specialist from the '80s and '90s. He won nine Olympic gold medals in the long jump and sprints. Named in the IAAF Hall of Fame.
EDWIN MOSES Edwin Moses, (born August 31, 1955, Dayton, Ohio, U.S.), American hurdler who dominated the 400-metre hurdles event for a decade, winning gold medals in the race at the 1976 and 1984 Olympic Games.
EMIL ZATOPEK Emil Zatopek (born 1922), a Czech runner, was the first and only man ever to win the "triple crown" of the 5,000-and 10,000-meter races as well as the marathon in a single Olympics. He is considered to be one of the creators of interval training, a method that is still used by athletes today.
HAILE GEBRSELASSIE Haile Gebrselassie (born 18 April 1973) is an Ethiopian retired long-distance track and road running athlete. He won two Olympic gold medals over 10,000 meters and four World Championship titles in the event.
JESSE OWENS Jesse Owens was an American athlete. He is best remembered for his performance at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, where he won gold medals in the long jump, the 100- and 200- metre dashes, and the 4 x 100-metre relay. He was the first American track and field athlete to win four gold medals at a single Olympic Games.
JIM THORPE Jim Thorpe has been heralded as the greatest athlete ever, certainly the most accomplished of the first half of the 20th century. Thorpe won Olympic gold medals in the decathlon and the pentathlon in 1912. He simultaneously played professional baseball and football, interchanging his sport by the seasons. Played pretty much every sport ever invented and was good at all of them.
LASSE VIREN Lasse Virén, (born July 22, 1949, Myrskylä, Finland), Finnish distance runner who was the first athlete to win gold medals in both the 5,000- and 10,000-metre races at consecutive Olympic Games: at Munich, West Germany, in 1972 and at Montreal in 1976.
MICHAEL JOHNSON USA sprinter. Held world record in 200m for 12 years from 1996 to 2008, and is still the current world-record holder in 400m (set in 1999). First man to win gold medal in 200m and 400m in the same Olympics
PAAVO NURMI Paavo Nurmi, in full Paavo Johannes Nurmi, (born June 13, 1897, Turku, Finland—died October 2, 1973, Helsinki), Finnish track athlete who dominated long-distance running in the 1920s, capturing nine gold medals in three Olympic Games (1920, 1924, 1928), as well as three silvers.
RAY EWRY Raymond "Ray" Clarence Ewry (October 14, 1873 – September 29, 1937) was an American track and field athlete who won eight gold medals at the Olympic Games and two gold medals at the Intercalated Games (1906 in Athens). This puts him among the most successful Olympians of all time.
SERGEI BUBKA Bubka won six consecutive IAAF World Championships, an Olympic gold medal and broke the world record for men's pole vault 35 times. He was the first pole vaulter to clear 6.0 meters and 6.10 meters.
USAIN BOLT Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt is still known as the fastest man alive. Though he retired in 2017 (and had lost a race or two), the eight-time Olympic gold medalist currently holds the official world record for both the men's 100-meter and 200-meter sprints, which he achieved at the 2009 World Championships in Berlin.
VILLE RITOLA Vilho "Ville" Eino Ritola (18 January 1896 – 24 April 1982) was a Finnish long-distance runner. Known as one of the "Flying Finns", he won five Olympic gold medals and three Olympic silver medals in the 1920s.
The Greatest Female Track and Field Athletes
MILDRED “BABE” DIDRIKSON ZAHARIAS One of America's foremost female athletes, Mildred Ella “Babe” Didrikson Zaharias was an Olympic gold medal winner who broke world records in multiple sports and went on to found the Ladies Pro Golf Association. At the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, 21-year-old Zaharias received a gold medal for the javelin throw, setting a new world record at 143 feet. The next day she set a new world record (breaking her own) of 11.7 seconds in the 80-meter hurdle, winning another gold medal.
BETTY CUTHBERT Betty Cuthbert, byname of Elizabeth Cuthbert, (born April 20, 1938, Merrylands, New South Wales, Australia—died August 6, 2017, Perth, Western Australia), Australian sprinter, who starred at the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne, Australia, where she won three gold medals; she added a fourth gold medal at the 1964
FANNY BLANKERS- KOEN Fanny Blankers-Koen, (born April 26, 1918, near Baarn, Netherlands—died January 25, 2004, Amsterdam), versatile Dutch track-and-field athlete who, at the 1948 Olympics in London, became the first woman to win four gold medals at a single Games.
FLORENCE GRIFFITH- JOYNER Florence Griffith Joyner, in full Delorez Florence Griffith Joyner, née Delorez Florence Griffith, byname FloJo, (born December 21, 1959, Los Angeles, California, U.S.—died September 21, 1998, Mission Viejo, California), American sprinter who set world records in the 100 metres (10.49 seconds) and 200 metres (21.34 seconds) that have stood since 1988.
IRENA SZEWINSKA Polish sprinter who won seven Olympic medals (three of them gold). She participated in five Olympic games, broke 10 world records, and is the only athlete, male or female, to have held a world record in the 100m, 200m, and the 400m.
JACKIE JOYNER- KERSEE Considered by many to be the greatest female athlete of the 20th Century, her heptathlon score (which won her the gold medal in 1988) is still a world record.
SHIRLEY STRICKLAND Shirley Strickland de la Hunty, née Shirley Strickland, (born July 18, 1925, Guildford, Western Australia, Australia—died February 17, 2004, Perth), Australian athlete, who won seven Olympic medals between 1948 and 1956, in an era when Australian women dominated track events.
WANG JUNXIA Wang Junxia (born January 19, 1973) is a Chinese former long- distance runner who is the current world record holder at 3,000 meters. She also held the world record for the 10,000 meters for 23 years, between 1993 and 2016.
WILMA RUDOLPH She competed in the 1956 Olympic games and won a bronze medal in 4x100 relay. She won three gold medals and broke at least three world records. Rudolph became the first American woman to win three gold medals in track and field at the same Olympic game.
MULTI EVENTS LESSON 2
MULTIPLE EVENTS The Men’s Decathlon and Women’s Heptathlon include a combination of events, held over two days each. Points are awarded for each event and the overall winner is the athlete with the most points. • The decathlon includes ten events in the following order, for the first day: 100m, long jump, shot put, high jump, 400m. The second day events are 110m hurdles, discus throw, pole vault, javelin, 1500m. • The heptathlon includes seven events in the following order, for the first day: 100m hurdles, high jump, shot put and 200m. The second day events are long jump, javelin and 800m.
DECATHLON • The decathlon is an event in track and field which consists of ten track and field events. The word decathlon is from the Greek word deka which means ten, and Athlons which means feat. The men's decathlon is an event at the Olympic Games. • Most decathlon events are held over two days. Each participant receives a score based on their performance in each event, with the winner the athlete with the highest total score.
There are two divisions, the men’s decathlon and the women’s decathlon. • The men’s decathlon consists of 100m sprint, long jump, shot put, high jump, and 400m for day 1; 110 meters hurdles, discus throw, pole vault, javelin throw, and 1500m for day 2. • In women’s decathlon, the events consist of 100m, discus throw, pole vault, javelin throw, and 400m for day 1; 100m hurdles, long jump, shot put, high jump, and 1500m for day 2. • There is also a one hour decathlon. In this version, the athletes have to start the last of ten events within an hour after the start of the first event.
HEPTATHLON • The track and field event of the heptathlon is comprised of seven events. The name comes from the Greek word hepta which means seven and Athlon which means contest. The women's heptathlon is an event at the Olympic Games. • The participants in the heptathlon are called a heptathletes. There is a women’s and men’s heptathlon, which comprise a different set of seven events. The men’s heptathlon is usually conducted indoors, while the women’s heptathlon is done outdoors. The first four events are completed on the first day and the remaining three are done on the second day.
• The women’s heptathlon was introduced in the 1980s, first appearing in the Olympics in 1984. The event consists of the 100m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200m sprint, long jump, javelin throw, and 800m run. • The men’s heptathlon consists of these events: 60m sprint, long jump, high jump, 60m hurdles, pole vault, and 1000 meters. • Both versions have more or less the same scoring system. Each participant receives a score based on their performance in each event, with the winner the athlete with the highest total score at the end of the competition.
MARATHON • The marathon is a long-distance running event, taking place over a course of 42.195km or (26 miles & 385 yds.) in length. • The marathon was originally conceived as a race for the 1896 Olympics in Athens, commemorating the run of the soldier Pheidippides from a battlefield at the site of the town of Marathon, Greece, to Athens in 490 B.C. Legend has it that Pheidippides delivered the momentous message "Niki!" ("victory"), then collapsed and died. • The unusual distance of the marathon is a result of the 1908 Olympic Games in London where the race distance was changed to 26 miles to cover the ground from Windsor Castle to White City Stadium, with 385 yards added on so the race could finish in front of royal family's viewing box.
• The marathon is a long-distance running race where athletes compete on a course that is 42.2 kms (officially 42.195 kms) long. Marathon races are conducted on road courses that are part of city roads. The inspiration for the race was a Greek messenger who is believed to have run a similar distance to deliver a message of victory. Marathon races have been dominated by runners from African countries, who hold the record for the all-time 10 fastest finishes in the history of the race. • Though marathon races have been part of Olympics since the inaugural modern Olympics in 1896, the official distance as it stands right now was not fixed until 1921. Barring very few instances women were not allowed to compete in marathon races until 1983, when separate races for women were started.
• Besides the Olympics and the World Championships, several marathon races are conducted every year in many cities all over the world. The most prestigious races among them are, New York marathon, Boston marathon, London marathon, Berlin marathon, Chicago marathon, and Tokyo marathon. In these races thousands of amateurs are also allowed to take part along with the professional runners. Races are conducted for different age classifications and also for wheelchair contestants.
WALKING EVENTS • Race walking is a special long-distance race event in which the participants must walk as fast as they can, while they are expected to maintain good form. The competitors are penalized for bending the knee as it passes under the body or having no foot-to-ground contact. • The men compete in both 20km and 50km events, women only in the 20km event.
RACE WALKING • As evident from the name, race walking is a track and field event in which competitors attempt to outrace one another without running. This event requires no specialized equipment except for the shoes. • Race walking established itself as a field event in the 1880s. The first ever codes of race walking came from an effort to regulate rules for the famous 19th century long distance walking events known as Pedestrianism. • Race walking has been an Olympic sport since 1904. It is an Olympic athletics event with the distances of 20 km for both men and women and 50 km for men only. Race walking event distances range from 3 kilometers up to 100 km.
The two main rules ensure that the competitors do not run: • The first rule is that the back toe of the participant must not leave the ground unless the heel of the front foot touches the ground. • The second rule is that the supporting leg should straighten from the point of contact with the ground and stay like that until the body passes directly over it. These rules are judged simply by the human eye. Speed is achieved by stepping quickly to ensure rapid turnover. This reduces the chance of feet leaving the ground.
ATHLETICS BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS LESSON 3
RUNNING EVENTS Running Events •From the firing of the starter’s gun to breasting the finishing tape, an athlete is expected to adhere strictly to some basic rules like he/she must always start behind the start line and must remain in lane throughout the race. •Jumping the gun can lead to disqualification from the game. Running before the starter’s gun is fired is declared as a “false start” and can eventually lead to disqualification, if the runner faults twice. Sometimes, athletes are warned before being disqualified.
• If a runner tries to impede a fellow athlete’s progress by blocking, shoving or interfering to gain unfair advantage, he/she is disqualified from the game. • A runner must always wear sneakers or athletic shoes during the game. • In shorter events such as in 800 meters race, athletes should stay inside the lane. In longer events, they are allowed to move to the innermost lanes with a condition that they should not touch the other participants.
THROWING EVENTS • In throwing events like javelin, hammer throw and short put, an athlete is expected to aim farther than anybody else. Just like the jumping events, only the longest throw counts here. • Javelin is the only event that allows the participant to run. The participants dart through a runway of 30 meters before pitching their javelin. • In shot put, discus and hammer throw, athletes are allowed to spin their object within a pre-defined circle to create momentum before lobbing. A six millimeters wide iron band trimmed in white encircles the area. Touching the top of the iron band or the ground outside while hurling can lead to disqualification. Also, there is a wooden stop board at the front to keep athletes from slewing out of the circle. Athletes can hit the board, but touching the top of the board may lead to disqualification. • In all throwing events, the object lobbed must land within a specified area.
JUMPING EVENTS • In jumping events, the athletes run through a runway and as high as possible. However, the rules vary according to the events. • Most jumping events have a sand pit or a pad to enable the athlete land easily after the jump. The foot of the athlete should not touch the ground before the jump, or else it’s declared a ‘scratch’ and earns him zero points. The length of the jump is measured from the line to the point where foot touches the ground. • If the athletes happen to fall back after landing, the distance measured is to the contact point. The athletes are given three ties or chances and the best try is counted. • The same rules apply to vertical jump events like high jump and pole vault, except for the way the distance is measured here. A height goal marked by a bar is set by the athlete and if cleared, they score for the specific round. Some events allow three chances to the athletes, while some other events allow the athletes to keep trying on higher bars until they fail.
DECATHLON Here are the most important decathlon rules to know: •The events are spread over two consecutive days. The first day, the 100 meter dash, long jump, shot put, high jump, and 400 meter dash are held. On the second day, the 110 meter hurdles, discuss, pole vault, javelin, and 1500 meter run are held. •For javelin, discuss, shot put, and long jump, each competitor is allowed three attempts. The best of these attempts is taken as the official attempt. •Athletes must make an attempt in all 10 events of the decathlon. If a competitor fails to try in an event, they are disqualified from the decathlon.
HEPTATHLON The general rules for heptathlon are: •Only three attempts can be made in pitches and long jumps. •The way the bar is raised is uniform. •The time between jumps is 1.5 minutes in height and 2 minutes in pole vault. •Jumps or throws are not used for tiebreaking. •There must be three timekeepers to take the time of each competitor. •The disqualification in the exits is given when three incorrect exits are made. •Between the end of the race and the beginning of the next, a minimum time of 30 minutes is given. •Between the end of one day and the beginning of the next there must be a time of 10 hours. •Participation is drawn before the start of each event.
MARATHON Rules for Marathon for Men at Olympics: The International Association of Athletics Federations or IAAF is authorized to set rules for the track and field events. The rules set for the Marathon at the international competitions are- • The marathon should be run on made up road. The athletes are not permitted to run on soft or grassy lands. • The starting and finishing points of the marathon are properly and distinctively marked. • The distance of the route in kilometer has to be informed to the athletes during the race. • Different stages of the race have to be well marked for the convenience of the runners. • The athletes are given a warning five minutes prior to the onset of the race. • An athlete competing in the marathon is bound to leave the race if ordered by an official medical staff.
• Runners are not allowed to take refreshment at places not specified by the organizing committee as the refreshment station. In such case, the athlete is liable to disqualification from the race. • During the marathon, an athlete is allowed to leave the road with prior permission of a judge. Even after leaving the road, the athlete has to be under supervision of the judge, so that he cannot take any short cut route. • The athlete, who is unable to finish the race, is not given any credit for his performance. • The automatic timing device used for measuring the time during the races has to be approved by the IAAF
TERMINOLOGIES IN ATHLETICS LESSON 4
TRACK AND FIELD: GLOSSARY AND TERMS • Baton - a tube that is passed from one relay race member to another. The runner holding the baton is the current runner for that team in the race. They are typically about 1 foot long and 1.5 inches in diameter. • Decathlon - a combined track and field event that consists of 10 different events. Sometimes the decathlon winner is dubbed the greatest athlete in the world. • Discus - a throwing event in track and field where a metal discus is thrown for distance. • Fosbury Flop - a technique used in the high jump where the jumper's goes head first over the bar with their back toward the bar when going over it.
• Hammer - the hammer throw is a track an field throwing event where a large heavy ball connected to a handle with a long chain is thrown for distance. • Heptathlon - a combined track and field event that consists of 7 different events. • High Jump - a track and field jumping event. Athletes must clear a high bar without knocking it over by jumping. • Hurdle - an obstacle in a race that runners must jump or clear while running. • Javelin - a track and field throwing event where a spear-like javelin is thrown for distance.
• Long Jump - jumping event where athletes compete for the longest jump in distance. • Pace - the rate at which a runner is running. It's important in long distance races to have the proper pace; slow enough so the runner doesn't tire out before the end of the race, but fast enough to win. • Pentathlon - a combined track and field event that consists of 5 different events. • Pole vault - a track and field jumping event where a long pole is used to propel the jumper to great heights. • Relay race - a race involving multiple runners (typically 4) where each runner runs a leg of the race handing off a baton to the next runner.
• Sandpit - an area in a jumping event (i.e. long jump or triple jump) where the athlete lands. • Shot put - a field throwing event where a heavy ball is thrown for distance. • Sprint- a short running race where acceleration and top speed are important. • Starting blocks - items used in sprint races where the runner puts their feet in to get a good start for the run. • Steeplechase - a middle to long distance run with obstacles including large hurdles and water. • Triple Jump - a track and field jumping event with three distinct phases to the jump including a hop, a step, and a jump.
THANK YOU & GOD BLESS
REFERENCES: https://www.topendsports.com/world/lists/greatest-all-time/athletics.htm https://www.rookieroad.com/track-field/what-is-decathlon/ https://www.mapsofworld.com/sports/olympics/athletic-events/marathon-for-men.html http://olympics.sporting99.com/london-2012/sports/athletics-rules-and-regulations.html https://www.ducksters.com/sports/trackandfieldterms.php

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Chapter 2 athletics

  • 1.
    CHAPTER 2: MEN/WOMEN FAMOUS NAMESIN ATHLETICS Prepared by : Alberto B. Rosete P.E Instructor
  • 2.
    CONTENTS LESSON 1: FAMOUSNAMES IN ATHLETICS LESSON 2: MULTI EVENTS LESSON 3: BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS LESSON 4: TERMINOLOGIES
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
    ABEBE BIKILA Abebe Bikila,(born August 7, 1932, Mont, Ethiopia—died October 25, 1973, Addis Ababa), Ethiopian marathon runner who won a gold medal and set a world record while running barefoot at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome, then bested his own record at the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo
  • 6.
    ADHEMAR DA SILVA AdhemarFerreira da Silva (September 29, 1927 – January 12, 2001) was a Brazilian triple jumper. He won two Olympic gold medals and set four world records, the last being 16.56 metres in 1955 Pan American Games. In his early career he also competed in the long jump, placing fourth at the 1951 Pan American Games.
  • 7.
    AL OERTER Al Oerter,in full Alfred Oerter, Jr., (born Sept. 19, 1936, Astoria, Queens, N.Y., U.S.—died Oct. 1, 2007, Fort Myers, Fla.), American discus thrower, who won four consecutive Olympic gold medals (1956, 1960, 1964, and 1968), setting an Olympic record each time.
  • 8.
    BOB BEAMON Bob Beamon,(born August 29, 1946, Bronx, New York, U.S.), American long jumper, who set a world record of 8.90 metres (29.2 feet) at the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City.
  • 9.
    BRUCE JENNER Caitlyn Jenner,formerly known as Bruce, is a former track and field star who won the gold medal and broke the world record in the men's decathlon at the Olympic Games Montreal 1976. After placing 10th at the Olympic Games Munich 1972, Jenner returned four years later to win gold in world-record fashion.
  • 10.
    CARL LEWIS US LongJump and 100m specialist from the '80s and '90s. He won nine Olympic gold medals in the long jump and sprints. Named in the IAAF Hall of Fame.
  • 11.
    EDWIN MOSES Edwin Moses,(born August 31, 1955, Dayton, Ohio, U.S.), American hurdler who dominated the 400-metre hurdles event for a decade, winning gold medals in the race at the 1976 and 1984 Olympic Games.
  • 12.
    EMIL ZATOPEK Emil Zatopek(born 1922), a Czech runner, was the first and only man ever to win the "triple crown" of the 5,000-and 10,000-meter races as well as the marathon in a single Olympics. He is considered to be one of the creators of interval training, a method that is still used by athletes today.
  • 13.
    HAILE GEBRSELASSIE Haile Gebrselassie(born 18 April 1973) is an Ethiopian retired long-distance track and road running athlete. He won two Olympic gold medals over 10,000 meters and four World Championship titles in the event.
  • 14.
    JESSE OWENS Jesse Owenswas an American athlete. He is best remembered for his performance at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, where he won gold medals in the long jump, the 100- and 200- metre dashes, and the 4 x 100-metre relay. He was the first American track and field athlete to win four gold medals at a single Olympic Games.
  • 15.
    JIM THORPE Jim Thorpehas been heralded as the greatest athlete ever, certainly the most accomplished of the first half of the 20th century. Thorpe won Olympic gold medals in the decathlon and the pentathlon in 1912. He simultaneously played professional baseball and football, interchanging his sport by the seasons. Played pretty much every sport ever invented and was good at all of them.
  • 16.
    LASSE VIREN Lasse Virén,(born July 22, 1949, Myrskylä, Finland), Finnish distance runner who was the first athlete to win gold medals in both the 5,000- and 10,000-metre races at consecutive Olympic Games: at Munich, West Germany, in 1972 and at Montreal in 1976.
  • 17.
    MICHAEL JOHNSON USA sprinter.Held world record in 200m for 12 years from 1996 to 2008, and is still the current world-record holder in 400m (set in 1999). First man to win gold medal in 200m and 400m in the same Olympics
  • 18.
    PAAVO NURMI Paavo Nurmi,in full Paavo Johannes Nurmi, (born June 13, 1897, Turku, Finland—died October 2, 1973, Helsinki), Finnish track athlete who dominated long-distance running in the 1920s, capturing nine gold medals in three Olympic Games (1920, 1924, 1928), as well as three silvers.
  • 19.
    RAY EWRY Raymond "Ray"Clarence Ewry (October 14, 1873 – September 29, 1937) was an American track and field athlete who won eight gold medals at the Olympic Games and two gold medals at the Intercalated Games (1906 in Athens). This puts him among the most successful Olympians of all time.
  • 20.
    SERGEI BUBKA Bubka wonsix consecutive IAAF World Championships, an Olympic gold medal and broke the world record for men's pole vault 35 times. He was the first pole vaulter to clear 6.0 meters and 6.10 meters.
  • 21.
    USAIN BOLT Jamaican sprinterUsain Bolt is still known as the fastest man alive. Though he retired in 2017 (and had lost a race or two), the eight-time Olympic gold medalist currently holds the official world record for both the men's 100-meter and 200-meter sprints, which he achieved at the 2009 World Championships in Berlin.
  • 22.
    VILLE RITOLA Vilho "Ville"Eino Ritola (18 January 1896 – 24 April 1982) was a Finnish long-distance runner. Known as one of the "Flying Finns", he won five Olympic gold medals and three Olympic silver medals in the 1920s.
  • 23.
  • 24.
    MILDRED “BABE” DIDRIKSON ZAHARIAS Oneof America's foremost female athletes, Mildred Ella “Babe” Didrikson Zaharias was an Olympic gold medal winner who broke world records in multiple sports and went on to found the Ladies Pro Golf Association. At the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, 21-year-old Zaharias received a gold medal for the javelin throw, setting a new world record at 143 feet. The next day she set a new world record (breaking her own) of 11.7 seconds in the 80-meter hurdle, winning another gold medal.
  • 25.
    BETTY CUTHBERT Betty Cuthbert,byname of Elizabeth Cuthbert, (born April 20, 1938, Merrylands, New South Wales, Australia—died August 6, 2017, Perth, Western Australia), Australian sprinter, who starred at the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne, Australia, where she won three gold medals; she added a fourth gold medal at the 1964
  • 26.
    FANNY BLANKERS- KOEN Fanny Blankers-Koen,(born April 26, 1918, near Baarn, Netherlands—died January 25, 2004, Amsterdam), versatile Dutch track-and-field athlete who, at the 1948 Olympics in London, became the first woman to win four gold medals at a single Games.
  • 27.
    FLORENCE GRIFFITH- JOYNER Florence GriffithJoyner, in full Delorez Florence Griffith Joyner, née Delorez Florence Griffith, byname FloJo, (born December 21, 1959, Los Angeles, California, U.S.—died September 21, 1998, Mission Viejo, California), American sprinter who set world records in the 100 metres (10.49 seconds) and 200 metres (21.34 seconds) that have stood since 1988.
  • 28.
    IRENA SZEWINSKA Polish sprinterwho won seven Olympic medals (three of them gold). She participated in five Olympic games, broke 10 world records, and is the only athlete, male or female, to have held a world record in the 100m, 200m, and the 400m.
  • 29.
    JACKIE JOYNER- KERSEE Considered bymany to be the greatest female athlete of the 20th Century, her heptathlon score (which won her the gold medal in 1988) is still a world record.
  • 30.
    SHIRLEY STRICKLAND Shirley Stricklandde la Hunty, née Shirley Strickland, (born July 18, 1925, Guildford, Western Australia, Australia—died February 17, 2004, Perth), Australian athlete, who won seven Olympic medals between 1948 and 1956, in an era when Australian women dominated track events.
  • 31.
    WANG JUNXIA Wang Junxia(born January 19, 1973) is a Chinese former long- distance runner who is the current world record holder at 3,000 meters. She also held the world record for the 10,000 meters for 23 years, between 1993 and 2016.
  • 32.
    WILMA RUDOLPH She competedin the 1956 Olympic games and won a bronze medal in 4x100 relay. She won three gold medals and broke at least three world records. Rudolph became the first American woman to win three gold medals in track and field at the same Olympic game.
  • 33.
  • 34.
    MULTIPLE EVENTS The Men’sDecathlon and Women’s Heptathlon include a combination of events, held over two days each. Points are awarded for each event and the overall winner is the athlete with the most points. • The decathlon includes ten events in the following order, for the first day: 100m, long jump, shot put, high jump, 400m. The second day events are 110m hurdles, discus throw, pole vault, javelin, 1500m. • The heptathlon includes seven events in the following order, for the first day: 100m hurdles, high jump, shot put and 200m. The second day events are long jump, javelin and 800m.
  • 35.
    DECATHLON • The decathlonis an event in track and field which consists of ten track and field events. The word decathlon is from the Greek word deka which means ten, and Athlons which means feat. The men's decathlon is an event at the Olympic Games. • Most decathlon events are held over two days. Each participant receives a score based on their performance in each event, with the winner the athlete with the highest total score.
  • 36.
    There are twodivisions, the men’s decathlon and the women’s decathlon. • The men’s decathlon consists of 100m sprint, long jump, shot put, high jump, and 400m for day 1; 110 meters hurdles, discus throw, pole vault, javelin throw, and 1500m for day 2. • In women’s decathlon, the events consist of 100m, discus throw, pole vault, javelin throw, and 400m for day 1; 100m hurdles, long jump, shot put, high jump, and 1500m for day 2. • There is also a one hour decathlon. In this version, the athletes have to start the last of ten events within an hour after the start of the first event.
  • 37.
    HEPTATHLON • The trackand field event of the heptathlon is comprised of seven events. The name comes from the Greek word hepta which means seven and Athlon which means contest. The women's heptathlon is an event at the Olympic Games. • The participants in the heptathlon are called a heptathletes. There is a women’s and men’s heptathlon, which comprise a different set of seven events. The men’s heptathlon is usually conducted indoors, while the women’s heptathlon is done outdoors. The first four events are completed on the first day and the remaining three are done on the second day.
  • 38.
    • The women’sheptathlon was introduced in the 1980s, first appearing in the Olympics in 1984. The event consists of the 100m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200m sprint, long jump, javelin throw, and 800m run. • The men’s heptathlon consists of these events: 60m sprint, long jump, high jump, 60m hurdles, pole vault, and 1000 meters. • Both versions have more or less the same scoring system. Each participant receives a score based on their performance in each event, with the winner the athlete with the highest total score at the end of the competition.
  • 39.
    MARATHON • The marathonis a long-distance running event, taking place over a course of 42.195km or (26 miles & 385 yds.) in length. • The marathon was originally conceived as a race for the 1896 Olympics in Athens, commemorating the run of the soldier Pheidippides from a battlefield at the site of the town of Marathon, Greece, to Athens in 490 B.C. Legend has it that Pheidippides delivered the momentous message "Niki!" ("victory"), then collapsed and died. • The unusual distance of the marathon is a result of the 1908 Olympic Games in London where the race distance was changed to 26 miles to cover the ground from Windsor Castle to White City Stadium, with 385 yards added on so the race could finish in front of royal family's viewing box.
  • 40.
    • The marathonis a long-distance running race where athletes compete on a course that is 42.2 kms (officially 42.195 kms) long. Marathon races are conducted on road courses that are part of city roads. The inspiration for the race was a Greek messenger who is believed to have run a similar distance to deliver a message of victory. Marathon races have been dominated by runners from African countries, who hold the record for the all-time 10 fastest finishes in the history of the race. • Though marathon races have been part of Olympics since the inaugural modern Olympics in 1896, the official distance as it stands right now was not fixed until 1921. Barring very few instances women were not allowed to compete in marathon races until 1983, when separate races for women were started.
  • 41.
    • Besides theOlympics and the World Championships, several marathon races are conducted every year in many cities all over the world. The most prestigious races among them are, New York marathon, Boston marathon, London marathon, Berlin marathon, Chicago marathon, and Tokyo marathon. In these races thousands of amateurs are also allowed to take part along with the professional runners. Races are conducted for different age classifications and also for wheelchair contestants.
  • 42.
    WALKING EVENTS • Racewalking is a special long-distance race event in which the participants must walk as fast as they can, while they are expected to maintain good form. The competitors are penalized for bending the knee as it passes under the body or having no foot-to-ground contact. • The men compete in both 20km and 50km events, women only in the 20km event.
  • 43.
    RACE WALKING • Asevident from the name, race walking is a track and field event in which competitors attempt to outrace one another without running. This event requires no specialized equipment except for the shoes. • Race walking established itself as a field event in the 1880s. The first ever codes of race walking came from an effort to regulate rules for the famous 19th century long distance walking events known as Pedestrianism. • Race walking has been an Olympic sport since 1904. It is an Olympic athletics event with the distances of 20 km for both men and women and 50 km for men only. Race walking event distances range from 3 kilometers up to 100 km.
  • 44.
    The two mainrules ensure that the competitors do not run: • The first rule is that the back toe of the participant must not leave the ground unless the heel of the front foot touches the ground. • The second rule is that the supporting leg should straighten from the point of contact with the ground and stay like that until the body passes directly over it. These rules are judged simply by the human eye. Speed is achieved by stepping quickly to ensure rapid turnover. This reduces the chance of feet leaving the ground.
  • 45.
  • 46.
    RUNNING EVENTS Running Events •Fromthe firing of the starter’s gun to breasting the finishing tape, an athlete is expected to adhere strictly to some basic rules like he/she must always start behind the start line and must remain in lane throughout the race. •Jumping the gun can lead to disqualification from the game. Running before the starter’s gun is fired is declared as a “false start” and can eventually lead to disqualification, if the runner faults twice. Sometimes, athletes are warned before being disqualified.
  • 47.
    • If arunner tries to impede a fellow athlete’s progress by blocking, shoving or interfering to gain unfair advantage, he/she is disqualified from the game. • A runner must always wear sneakers or athletic shoes during the game. • In shorter events such as in 800 meters race, athletes should stay inside the lane. In longer events, they are allowed to move to the innermost lanes with a condition that they should not touch the other participants.
  • 48.
    THROWING EVENTS • Inthrowing events like javelin, hammer throw and short put, an athlete is expected to aim farther than anybody else. Just like the jumping events, only the longest throw counts here. • Javelin is the only event that allows the participant to run. The participants dart through a runway of 30 meters before pitching their javelin. • In shot put, discus and hammer throw, athletes are allowed to spin their object within a pre-defined circle to create momentum before lobbing. A six millimeters wide iron band trimmed in white encircles the area. Touching the top of the iron band or the ground outside while hurling can lead to disqualification. Also, there is a wooden stop board at the front to keep athletes from slewing out of the circle. Athletes can hit the board, but touching the top of the board may lead to disqualification. • In all throwing events, the object lobbed must land within a specified area.
  • 49.
    JUMPING EVENTS • Injumping events, the athletes run through a runway and as high as possible. However, the rules vary according to the events. • Most jumping events have a sand pit or a pad to enable the athlete land easily after the jump. The foot of the athlete should not touch the ground before the jump, or else it’s declared a ‘scratch’ and earns him zero points. The length of the jump is measured from the line to the point where foot touches the ground. • If the athletes happen to fall back after landing, the distance measured is to the contact point. The athletes are given three ties or chances and the best try is counted. • The same rules apply to vertical jump events like high jump and pole vault, except for the way the distance is measured here. A height goal marked by a bar is set by the athlete and if cleared, they score for the specific round. Some events allow three chances to the athletes, while some other events allow the athletes to keep trying on higher bars until they fail.
  • 50.
    DECATHLON Here are themost important decathlon rules to know: •The events are spread over two consecutive days. The first day, the 100 meter dash, long jump, shot put, high jump, and 400 meter dash are held. On the second day, the 110 meter hurdles, discuss, pole vault, javelin, and 1500 meter run are held. •For javelin, discuss, shot put, and long jump, each competitor is allowed three attempts. The best of these attempts is taken as the official attempt. •Athletes must make an attempt in all 10 events of the decathlon. If a competitor fails to try in an event, they are disqualified from the decathlon.
  • 51.
    HEPTATHLON The general rulesfor heptathlon are: •Only three attempts can be made in pitches and long jumps. •The way the bar is raised is uniform. •The time between jumps is 1.5 minutes in height and 2 minutes in pole vault. •Jumps or throws are not used for tiebreaking. •There must be three timekeepers to take the time of each competitor. •The disqualification in the exits is given when three incorrect exits are made. •Between the end of the race and the beginning of the next, a minimum time of 30 minutes is given. •Between the end of one day and the beginning of the next there must be a time of 10 hours. •Participation is drawn before the start of each event.
  • 52.
    MARATHON Rules for Marathonfor Men at Olympics: The International Association of Athletics Federations or IAAF is authorized to set rules for the track and field events. The rules set for the Marathon at the international competitions are- • The marathon should be run on made up road. The athletes are not permitted to run on soft or grassy lands. • The starting and finishing points of the marathon are properly and distinctively marked. • The distance of the route in kilometer has to be informed to the athletes during the race. • Different stages of the race have to be well marked for the convenience of the runners. • The athletes are given a warning five minutes prior to the onset of the race. • An athlete competing in the marathon is bound to leave the race if ordered by an official medical staff.
  • 53.
    • Runners arenot allowed to take refreshment at places not specified by the organizing committee as the refreshment station. In such case, the athlete is liable to disqualification from the race. • During the marathon, an athlete is allowed to leave the road with prior permission of a judge. Even after leaving the road, the athlete has to be under supervision of the judge, so that he cannot take any short cut route. • The athlete, who is unable to finish the race, is not given any credit for his performance. • The automatic timing device used for measuring the time during the races has to be approved by the IAAF
  • 54.
  • 55.
    TRACK AND FIELD:GLOSSARY AND TERMS • Baton - a tube that is passed from one relay race member to another. The runner holding the baton is the current runner for that team in the race. They are typically about 1 foot long and 1.5 inches in diameter. • Decathlon - a combined track and field event that consists of 10 different events. Sometimes the decathlon winner is dubbed the greatest athlete in the world. • Discus - a throwing event in track and field where a metal discus is thrown for distance. • Fosbury Flop - a technique used in the high jump where the jumper's goes head first over the bar with their back toward the bar when going over it.
  • 56.
    • Hammer -the hammer throw is a track an field throwing event where a large heavy ball connected to a handle with a long chain is thrown for distance. • Heptathlon - a combined track and field event that consists of 7 different events. • High Jump - a track and field jumping event. Athletes must clear a high bar without knocking it over by jumping. • Hurdle - an obstacle in a race that runners must jump or clear while running. • Javelin - a track and field throwing event where a spear-like javelin is thrown for distance.
  • 57.
    • Long Jump- jumping event where athletes compete for the longest jump in distance. • Pace - the rate at which a runner is running. It's important in long distance races to have the proper pace; slow enough so the runner doesn't tire out before the end of the race, but fast enough to win. • Pentathlon - a combined track and field event that consists of 5 different events. • Pole vault - a track and field jumping event where a long pole is used to propel the jumper to great heights. • Relay race - a race involving multiple runners (typically 4) where each runner runs a leg of the race handing off a baton to the next runner.
  • 58.
    • Sandpit -an area in a jumping event (i.e. long jump or triple jump) where the athlete lands. • Shot put - a field throwing event where a heavy ball is thrown for distance. • Sprint- a short running race where acceleration and top speed are important. • Starting blocks - items used in sprint races where the runner puts their feet in to get a good start for the run. • Steeplechase - a middle to long distance run with obstacles including large hurdles and water. • Triple Jump - a track and field jumping event with three distinct phases to the jump including a hop, a step, and a jump.
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  • 60.