Gymnastics is a sport that requires flexibility, balance, and control. It involves performing exercises on equipment like the vault, uneven bars, balance beam, floor, pommel horse, rings and parallel bars for men and rhythmic gymnastics apparatuses for women. Gymnastics has evolved from ancient Greek exercises and circus skills and includes competitive gymnastics at all levels as well as recreational and performance gymnastics. The modern sport has standardized apparatus and scoring systems.

2. Gymnastics is a sport
involving the
performance of exercises
requiring flexibility,
balance and control.
What is GYMNASTICS?

3. WOMENS EVENT MENS EVENT
vault
uneven bars
balance beam
floor exercise
floor exercise
pommel horse
still rings
Vault
parallel bars
the high bar

4. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used
by the ancient Greeks that included skills
for mounting and dismounting a horse,
and from circus performance skills.
Participants can include children as
young as 20 months old doing kinder gym
and children's gymnastics, recreational
gymnasts of ages 5 and up, competitive
gymnasts at varying levels of skill, and
world class athletes.

5. Other disciplines include:
rhythmic gymnastics
trampolining andtumbling
aerobic gymnastics

6. HISTORY
In the beginning of gymnastics, which formally originated from the
Ancient Greece, gymnastics is originally intended for military training,
where it was used by soldiers to get ready for war. The skills and
strength in performing gymnastics at the ancient times were thought as
great assets to those battling on the warfield.
In 1569, Girolamo Mercuriale from Forlì (Italy) wrote Le Arte
Gymnastica, which brought together his study of the attitudes of the
ancients toward diet, exercise and hygiene, and the use of natural
methods for the cure of disease. Girolamo was an Italian philogist and
physician, who received his doctorate in 1555. He was later asked to
occupy the Chair of Medicine in 1569. De Arte Gymnastica also
explained the principles of physical therapy and is considered the first
book on sports medicine.

7. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Germany, three pioneer
physical educators – Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich
Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852) – created exercises for boys and young men on
apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern
gymnastics. Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano, was born on February 19, 1770 in
Valence and died on August 8, 1848 in Paris. He was a Spanish colonel, and the
first person to introduce educative gymnastic in France. Jahn promoted the use
of parallel bars, rings and high bar in international competition.[3]
Early 20th century gymnastics in Stockholm, Sweden.
The Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG) was founded in Liege in
1881.[4]By the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was
popular enough to be included in the first "modern" Olympic Games in 1896.
From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions
involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric, gymnastics,
that would seem strange to today's audiences and that included for example,
synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and
horizontal ladder. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in
gymnastics events. The first women's Olympic competition was primitive, only
involving synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games were held in
1928, in Amsterdam.

8. By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had
been standardized in modern format, and uniform grading structures
(including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. At this
time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult
performances, setting a precedent that continues. The new medium of
television has helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both
men's and women's gymnastics now attract considerable international
interest, and excellent gymnasts can be found on every continent. Nadia
Comăneci received the first perfect score, at the 1976 Summer Olympics held
in Montreal, Canada. She was coached in Romania by coach, (Hungarian
ethnicity), Béla Károlyi. Comaneci scored four of her perfect tens on the
uneven bars, two on the balance beam and one in the floor exercise.
Even with Nadia's perfect scores, the Romanians lost the gold medal to
the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, Comaneci became an Olympic icon.
In 2006, a new points system for Artistic gymnastics was put into play. With an
A Score (or D score) being the difficulty score, which as of 2009 is based on the
top 8 high scoring elements in a routine (excluding Vault). The B Score (or E
Score), is the score for execution, and is given for how well the skills are
performed.

9. Early 20th century gymnastics
in Stockholm, Sweden

10. EVENTS…..

11. Vault
In the vaulting events, gymnasts sprint down a 25 meters
(82 ft) runway, jump onto or perform a round off entry onto
a springboard (run/ take-off segment), land momentarily,
inverted on the hands on the vaulting horse, or vaulting table
(pre flight segment), then propel themselves forward or
backward, off of this platform to a two footed landing (post
flight segment). Every gymnast starts at a different point on
the vault runway depending on their height and strength. The
post flight segment may include one or more multiple saltos
or somersaults, and/or twisting movements.

12. Vault

13. Uneven bars
On the uneven bars, the gymnast performs a routine on two
horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars are made
of fiberglass covered in wood laminate, to prevent them from
breaking. In the past, bars were made of wood, but the bars
were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to
newer technologies. The width and height of the bars may be
adjusted. In the past, the uneven parallel bars were closer
together. They've been moved increasingly further apart,
allowing gymnasts to perform swinging, circling, transitional,
and release moves, that may pass over, under, and between
the two bars.

14. Uneven Bars

15. Balance beam
Dorina Böczögő performing a one arm press hold during her
balance beam mount, 2013.
Main article: Balance beam
The gymnast performs a choreographed routine of up to 90
seconds in length consisting of leaps, acrobatic skills,
somersaults, turns and dance elements on a padded beam.
The beam is 125 centimetres (4 ft 1 in) from the ground, 500
centimetres (16 ft 5 in) long, and 10 centimetres (3.9 in)
wide.[8] The event requires, in particular, balance, flexibility,
poise and strength.

16. Balance Beam

17. Floor
In the past, the floor exercise event was executed on the bare
floor or mats such as wrestling mats. Today, the floor event
occurs on a carpeted 12m × 12m square, usually consisting of
hard foam over a layer of plywood, which is supported by
springs or foam blocks generally called a "spring" floor. This
provides a firm surface that provides extra bounce or spring
when compressed, allowing gymnasts to achieve extra height
and a softer landing than would be possible on a standard
floor. Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine up to 90
seconds in the floor exercise event. They must choose an
accompanying music piece.

18. Floor

19. Pommel horse
A typical pommel horse exercise involves both single leg and
double leg work. Single leg skills are generally found in the
form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels.
Double leg work however, is the main staple of this event. The
gymnast swings both legs in a circular motion (clockwise or
counterclockwise depending on preference) and performs
such skills on all parts of the apparatus. To make the exercise
more challenging, gymnasts will often include variations on a
typical circling skill by turning (moores and spindles) or by
straddling their legs (Flares). Routines end when the gymnast
performs a dismount, either by swinging his body over the
horse, or landing after a handstand.

20. Pommel Horse

21. Rhythmic gymnastics
events
Ball It is made of either rubber or synthetic material (pliable
plastic) provided it possesses the same elasticity as rubber. It
is from 18 to 20 cm in diameter and must have a minimum
weight of 400g. The ball can be of any colour and should rest
in the gymnast's hand, not the wrist. Fundamental elements
of a ball routine include throwing, bouncing, and rolling. The
gymnast must use both hands and work on the whole floor
area while showing continuous flowing movement. The ball is
to emphasize the gymnast's flowing lines and body difficulty

22. .Hoop A hoop is an apparatus in rhythmic gymnastics and
may be made of plastic or wood, provided that it retains its
shape during the routine. The interior diameter is from 51 to
90 cm, and the hoop must weigh a minimum of 300g. The
hoop may be of a natural colour or be partially of fully
covered by one or several colours, and it may be covered with
adhesive tape either of the same or different colour as the
hoop. Fundamental requirements of a hoop routine include
rotation around the hand or body and rolling, as well as
swings, circles, throws, and passes through and over the
hoop. The routines in hoop involves mastery in both
apparatus handling and body difficulty like leaps, jumps and
pivots.

23. Ribbon It is made of satin or another similar material cloth of any colour
and may be multi-coloured as well as have designs on it. The ribbon
itself must be at least 35g (1 oz), 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4") in width and for
senior category a minimum length of 6m (20') (5m (16.25') for juniors).
The ribbon must be in one piece. The end that is attached to the stick is
doubled for a maximum length of 1m (3'). This is stitched down both
sides. At the top, a very thin reinforcement or rows of machine stitching
for a maximum length of 5 cm is authorized. This extremity may end in a
strap, or have an eyelet (a small hole, edged with buttonhole stitch or a
metal circle), to permit attaching the ribbon. The ribbon is fixed to the
stick by means of a supple attachment such as thread, nylon cord, or a
series of articulated rings. The attachment has a maximum length of
7 cm (2.8"), not counting the strap or metal ring at the end of the stick
where it will be fastened. Compulsory elements for the ribbon include
flicks, circles, snakes and spirals, and throws. It requires a high degree of
co-ordination to form the spirals and circles as any knots which may
accidentally form in the ribbon are penalized. During a ribbon routine,
large, smooth and flowing movements are looked for.

24. Clubs Multi-piece clubs are the most popular clubs. The club is built
along an internal rod, providing a base on which a handle made of
polyolefin plastic is wrapped, providing an airspace between it and the
internal rod. This airspace provides flex, cushioning impact, making the
club softer on the hands. Foam ends and knobs further cushion the club.
Multi-piece clubs are made in both a thin European style or larger
bodied American style and in various lengths, generally ranging from 19
to 21 inches (480 to 530 mm). The handles and bodies are typically
wrapped with decorative plastics and tapes. The skills involved are
apparatus mastery and body elements, Clubs are thrown from alternate
hands; each passes underneath the other clubs and is caught in the
opposite hand to the one from which it was thrown. At its simplest, each
club rotates once per throw, the handle moving down and away from
the throwing hand at first. However, double and triple spins are
frequently performed, allowing the club to be thrown higher for more
advanced patterns and to allow tricks such as 360s to be performed
underneath.

25. Trampoline
and
Tumbling

26. Trampolining
Trampolining and tumbling consists of four events, individual and synchronized
trampoline, double mini trampoline, and tumbling (also known as power tumbling
or rod floor). Since 2000, individual trampoline has been included in the Olympic
Games.
Individual trampoline
Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the
gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten
bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial
skills.
Synchronized trampoline
Synchronized trampoline is similar except that both competitors must perform the
routine together and marks are awarded for synchronization as well as the form
and difficulty of the moves.
Double-mini trampoline
Double mini trampoline involves a smaller trampoline with a run-up, two moves
are performed per routine. Moves cannot be repeated in the same order on the
double-mini during a competition. Skills can be repeated if a skill is competed as a
mounter in one routine and a dismount in another. The scores are marked in a
similar manner to individual trampoline.

27. Tumbling
In tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips
and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is
similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested
as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at
the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at
the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was
included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic
Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also
been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline World
Championships. Since the recognition of Trampoline and
Acrobatic Gymnastics as FIG disciplines in 1999, official
Tumbling competitions are only allowed as an event in
Trampoline gymnastics meets.

28. Acrobatic gymnastics
Acrobatic gymnastics (formerly Sport Acrobatics), often referred to as
"Acro" if involved with the sport, acrobatic sports or simply sports acro, is a
group gymnastic discipline for both men and women. Acrobats in groups of
two, three and four perform routines with the heads, hands and feet of
their partners. They may, subject to regulations (e.g. no lyrics), pick their
own music.
There are four international age categories: 11-16, 12-18, 13-19, and Senior
(15+), which are used in the World Championships and many other events
around the world, including European Championships and World Games.
All levels require a balance and dynamic routine, 12-18, 13-19, and Seniors
are also required to perform a final (combined) routine.
Currently, acrobatic gymnastics is marked out of 30.00 (can be higher at
Senior FIG level based on difficulty):
10.00 for routine difficulty, (valued from the tables of difficulties)
10.00 For technical performance, (how well the skills are executed)
10.00 For Artistry, (the overall performance of the routine, namely
choreography)

29. Non-competitive gymnastics
General gymnastics enables people of all ages and
abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to
more than 150 athletes. They perform synchronized,
choreographed routines. Troupes may consist of both
genders and are not separated into age divisions. The
largest general gymnastics exhibition is the
quadrennial World Gymnaestrada which was first held
in 1939. In 1984 Gymnastics for All was officially
recognized first as a Sport Program by the FIG
(International Gymnastic Federation), and
subsequently by national gymnastic federations world
wide with participants that now number 30 million.

31. Prepared by:
Alejandro F.
Labay 10-J