1) In the 1800s, women's roles were mainly defined by the family and they had few legal and economic rights. 2) The Industrial Revolution opened new jobs for women as clerks, secretaries, and other low-paying white-collar positions. 3) Throughout the 1800s, marriage was considered the primary role for women, though some worked in education, social work, and healthcare. The women's movement that began in the 1800s fought for women's property rights and access to education and employment.

1. The Changing Roles of Women and the Emergence of the Women’s Movement Chapter 13

2. In 1800, family roles mainly defined women. Women were legally inferior to and economically dependent on men.

3. As a result of the Second Industrial Revolution, the door to new jobs was opened for women. Many employers hired women as low-pay, white-collar, workers. Both industrial plants and retail outlets needed secretaries, clerks, typists, and similar workers.

4. Women took jobs in the fields of education, social work, and health. These jobs were filled mainly by working-class women aspiring to an improved life.

5. Throughout the 1800s marriage was the only honorable and available career for most women. In middle-class families, men worked outside of the home, and women were left to care for the family. As the 1800’s progressed birthrates declined due to improved economic conditions as well as the increase in birth control.

6. Less children in the household meant that families(and mothers) had more time. The middle-class family fostered an ideal of togetherness.

7. By the 1890s, the Victorian view of children had drastically changed. No longer viewed as miniature adults, children needed to be protected and educated. Mothers were charged with raising their children to be respectable adults. Toys for children reflected the roles that they should play in life The toys for girls: stove, washer,and carpet sweeper.

8. The Victorians created the family Christmas. By the 1850s, Fourth of July celebrations in the United States had changed from wild celebrations to family picnics.

9. Working-class women had to work to earn money and keep their families going. By age nine or ten, childhood was over for working-class children. They had to go to work doing odd jobs or become apprentices. By the early 20th century, some working class mothers could afford to stay at home due to rising wages in heavy industry.

10. Feminism Modern feminism, the movement for women’s rights, began during the Enlightenment. The movement in the 1800s began with a fight for the right of women to own property. Women sought access to universities and traditionally male fields of employment as well.

11. In Germany, Amalie Sieveking entered the medical field by becoming a nurse. She founded the Female Association for the Care of the Poor and Sick. The efforts of Florence Nightingale during the Crimean War and of Clara Barton during the U.S. Civil War transformed nursing into a profession of trained, middle-class “women in white”.

12. Florence Nightingale

13. Clara Barton

14. The British women’s movement was the most active in Europe. In 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters founded the Women’s Social and Political Union. Its members chained themselves to lampposts, pelted politicians with eggs, and smashed windows of fashionable department stores to call attention to their cause.

15. Suffragists were people who wanted the vote extended to all adults. They believed in the right of women to full citizenship. Before WWI, only in Norway and some states in the United States did women receive the right to vote.

16. An anti-suffragist pushing aside her ballot in favor of playing cards. Upper-class partygoers prefer dancing and socializing to voting. Only one woman has taken the time to cast her ballot. By Caricaturist Ralph Barton

17. For the benefit of the girl about to graduate, 1890

18. 1900

19. 1898

20. A new Woman Washday, 1897

21. 1901