Chapter 1

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The document describes control systems and their design. It discusses how control systems are designed to achieve a desired purpose through interconnected components. Examples of early control systems are examined to understand control system purposes. Modern control engineering includes strategies for manufacturing, energy efficiency, automobiles, and rapid transit. The design process involves addressing the gap between real systems and models used in synthesis. An iterative approach allows handling this gap while meeting design specifications.

Engineering

Illustrations
In this chapter we describe a general process for designing a control system.
A control system consisting of interconnected components is designed to achieve a
desired purpose. To understand the purpose of a control system, it is useful to
examine examples of control systems through the course of history. These early
systems incorporated many of the same ideas of feedback that are in use today.
Modern control engineering practice includes the use of control design strategies for
improving manufacturing processes, the efficiency of energy use, advanced
automobile control, including rapid transit, among others.
We also discuss the notion of a design gap. The gap exists between the complex
physical system under investigation and the model used in the control system
synthesis.
The iterative nature of design allows us to handle the design gap effectively while
accomplishing necessary tradeoffs in complexity, performance, and cost in order to
meet the design specifications.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Control Systems
Objectives

Illustrations
Introduction
System – An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose.
Control System – An interconnection of components forming a system
configuration that will provide a desired response.
Process – The device, plant, or system
under control. The input and output
relationship represents the cause-and-
effect relationship of the process.

Illustrations
Introduction
Multivariable Control System
Open-Loop Control Systems
utilize a controller or control
actuator to obtain the desired
response.
Closed-Loop Control
Systems utilizes feedback to
compare the actual output to
the desired output response.

Illustrations
History
Watt’s Flyball Governor
(18th century)
Greece (BC) – Float regulator mechanism
Holland (16th Century)– Temperature regulator

Illustrations
History
Water-level float regulator

Illustrations
History
18th Century James Watt’s centrifugal governor for the speed control of a steam
engine.
1920s Minorsky worked on automatic controllers for steering ships.
1930s Nyquist developed a method for analyzing the stability of controlled systems
1940s Frequency response methods made it possible to design linear closed-loop
control systems
1950s Root-locus method due to Evans was fully developed
1960s State space methods, optimal control, adaptive control and
1980s Learning controls are begun to investigated and developed.
Present and on-going research fields. Recent application of modern control theory
includes such non-engineering systems such as biological, biomedical, economic and
socio-economic systems
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Illustrations
(a) Automobile
steering control
system.
(b) The driver uses
the difference
between the actual
and the desired
direction of travel
to generate a
controlled adjustment
of the steering wheel.
(c) Typical direction-
of-travel response.
Examples of Modern Control Systems

Illustrations
Examples of Modern Control Systems

Illustrations
The Future of Control Systems

Illustrations
ELECTRIC SHIP CONCEPT
Ship
Service
Power
Main Power
Distribution
Propulsion
Motor
Motor
Drive
Generator
Prime
Mover
Power
Conversion
Module
 Electric Drive
 Reduce # of Prime
Movers
 Fuel savings
 Reduced maintenance
 Technology
Insertion
 Warfighting
Capabilities
Vision
Integrated
Power
System
All
Electric
Ship
Electrically
Reconfigurable
Ship
 Reduced manning
 Automation
 Eliminate auxiliary
systems (steam,
hydraulics, compressed
air)
Increasing Affordability and Military Capability
Design Example

Illustrations
CVN(X) FUTURE AIRCRAFT CARRIER
Design Example

Illustrations
Mistakes
Challenger
Tacoma Bridge

Illustrations
References, and Resources
http://www.ieeecss.org/siteindex/SITEindex.html
http://www-control.eng.cam.ac.uk/extras/Virtual_Library/Control_VL.html

The document introduces control systems and provides examples throughout history. It defines a control system as interconnecting components designed to achieve a desired purpose. Examples of early control systems include water clocks and temperature regulation in ancient Greece. James Watt's flyball governor from the 18th century is discussed as an important historical development. Modern control engineering applies strategies to manufacturing, energy efficiency, transportation and more. The objectives are to understand basics of control systems, classifications, purposes, historical developments and illustrations of applications.

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The document discusses control systems and provides examples. It begins by describing the general process for designing a control system and examines examples throughout history. Modern control engineering includes strategies to improve manufacturing, energy efficiency, automobiles, and other applications. The document also discusses the gap between physical systems and their models in control system design and how an iterative process can effectively address this gap.

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The document provides an overview of control systems design. It begins by describing the general process for designing a control system, which involves modeling interconnected system components to achieve a desired purpose. Examples of early control systems are discussed to illustrate fundamental feedback principles still used today. Modern applications of control engineering are then briefly mentioned. The document notes that a design gap exists between complex physical systems and their models. An iterative design process is used to effectively address this gap while meeting performance and cost objectives.

This document provides an overview of control systems. It defines a control system as a device or collection of devices that manage the behavior of other devices. It describes distributed control systems (DCS) which have controllers distributed throughout a machine instead of a central controller. The document then discusses the basics of control systems, including feedback and feedforward control. It provides examples of early control systems and describes the development of control theory over time. Finally, it discusses different types of modern control systems including open loop, closed loop, supervisory, direct digital, and hierarchy control systems.

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Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval. Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall. Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.

132/33KV substation case study Presentation

kandramariana6

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Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...

132/33KV substation case study Presentation

Chapter 1

1. Illustrations In this chapter we describe a general process for designing a control system. A control system consisting of interconnected components is designed to achieve a desired purpose. To understand the purpose of a control system, it is useful to examine examples of control systems through the course of history. These early systems incorporated many of the same ideas of feedback that are in use today. Modern control engineering practice includes the use of control design strategies for improving manufacturing processes, the efficiency of energy use, advanced automobile control, including rapid transit, among others. We also discuss the notion of a design gap. The gap exists between the complex physical system under investigation and the model used in the control system synthesis. The iterative nature of design allows us to handle the design gap effectively while accomplishing necessary tradeoffs in complexity, performance, and cost in order to meet the design specifications. Chapter 1: Introduction to Control Systems Objectives

2. Illustrations Introduction System – An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose. Control System – An interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a desired response. Process – The device, plant, or system under control. The input and output relationship represents the cause-and- effect relationship of the process.

3. Illustrations Introduction Multivariable Control System Open-Loop Control Systems utilize a controller or control actuator to obtain the desired response. Closed-Loop Control Systems utilizes feedback to compare the actual output to the desired output response.

4. Illustrations History Watt’s Flyball Governor (18th century) Greece (BC) – Float regulator mechanism Holland (16th Century)– Temperature regulator

5. Illustrations History Water-level float regulator

6. Illustrations History

7. Illustrations History 18th Century James Watt’s centrifugal governor for the speed control of a steam engine. 1920s Minorsky worked on automatic controllers for steering ships. 1930s Nyquist developed a method for analyzing the stability of controlled systems 1940s Frequency response methods made it possible to design linear closed-loop control systems 1950s Root-locus method due to Evans was fully developed 1960s State space methods, optimal control, adaptive control and 1980s Learning controls are begun to investigated and developed. Present and on-going research fields. Recent application of modern control theory includes such non-engineering systems such as biological, biomedical, economic and socio-economic systems ???????????????????????????????????

8. Illustrations (a) Automobile steering control system. (b) The driver uses the difference between the actual and the desired direction of travel to generate a controlled adjustment of the steering wheel. (c) Typical direction- of-travel response. Examples of Modern Control Systems

9. Illustrations Examples of Modern Control Systems

10. Illustrations Examples of Modern Control Systems

11. Illustrations Examples of Modern Control Systems

12. Illustrations Examples of Modern Control Systems

13. Illustrations Examples of Modern Control Systems

14. Illustrations Examples of Modern Control Systems

15. Illustrations Examples of Modern Control Systems

16. Illustrations Examples of Modern Control Systems

17. Illustrations The Future of Control Systems

18. Illustrations The Future of Control Systems

19. Illustrations Control System Design

20. Illustrations

21. Illustrations Design Example

22. Illustrations ELECTRIC SHIP CONCEPT Ship Service Power Main Power Distribution Propulsion Motor Motor Drive Generator Prime Mover Power Conversion Module  Electric Drive  Reduce # of Prime Movers  Fuel savings  Reduced maintenance  Technology Insertion  Warfighting Capabilities Vision Integrated Power System All Electric Ship Electrically Reconfigurable Ship  Reduced manning  Automation  Eliminate auxiliary systems (steam, hydraulics, compressed air) Increasing Affordability and Military Capability Design Example

23. Illustrations CVN(X) FUTURE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Design Example

24. Illustrations Design Example EMALS

25. Illustrations Design Example

26. Illustrations Design Example

27. Illustrations Design Example

28. Illustrations Design Example

29. Illustrations

30. Illustrations

31. Illustrations Design Example

32. Illustrations Design Example

33. Illustrations Sequential Design Example

34. Illustrations