The document summarizes music of the Middle Ages from Gregorian chant to the Renaissance. It describes two periods: Ars Antiqua from 1100-1300 characterized by organum style polyphony adding harmonies to chants; and Ars Nova from 1300-1450 which saw innovations in notation and mass composition. Representative composers of each style like Leonin, Machaut, and Landini advanced musical composition through genres like motets and mass ordinaries. Secular musicians also traveled performing love songs, though most composers remained anonymous church servants.

1. Music of the Middle Ages
From Gregorian Chant to the
Renaissance

3. On the Misery of the Human Condition, c. 1200
inspiring words from Pope Innocent III
. . . man was formed of dust, slime, and ashes: what is even
more vile, of the filthiest seed. He was conceived from the itch
of the flesh, in the heat of passion and the stench of lust, and
worse yet, with the stain of sin. He was born to toil, dread,
and trouble; and more wretched still, was born only to die. He
commits depraved acts by which he offends God, his
neighbor, and himself; shameful acts by which he defiles his
name, his person, and his conscience; and vain acts by which
he ignores all things important, useful, and necessary. He will
become fuel for those fires which are forever hot and burn
forever bright; food for the worm which forever nibbles and
digests; a mass of rottenness which will forever stink and reek.

7. There were two schools of music
during the Middle Ages
Ars Antiqua ­ 1100­1300
&
Ars Nova ­ 1300 ­ 1450

8. Ars Antiqua began in Paris at the Cathedral de
Notre Dame

10. Representative Ars Antiqua Composers
• Leonin (1163­1190)
• Perotin (early 13th century)
• Hildegard von Bingen (1098­1179)
• Anonymous (?)

11. What is Ars Antiqua?
• Literally means “old art”
• Stemmed directly from Gregorian Chant
• This style of music can be characterized as adding hollow sounding
harmonies(perfect 4ths & 5ths) to existing chants.
• This type of music is called organum.
• Originally, one voice would be added above the existing chant. The chant
would be sung very slowly ­ it was called the cantus firmus.

12. Early Polyphony
• Polyphony means more than one pitch played at
the same time ­ what we typically call harmony.
• The first type of polyphony was called parallel
organum. Here the cantus firmus and the higher harmony
mirrored each other.
• Eventually composers like Leonin and his student
Perotin began adding a third and fourth part above the
cantus firmus, and moved away from the eerie sounding
parallel organum.

13. Parallel
Organum

14. Meanwhile, in Germany…
• Hildegard von Bingen, who herself was a nun with reported
mystical powers, began composing music different from the
Notre Dame school.
• Von Bingen wrote music that sounded wildly different than
plainchant, which some attributed to her lack of musical
training. Her melodies, even today, seem contemporary.

16. What kind of music was happening outside of
the church?
• Secular music, or popular music, has existed throughout
history, especially during the Middle Ages.
• Secular music of the Middle Ages was the first to be written
down on paper and preserved. Today, performances of
secular music is possible using these surviving pieces of music.

17. Troubadours
• Troubadours were French musicians who traveled
across Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries.
• They sang mostly love songs.
• They accompanied their love songs with instruments,
unlike the church.

19. Adam de la Halle (1237-
1286)
• The most famous troubadour ever
• Wrote the first ever musical theater piece Le Jeu de Robin et
Marion
• Inventor of the Motet
• Motet ­ a piece of music where two or more different verses
are fit together simultaneously, without regard to harmony

20. Medieval Instruments
• Instruments in early secular music were used to accompany
songs.
• Musicians usually improvised the simple accompaniments.
• While the accompaniments were melodically simple, they
were rhythmically lively.
• Let’s take a look at the many different instruments used in
these accompaniments…

21. Harp

22. Krumhorn

23. Lute

24. Muted Cornett

25. Psaltery

26. Sacbut

27. Serpent

28. Shawm

29. Hurdy­Gurdy

30. Drum or Tambor

31. Recorder

32. Viol

33. Ars Nova
• 14th & 15th century France
• The invention of modern notation
• The creation of the Ordinary of the Catholic Mass
• The popularity of the motet

34. Representative Ars Nova Composers
• Guillaume de Machaut (1300­1377)
• Francesco Landini (1325­1397)
• Anonymous (?)

36. Guillaume de Machaut
• A poet & a musician
• Created the first Ordinary for the Catholic Mass
• Created many of the musical forms of today (rondos
and ballades)
• Master of counterpoint

37. Examples of Ars Nova Music
Music from this period
was the first to add
stems to the nuemes,
thereby creating our
modern system of
notation.

39. This piece is called
“Sumer is icumen in”
and is the oldest
surviving round.

40. Conclusions
• Most Medieval composers wrote mainly for
the church and remained anonymous.
• These early composers did not take the art
of composition seriously. It was more a
necessary function, or duty.
• Most secular musicians had day jobs. Full
time musicians were poor.
• While music itself was held in high regard,
those who made it were not. This is very
different today.