4. Proper planning of a software project unless the project is trivia.pdfeyevisioncare1
4. Proper planning of a software project unless the project is trivial in size, is obviously
important for a software project to succeed. What information must be included in software
project planning document? Explain in a paragraph or two (15pt.) 5. Risk management is one of
CMMI KPA (Key Process Area). Explain its concept in a paragraph or two (10pt.)
Solution
Typically many of the project\'s key stakeholders, that is those affected by both the project and
the project\'s end result, do not fully understand the nature of the project plan. Since one of the
most important and difficult aspects of project management is getting commitment and buying,
the first step is to explain the planning process and the project plan to all key stakeholders. It is
essential for them to understand the importance of this set of documents and to be familiar with
its content, since they will be asked to review and approve the documents that pertain to them.
Components of the Project Plan Include:
Baselines. Baselines are sometimes called performance measures, because the performance of
the entire project is measured against them. They are the project\'s three approved starting points
and include the scope, schedule, and cost baselines. These provide the \'stakes in the ground.\'
That is, they are used to determine whether or not the project is on track, during the execution of
the project.
Baseline management plans. These plans include documentation on how variances to the
baselines will be handled throughout the project. Each project baseline will need to be reviewed
and managed. A result of this process may include the need to do additional planning, with the
possibility that the baseline(s) will change. Project management plans document what the project
team will do when variances to the baselines occur, including what process will be followed,
who will be notified, how the changes will be funded, etc.
Other work products from the planning process. These include a risk management plan, a quality
plan, a procurement plan, a staffing plan, and a communications plan.
Step 2: Define roles and responsibilities. Not all key stakeholders will review all documents, so it
is necessary to determine who on the project needs to approve which parts of the plan. Some of
the key players are:
Step 3: Hold a kickoff meeting. The kickoff meeting is an effective way to bring stakeholders
together to discuss the project. It is an effective way to initiate the planning process. It can be
used to start building trust among the team members and ensure that everyone\'s idea are taken
into account. Kickoff meetings also demonstrate commitment from the sponsor for the project.
Here are some of the topics that might be included in a kickoff meeting:
Step 4: Develop a Scope Statement. The Scope Statement is arguably the most important
document in the project plan. It\'s the foundation for the rest of the project. It describes the
project and is used to get common agreement among the sta.
Learn the 5 Key Project Management Phases that every project manager knows. Perfect information for those professionals curious about how Project Managers plan their projects.
Learn the 5 Key Project Management Phases that every project manager knows. Perfect information for those business professionals curious about how project managers plan their projects.
project Development Management (Scope Management )NeveenJamal
Project scope is everything about a project , work content as well as expected outcomes
Project Scope is :
1 Naming all activities to be performed.
2 Resources needed.
3 End product.
4 Quality of product
5 Goals.
6 Constraints and limitations
Smart project management - Best Practices to Manage Project effectivelyChetan Khanzode
Best Practices to Manage project effectively.It gives overview of all five groups and ten PM knowledge areas.
Emphasis more important aspects of Project Management
4. Proper planning of a software project unless the project is trivia.pdfeyevisioncare1
4. Proper planning of a software project unless the project is trivial in size, is obviously
important for a software project to succeed. What information must be included in software
project planning document? Explain in a paragraph or two (15pt.) 5. Risk management is one of
CMMI KPA (Key Process Area). Explain its concept in a paragraph or two (10pt.)
Solution
Typically many of the project\'s key stakeholders, that is those affected by both the project and
the project\'s end result, do not fully understand the nature of the project plan. Since one of the
most important and difficult aspects of project management is getting commitment and buying,
the first step is to explain the planning process and the project plan to all key stakeholders. It is
essential for them to understand the importance of this set of documents and to be familiar with
its content, since they will be asked to review and approve the documents that pertain to them.
Components of the Project Plan Include:
Baselines. Baselines are sometimes called performance measures, because the performance of
the entire project is measured against them. They are the project\'s three approved starting points
and include the scope, schedule, and cost baselines. These provide the \'stakes in the ground.\'
That is, they are used to determine whether or not the project is on track, during the execution of
the project.
Baseline management plans. These plans include documentation on how variances to the
baselines will be handled throughout the project. Each project baseline will need to be reviewed
and managed. A result of this process may include the need to do additional planning, with the
possibility that the baseline(s) will change. Project management plans document what the project
team will do when variances to the baselines occur, including what process will be followed,
who will be notified, how the changes will be funded, etc.
Other work products from the planning process. These include a risk management plan, a quality
plan, a procurement plan, a staffing plan, and a communications plan.
Step 2: Define roles and responsibilities. Not all key stakeholders will review all documents, so it
is necessary to determine who on the project needs to approve which parts of the plan. Some of
the key players are:
Step 3: Hold a kickoff meeting. The kickoff meeting is an effective way to bring stakeholders
together to discuss the project. It is an effective way to initiate the planning process. It can be
used to start building trust among the team members and ensure that everyone\'s idea are taken
into account. Kickoff meetings also demonstrate commitment from the sponsor for the project.
Here are some of the topics that might be included in a kickoff meeting:
Step 4: Develop a Scope Statement. The Scope Statement is arguably the most important
document in the project plan. It\'s the foundation for the rest of the project. It describes the
project and is used to get common agreement among the sta.
Learn the 5 Key Project Management Phases that every project manager knows. Perfect information for those professionals curious about how Project Managers plan their projects.
Learn the 5 Key Project Management Phases that every project manager knows. Perfect information for those business professionals curious about how project managers plan their projects.
project Development Management (Scope Management )NeveenJamal
Project scope is everything about a project , work content as well as expected outcomes
Project Scope is :
1 Naming all activities to be performed.
2 Resources needed.
3 End product.
4 Quality of product
5 Goals.
6 Constraints and limitations
Smart project management - Best Practices to Manage Project effectivelyChetan Khanzode
Best Practices to Manage project effectively.It gives overview of all five groups and ten PM knowledge areas.
Emphasis more important aspects of Project Management
Hello Class- This is a very rough draft of the assignment. I have SusanaFurman449
Hello Class- This is a very rough draft of the assignment. I have broken down each section and potential opportunities for you. This is not all inclusive as you can be creative but you must meet the deliverables of this assignment.
Scope and Schedule: At the end of week 4, you are to finalize the initially approved scope from week two and start building the project schedule. In this week, you are also to work on building the project Work-Breakdown Structure (WBS). Project scope and schedule will include the following components:
- Finalized project scope
- Project requirements – in more details
- WBS structure
- Developed project schedule
- Identify key milestones and deliverables
- Outline project resources and assign them to tasks accordingly.
- Stakeholder engagement – communication plan
Make sure that there is a heading for each section.
Title Page – Name, date, etc
· Finalized Project Scope: Chapter 7 Scope Planning,
I just want a summary of what your final scope is.
· Project Requirements – Details
· WBS Structure- (Week 3) Chapter 7 Video, How to construct a WBS?
·
· Developed Project Schedule – Chapter 8 Video – Develop Project Schedule, Chapter 8 Reading Scheduling Projects – May ways to show schedule just pick one.
Develop Project Schedule
Once you have an estimated duration for each activity in the network must determine (based on durations and sequence) whether the project can be realistically finished by the required completion time.
· In order to do this, the contractor should estimate the duration of each activity.
· He or she should establish an overall window of time for the project.
Develop a project schedule that provides a timetable for each activity and shows:
· The earliest times (or dates) at which each activity can start and finish, based on the project estimated start time (or date)
· The latest times (or dates) by which each activity must start and finish in order to complete the project by its required completion time (or date)
· Incorporate Changes into Schedule
· Throughout a project, changes may occur that impact the schedule.
· Changes might be initiated by the customer or the project team, or they might be the result of an unanticipated occurrence.
· Changes requested early in the project may have less of an impact on schedule and budget than those requested later in the project.
· When the customer requests a change, the contractor or project team should estimate the impact on the project schedule and budget and then obtain customer approval before proceeding.
· If the customer approves the proposed revisions to the project schedule and budget, then any additional activities, revised estimated durations, and revised estimated resources and associated costs should be incorporated into the project schedule and budget.
· With respect to the project schedule, changes can result in the addition or deletion of activities, re-sequencing of activities, changes to estimated durations for specific activi ...
2 Project Management Life CycleKemaltaneriStockThinkstoc.docxeugeniadean34240
2 Project Management Life Cycle
Kemaltaner/iStock/Thinkstock
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
• Explain the importance of project governance.
• Identify the phases in the project management cycle.
• Describe the activities necessary to align and initiate the right project.
• Discuss how to prepare the project management plan and baseline documents.
• List the components necessary to execute a project plan.
• Identify the steps needed to monitor and correct work to meet project objectives.
• Describe the process of closing and assessing a project.
CO_CRD
CN
CT
CO_LO
CO_TX
CO_BL
co-cn
co-cr
co-box
co-intro
co-photo
co
bar81677_02_c02_037-080.indd 37 9/9/14 12:52 PM
Introduction
Pretest
1. An organization’s top management, stakeholders, and customers are involved in
governance of its projects.
a. True
b. False
2. Because no two projects are alike, each passes through a different number of major
phases during its life cycle.
a. True
b. False
3. The primary goal of the initiation phase of the project life cycle is to select the right
project to pursue.
a. True
b. False
4. Project teams should always seek to produce the highest quality deliverable possible.
a. True
b. False
5. Careful attention to detail during the planning phase makes executing a project easy.
a. True
b. False
6. The monitoring and corrective action phase of the project life cycle involves looking
forward at the work ahead.
a. True
b. False
7. In the final phase of a project, the project team and manager perform a financial audit
that accounts for all expenditures and assets.
a. True
b. False
Answers can be found at the end of the chapter.
Introduction
Have you ever been part of a project team that did not know where it was—or where it was
going? While most projects go through predictable phases toward completion, sometimes
team members get so involved in their own detailed tasks that they lose sight of the whole
process. When this happens, projects can suffer because of a lack of urgency. It seems that
there is no “flow” of work toward an end point, just a lot of individual tasks getting done.
To avoid this situation, someone must be able to see the big picture to ensure that tasks
are completed according to schedule and that the project constantly moves toward its final
H1
sec_n sec_t
bar81677_02_c02_037-080.indd 38 9/9/14 12:52 PM
Section 2.1 Project Governance
deliverables. This process of shepherding the project along as an integrated effort is called
governance. We will address this function in this chapter, along with the various phases in
a typical project.
Now that you have an introductory view of the field of project management, we will focus
on the project management process and its five major phases. This chapter is an overview of
these broad, sequential phases of project management, each of which adds value and content
to the project as it moves from initi.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Hello Class- This is a very rough draft of the assignment. I have SusanaFurman449
Hello Class- This is a very rough draft of the assignment. I have broken down each section and potential opportunities for you. This is not all inclusive as you can be creative but you must meet the deliverables of this assignment.
Scope and Schedule: At the end of week 4, you are to finalize the initially approved scope from week two and start building the project schedule. In this week, you are also to work on building the project Work-Breakdown Structure (WBS). Project scope and schedule will include the following components:
- Finalized project scope
- Project requirements – in more details
- WBS structure
- Developed project schedule
- Identify key milestones and deliverables
- Outline project resources and assign them to tasks accordingly.
- Stakeholder engagement – communication plan
Make sure that there is a heading for each section.
Title Page – Name, date, etc
· Finalized Project Scope: Chapter 7 Scope Planning,
I just want a summary of what your final scope is.
· Project Requirements – Details
· WBS Structure- (Week 3) Chapter 7 Video, How to construct a WBS?
·
· Developed Project Schedule – Chapter 8 Video – Develop Project Schedule, Chapter 8 Reading Scheduling Projects – May ways to show schedule just pick one.
Develop Project Schedule
Once you have an estimated duration for each activity in the network must determine (based on durations and sequence) whether the project can be realistically finished by the required completion time.
· In order to do this, the contractor should estimate the duration of each activity.
· He or she should establish an overall window of time for the project.
Develop a project schedule that provides a timetable for each activity and shows:
· The earliest times (or dates) at which each activity can start and finish, based on the project estimated start time (or date)
· The latest times (or dates) by which each activity must start and finish in order to complete the project by its required completion time (or date)
· Incorporate Changes into Schedule
· Throughout a project, changes may occur that impact the schedule.
· Changes might be initiated by the customer or the project team, or they might be the result of an unanticipated occurrence.
· Changes requested early in the project may have less of an impact on schedule and budget than those requested later in the project.
· When the customer requests a change, the contractor or project team should estimate the impact on the project schedule and budget and then obtain customer approval before proceeding.
· If the customer approves the proposed revisions to the project schedule and budget, then any additional activities, revised estimated durations, and revised estimated resources and associated costs should be incorporated into the project schedule and budget.
· With respect to the project schedule, changes can result in the addition or deletion of activities, re-sequencing of activities, changes to estimated durations for specific activi ...
2 Project Management Life CycleKemaltaneriStockThinkstoc.docxeugeniadean34240
2 Project Management Life Cycle
Kemaltaner/iStock/Thinkstock
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
• Explain the importance of project governance.
• Identify the phases in the project management cycle.
• Describe the activities necessary to align and initiate the right project.
• Discuss how to prepare the project management plan and baseline documents.
• List the components necessary to execute a project plan.
• Identify the steps needed to monitor and correct work to meet project objectives.
• Describe the process of closing and assessing a project.
CO_CRD
CN
CT
CO_LO
CO_TX
CO_BL
co-cn
co-cr
co-box
co-intro
co-photo
co
bar81677_02_c02_037-080.indd 37 9/9/14 12:52 PM
Introduction
Pretest
1. An organization’s top management, stakeholders, and customers are involved in
governance of its projects.
a. True
b. False
2. Because no two projects are alike, each passes through a different number of major
phases during its life cycle.
a. True
b. False
3. The primary goal of the initiation phase of the project life cycle is to select the right
project to pursue.
a. True
b. False
4. Project teams should always seek to produce the highest quality deliverable possible.
a. True
b. False
5. Careful attention to detail during the planning phase makes executing a project easy.
a. True
b. False
6. The monitoring and corrective action phase of the project life cycle involves looking
forward at the work ahead.
a. True
b. False
7. In the final phase of a project, the project team and manager perform a financial audit
that accounts for all expenditures and assets.
a. True
b. False
Answers can be found at the end of the chapter.
Introduction
Have you ever been part of a project team that did not know where it was—or where it was
going? While most projects go through predictable phases toward completion, sometimes
team members get so involved in their own detailed tasks that they lose sight of the whole
process. When this happens, projects can suffer because of a lack of urgency. It seems that
there is no “flow” of work toward an end point, just a lot of individual tasks getting done.
To avoid this situation, someone must be able to see the big picture to ensure that tasks
are completed according to schedule and that the project constantly moves toward its final
H1
sec_n sec_t
bar81677_02_c02_037-080.indd 38 9/9/14 12:52 PM
Section 2.1 Project Governance
deliverables. This process of shepherding the project along as an integrated effort is called
governance. We will address this function in this chapter, along with the various phases in
a typical project.
Now that you have an introductory view of the field of project management, we will focus
on the project management process and its five major phases. This chapter is an overview of
these broad, sequential phases of project management, each of which adds value and content
to the project as it moves from initi.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
Ch5ProjectPlanning.ppt
1. Project Management:
A Managerial Approach 4/e
By Jack R. Meredith and Samuel J. Mantel, Jr.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Presentation prepared by RTBM WebGroup
3. Project Planning
There are several reasons to use
considerable care when planning projects:
The primary purpose of planning is to
establish a set of directions in enough detail
to tell the project team exactly what must be
done
The purpose of planning is to facilitate later
accomplishment
Chapter 5-1
4. Initial Project Coordination
It is crucial that the project’s objectives be
clearly tied to the overall mission of the firm
A project launch meeting is an initial
coordinating meeting that serves as a visible
symbol of top management’s commitment to the
project
The project launch meeting’s success is
absolutely dependent on the existence of a well-
defined set of objectives
Chapter 5-2
5. Project Launch Meeting
Should not allow plans, schedules, and budgets
to go beyond the most aggregated level at the
launch meeting
The outcomes should be:
1. Technical Scope is established
2. Basic areas of performance responsibility
are accepted by the participants
3. Some tentative overall schedules and
budgets are spelled out
Chapter 5-3
6. Composite Plan
Each individual/unit accepting responsibility for a portion
of the project should agree to deliver a preliminary plan
about how that responsibility will be accomplished
These plans should contain descriptions of the required
tasks, and estimates of the budgets and schedules
These plans are then scrutinized by the group and
combined into a composite project plan
Chapter 5-4
7. Composite Plan
The composite plan, still not completely firm, is approved
by each participating group, by the project manager, and
then by senior organizational management
Each subsequent approval hardens the plan, and when
senior management has endorsed it, any further changes
in the project’s scope must be made by processing a
formal change order
Chapter 5-5
8. Project Plan
The final approved result of this procedure is the project
plan, also known as a Master or Baseline plan
Once planning phase is complete, it is beneficial to hold a
post-planning review
The major purpose of the review is to ensure that all
necessary elements of a project plan have been properly
developed and communicated
Chapter 5-6
9. Project Plan Elements
The process of developing the project plan varies
among organizations, but any project plan must
contain the following elements:
Overview - a short summary of the objectives and
scope of the project
Objectives - A more detailed statement of the general
goals noted in the overview section
General Approach - describes both the managerial
and technical approaches to the work
Chapter 5-7
10. Project Plan Elements
Contractual Aspects - includes a complete list and
description of all reporting requirements, customer supplied
resources, liaison arrangements, advisory committees,
project review and cancellation procedures, etc.
Schedules - this section outlines the various schedules
and lists all the milestone events
Resources - this includes the budget (both capital and
expense requirements) as well as cost monitoring and
control procedures
Chapter 5-8
11. Project Plan Elements
Personnel - this section lists the expected personnel
requirements of the project including special skills, training
needs, and security clearances
Evaluation Methods - every project should be evaluated
against standards and by methods established at the project’s
inception
Potential Problems - this section should include any
potential difficulties such as subcontractor default, technical
failure, tight deadlines, resource limitations and the like.
Preplanning may avert some crises
Chapter 5-9
12. Project Planning in Action
Project plans are usually constructed by
listing the sequence of activities required to
carry the project from start to completion,
and developing an action plan to complete
the activities
This helps the planner decide the necessary
sequence of things
Sequencing is a necessary consideration for
determining the project schedule and
duration
Chapter 5-10
13. Project Planning in Action
Software and hardware developers
commonly use a planning process
oriented around the life cycle events:
Concept evaluation
Requirements identification
Design
Implementation
Test
Chapter 5-11
14. Project Planning in Action
Software and hardware development
planning process (cont.)
Integration
Validation
Customer test and evaluation
Operations and maintenance
Chapter 5-12
15. Systems Integration
Systems Integration is one part of integration
management and plays a crucial role in the
performance aspect of the project
This includes any technical specialist in the
science or art of the project who is capable of
integrating the technical disciplines to achieve
the customer’s objectives
Chapter 5-13
16. Systems Integration
Systems Integration is concerned with three
major objectives:
Performance - what a system does
Effectiveness - achieve desired performance in an
optimal manner
Requires no component specifications unless necessary to
meet one or more systems requirements
Every component requirement should be traceable to one or
more systems requirements
Design components to optimize system performance, not
the performance of subsystems
Cost Systems - cost is a design parameter
Chapter 5-14
17. Hierarchical Planning
System
All activities required to complete a project must
be precisely delineated, and coordinated
Some activities must be done sequentially, and
some simultaneously
Using a hierarchical planning system will allow
these activities to be identified and sorted
appropriately
Also know as the “even planning process”
Chapter 5-15
18. Sorting Out the Project
The importance of careful planning can scarcely
be overemphasized
Pinto and Slevin developed a list of ten factors
that should be associated with success in
implementation projects
The factors were split into strategic and tactical
clusters Chapter 5-16
19. Sorting Out the Project
Strategic Success Factors:
Project Mission - spell out clearly defined and agreed-
upon objectives in the project plan
Top Management Support - it is necessary for top
management to get behind the project at the outset, and
make clear to all personnel involved that they support
successful completion
Project’s Action Plan - detailed plan of the required
steps in the implementation process needs to be
developed including all resource requirements
Chapter 5-17
20. The Work Breakdown Structure
The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) can take
a variety of forms that serve a variety of
purposes
The WBS often appears as an outline with Level
I tasks on the left and successive levels
appropriately indented
The WBS may also picture a project subdivided
into hierarchical units of tasks, subtasks, work
packages, etc.
Chapter 5-18
21. The Work Breakdown Structure
The WBS is an important document and can be
tailored for use in a number of different ways
It may illustrate how each piece of the project contributes to
the whole in terms of performance, responsibility, schedule,
and budget
It may list the vendors or subcontractors associated with
specific tasks
It may serve as the basis for making cost estimates or
estimates of task duration
It may be used to document that all parties have signed off
on their various commitments to the project
Chapter 5-19
22. The Work Breakdown Structure
General steps for designing and using the WBS:
1. Using information from the action plan, list the task
breakdown in successively finer levels of detail.
Continue until all meaningful tasks or work packages
have been identified
2. For each such work package, identify the data relevant
to the WBS. List the personnel and organizations
responsible for each task.
3. All work package information should be reviewed with
the individuals or organizations who have responsibility
for doing or supporting the work in order to verify the
accuracy of the WBS Chapter 5-20
23. The Work Breakdown Structure
General steps for designing and using the WBS (cont.):
4. The total project budget should consist of four elements: direct
budgets from each task; an indirect cost budget for the project; a
“contingency” reserve for unexpected emergencies; and any residual,
which includes the profit derived from the project
5. The project master schedule integrates the many different schedules
relevant to the various parts of the project
Items 1-5 focus on the WBS as a planning tool but it may also
be used to monitor and control the project
Chapter 5-21
24. The Work Breakdown Structure
Items 6 and 7 focus on the WBS as an aid to monitor
and control a project:
6. The project manager can examine actual resource use,
by work element, work package, task, up to the full
project level. The project manager can identify
problems, harden the estimates of final cost, and make
sure that relevant corrections have been designed and
are ready to implement
7. The project schedule may be subjected to the same
comparisons as the project budget. Actual progress is
compared to scheduled and corrective action can be
taken
Chapter 5-22
25. through Integration
Management
The most difficult aspect of implementing a
project is the coordination and integration of the
various elements of the project
The intricate process of coordinating the work
and timing of all inputs is called integration
management
Interface coordination is used to denote the
process of managing this work across multiple
groups
Chapter 5-23
26. Approaches to Interface
Management
Recent work on managing the interface
focuses on the use of multifunctional
teams (MT)
There is general agreement that MT has a
favorable impact on product/service design
and delivery
Successfully involving cross-functional teams
in project planning requires that some
structure be imposed on the planning process
Chapter 5-24
27. Approaches to Interface
Management
A different attack on the problem is defining and
mapping all interdependencies between the various
members of the project team
Rather than mapping interfaces on the firm’s organizational
chart, instead it maps the interdependencies directly
Does not ignore the value of the WBS, action plan, or
PERT/CPM networks, but simply uses interface maps as a
source of the coordination requirement to manage the
interdependencies
Chapter 5-25
28. Summary
The preliminary work plans are important
because they serve as the basis for personnel
selection, budgeting, scheduling and control
Top management should be represented in the
initial coordinating meeting where technical
objectives are established, participant
responsibility is accepted, and preliminary
budgets and schedules are defined
Chapter 5-26
29. Summary
Common elements of the project plan are the
overview, statement of objectives, general
approach, contractual requirements, schedules,
budget, cost control procedures, evaluation
procedures, and potential problems
System integration concerns the smooth
coordination of project systems in terms of cost,
performance, and effectiveness
Chapter 5-27
30. Summary
The work breakdown structure (WBS) relates the details
of each subtask to its task and provides the final basis
fir the project budget, schedule, personnel, and control
When multifunctional teams are used to plan complex
projects their work must be integrated and coordinated.
Interface maps are a useful way of identifying the
interdependencies that must be managed
Chapter 5-28