Luther's 95 Theses Spark the Protestant Reformation

Ch. 17 Section 3: AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
Mr. Loessin’s
Luther Starts
World History
the Reformation
Room 167
Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
• Analyze the historical forces and religious issues that sparked the Reformation.
• Trace Martin Luther’s role in the religious movement to reform the Catholic Church.
• Analyze the impact of Luther’s religious revolt.
• Explain the spread of Protestantism to England during King Henry VIII’s reign.

AGENDA: Begin Warm-up Immediately upon entering classroom !
• WARM-UP – Read History Makers “Martin Luther,” Text p. 429
• DISCUSSION of Section 3, packet p. 22
• Daily Quiz
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
• Read Chapter 17, Sec. 4, complete p. 27 in your packet.
• Begin studying - CHAPTER 17 Test is Thursday!

Ch. 17 Section 3:
Luther Starts Answer question #1. on handout now !
the Reformation

1. LIST FOUR PROBLEMS that existed in the Catholic Church during the time of Martin Luther that he
and others criticized and wished to reform: (see packet, p. 26)

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

Ch. 17 Section 3:
Luther Starts Answer questions #2. – 5. on handout !
the Reformation

2. Even before Luther, there were other people who called for reforms in the Church. Name three of
these precursors to the Protestant Reformation. (see text, p. 428)
Wycliff, Hus, and Savonarola
3. What problem did Luther have with a monk named Tetzel? (see text, p. 429)
He was selling indulgences.
4. What are indulgences? (see text, p. 429)
These were pardons from sin that one could buy from the Church
in order to not have to perform any other penalty.
5. Define “Reformation”: (see text, p. 429)
A movement begun in the 1500s to make corrective
changes (reforms) to the Catholic Church.
What did this event lead to in the history of the Western Christian Church? (see text, p. 429)
A split between western Catholics and the Protestants.

See chart on back of handout.

Ch. 17 Section 3:
Luther Starts Answer questions #5. – 7. on handout !
the Reformation
5. Define “Reformation”: (see text, p. 429)
A movement begun in the 1500s to make corrective
changes (reforms) to the Catholic Church.
What did this event lead to in the history of the Western Christian Church? (see text, p. 429)
A split between western Catholics and the Protestants.
6. Define “Protestant”: (see text, p. 430)
Originally the term for Luther’s supporters who “protested”
against Catholic loyalists in Germany.
Today, a general term for any Christian who attends a non-Catholic church.
Following Luther’s break with the Pope, name three of Christianity’s Protestant branches?
(see back of handout) Lutheran, Baptist, Anglican (Church of England),
Methodist, Presbyterian….
7. What pivotal event sparked this Protestant Reformation? (see text, p. 429)
Luther nailing his “95 Theses” on his church doors in Wittenberg Germany.

Examining a Primary Source: “Ninety-five Theses” of Martin Luther, packet p. 25

Luther Starts the Reformation; Text, p. 429; Packet p. 22
CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS

Luther attacks a monk 1. In 1517, Luther posts Luther’s words are printed
his 95 Theses on the and spread all over Germany
named Tetzel for church doors at and attract many followers.
selling indulgences. Wittenberg.

Above: The church doors
At Luther’s church in
Wittenberg. Other pics,
Wittenberg, 2002.

The Pope realizes Luther is 2. In 1520, Luther Luther is sheltered by the
refuses to recant at
a threat to papal authority. prince of Saxony where he
Worms and is
The H.R.E., is a devout excommunicated. translates Bible into German.
Catholic, and also feels In 1521, he is declared When he returns to
threatened by the uproar. an outlaw and heretic. Wittenberg, his followers
have become a separate
Charles V religious group – the
Holy Roman SAXONY Lutherans.
Emperor

Frederick,
Prince of Saxony
offered
protection to
Luther Luther
Martin

Pope Leo X

Excited by Luther’s talk When the armies of German
about “religious freedom,” 3. The German princes (at Luther’s request)
peasants revolt hoping for peasants revolt brutally crush this revolt
social / economic freedom in 1524. (killing thousands), previous
(an end to serfdom). supporters now turn against
Luther.

Religious Wars begin
between
Catholics and
Protestants.

Charles V fought a 20 year The peace settlement ended
war against the German 4. The Peace of the war and allowed the
Protestant princes and Augsburg is signed ruler of each German state
in 1555.
defeated them in 1547. to decide his own state’s
But he could not force them religious preference.
to remain in the Catholic
Martin Luther
Church. continued his
writings and
lectures until his
death in 1546.

In 1525 Luther
had married a
former nun named
Katharine von
Bora. She bore
him eight children
and outlived him
by six years.
Charles V Even today, unlike Catholic
Holy Roman priests who take a vow of
Emperor celibacy, ministers in Protestant
churches can get married.

England becomes Protestant Text, p. 431; Packet p. 23

Daughter will be
Henry’s
“Bloody” Mary I
Six Catherine of Aragon 1553-1558
Wives : 1509-1533
(divorced) (Catholic).

Daughter Elizabeth I
1558-1603
Anne Boleyn (Protestant).
1533-1536
(beheaded)

Son Edward VI
King Henry VIII of England 1547-1553
[1491-1547] (sickly)
He broke England’s ties to the Jane Seymour
Roman Catholic Church for 1536-1537
(died)
political and personal reasons, not
religious ones like Luther.
Henry needed a male heir and his
Catholic Spanish Queen
Catherine of Aragon Anne of Cleves Kathryn Howard Kathrine Parr
1540 1540-1542 1543-1548
was not able to produce one. (divorced) (beheaded) (survived)

England becomes Protestant - Text, p. 431; Packet p. 23


Henry VIII needed to Henry closes all English
5. English Parliament
annul his marriage to monasteries; seizes their
approves the Act of
Catherine so he could Supremacy in 1534. lands and other Catholic
remarry in order to get a holdings in England;
male heir. thereby increasing his royal
The Pope would not allow. power, as well as his own
So Henry calls Parliament personal wealth.
into session and passes the
Act of Supremacy.

The Act of Supremacy made the ruler of England the official head
of the Church of England – no longer the Catholic Pope.

Today, the Act of Supremacy remains in effect –
Queen Elizabeth II of England is officially the head
of the Anglican Church.



Henry’s daughter Mary had The Anglican church
6. Parliament
tried to restore Catholicism becomes the only legal
establishes the
in England after her father’s Anglican Church church in England and
break with the Pope. in 1559. people were required to
Elizabeth I restores attend. Elizabeth tried to
Protestantism and asks create a church that both
Parliament to create a moderate Catholics and
national Church of England. Protestants could accept.

After everything her father went through trying to get a male heir –
even executing her own mother – it is ironic then that his daughter
Elizabeth would turn out to be one of the most politically skilled
and well-remembered monarchs in England’s history.
She was a master at diplomacy with other European powers
and at achieving compromises in her own kingdom
in order to maintain peace among squabbling religious groups.

Elizabeth I
The “Virgin” Queen
Ruled England for 45 years!



Philip II of The Spanish Armada
Spain had been tries to invade England. Elizabeth I
married to gives a
Mary I of rallying speech
England. A to British
loyal Catholic, troops instilling
he did not think Elizabeth The
confidence in her ability
was a legitimate heir to “Protestant” to rule as a woman.
the English throne. Wind ? Bad weather and
He also believes Elizabeth English “fire ships”
is condoning her English destroy the
navy’s piracy of his Spanish Armada.
Spanish galleys.
When England sides with
the Dutch against Philip’s
rule in the Netherlands
and Elizabeth has her
cousin Mary (Queen of
Scots) executed for
treason, Philip decides to
invade England.

Mr. Loessin’s
Luther Starts
World History
the Reformation
Room 167
• Analyze the historical forces and religious issues that sparked the Reformation.
• Trace Martin Luther’s role in the religious movement to reform the Catholic Church.
• Analyze the impact of Luther’s religious revolt.
• Explain the spread of Protestantism to England during King Henry VIII’s reign.

AGENDA:
• WARM-UP – Read History Makers “Martin Luther,” Text p. 429
• Daily Quiz
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
• Read Chapter 17, Sec. 4, complete p. 27 in your packet.
• Begin studying - CHAPTER 17 Test is Thursday!

Mr. Loessin’s
The Reformation
World History
Continues
Room 167
• Explain John Calvin’s Protestant teachings and their spread throughout northern and
western Europe.
• Describe the beliefs of other Reformers and the role of women in the Reformation.
• Trace the reforms begun by the Catholic Church itself in it’s Counter-Reformation.

AGENDA: Begin Warm-up Immediately upon entering classroom !
• WARM-UP – Read History Makers “John Calvin,” Text p. 433
• Daily Quiz
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
• CHAPTER 17 Test is tomorrow! Study! Come to Tutorials!
• Begin collecting all of this past semester’s Test Answer Sheets.
You will need them in order to Review for Final Exam!

The Spread of Protestant Reformation Groups - Textbook MAP, p. 434; Packet p. 21

According to the
maps, by 1560 or
so, which European
countries became
mostly Protestant?

Which ones
remained mostly
Roman Catholic?

Judging from the
way religious beliefs
were distributed in
Christian Europe,
where would you
predict religious
conflicts were
certain to take
place?

Calvin Begins Another Protestant Church - Textbook, p. 433; Packet p. 27

John Calvin was born in France and was only 12 years old when Martin
Luther was standing trial and refusing to recant at the Council of Worms.
But Calvin heard about the controversy and, even at 12, was intrigued by
the excommunicated monk Luther’s bold defense of himself and his belief in
the Scriptures.
John Calvin To stand in a courtroom and defend oneself against the powerful Church
1509-1564 was an enticing scenario to young Calvin who decides to study law at the
University of Paris.
Taking up what Luther had begun, Calvin would bring order (an
organized system of thought, or theology) to the new Protestant faith.

B. Perceiving Relationships
predestination – a doctrine (teaching) held by Calvinists; the belief that God has
“pre-destined” (already decided) who will be
saved and / or damned even before we are born.
[Those who God has chosen beforehand to be “saved” are
known as the “elect.”]

Calvinism – Christian religion or ideas even today that are based
on Calvin’s teachings.



1. Calvinism People are sinful in their nature; only the “elect”
will be saved;
the doctrine of predestination says that God has
known who the elect will be since the beginning of
time.
John Calvin
1509-1564 Also believes the government should be in the
hands of religious leaders (a theocracy) and
society should be governed by strict laws of
morality.

predestination – a doctrine (teaching) held by Calvinists; the belief that God has
“pre-destined” (already decided) who will be
saved and / or damned even before we are born.
[Those who God has chosen beforehand to be “saved” are
known as the “elect.”]

Calvinism – Christian religion or ideas even today that are based
on Calvin’s teachings.



John Calvin was
asked to create his
vision of the ideal
In England, the Puritans society by the
would adopt the ideas of
Calvin and would
citizens of Geneva
oppose both the Switzerland – a
Catholic as well as the strict theocracy
Protestant Anglican
Church in England. where religious
leaders rule and
Calvinist followers In France
rigid moral conduct
will be called Hugenots. was demanded.
French Hugenots suffered a Punishments for
long period of persecution in
this largely Catholic country. rule breakers could
Read about the be severe – such as
St. Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre in your text, p. 434. excommunication
and banishment.

Calvinism Spreads- Textbook, p. 433; Packet p. 27

2. Presbyterianism John Knox brought Calvinism to Scotland.
This Protestant group takes it name from
the elders who were chosen to govern each
religious community – they were called
presbyters.
John Knox
1505-1572
Protestant nobles of Scotland were led by Knox (a former Catholic priest) in
making Calvinism Scotland’s official religion. They even overthrew the Catholic
queen Mary, Queen of Scots and her young son James VI was placed on the
throne.

Now we can read the Bible…if only we could agree on what it says?
DIFFERENCES IN INTERPRETATION
CAUSE EVEN MORE DIVISIONS
FAITH ALONE?
Infant?

Or, is there need for Adult?
GOOD WORKS?


Calvinism Spreads- Textbook, p. 433; Packet p. 27

3. Anabaptists Believed only adults are mature enough to make a
decision to be baptized; believed in clear
separation of Church and State; were pacifists
(refused to fight in wars).
Ulrich Zwingli
1484-1531
Anabaptists were the forerunners of the Mennonites and Amish. They also
influenced the Quakers and Baptists who both split from the Anglican Church.
All four of these groups exist in the U.S. and, except for the Baptist, continue to
practice pacifism and staunchly defend the ideas of Free Thinking and
Conscience.


Women of the Reformation- Textbook, p. 434 - 5; Packet p. 27

NOTABLE WOMEN
Marguerite of Navarre was the sister of the King of France, Francis I.
She was an important protector of John Calvin and other early
reformers of the church, she expressed her intensely felt religious
views in poetry and plays.

There were other women too who played active, outspoken roles in
the call for Church Reformation. But as time passed the Protestant
religions became more formally organized, male leaders narrowly
limited the roles or activities women could perform.

FAVORITE QUOTES from Marguerite

“God always helps madmen, lovers, and drunkards.”

“When one has one good day in the year, one is not wholly unfortunate.”

“Blessed is he who has it in his power to do evil, yet does it not.”

“People pretend not to like grapes when they are too high for them to reach.”


The Catholics Counter with a Reformation of their own - Textbook, p. 435; Packet p. 27

As Protestantism spread and numerous other sects appeared, the Catholic church
undertook measures to reform itself in order to help Catholics remain loyal.

This movement to reform the Catholic church from within is known
as the Catholic Reformation.

Ignatius of Loyola left his father’s castle in Loyola, Spain to go
fight in Spain’s war with France in 1521. A cannon ball struck his
legs and he was severely wounded. During his recuperation he
gave serious examination to his spiritual life and began writing a
book, Spiritual Exercises. This daily meditation guide attracted
many followers over the next 18 years.
Eventually Pope Paul III made the group founded by Ignatius of Loyola
into a religious order named the Society of Jesus, or “Jesuits,” – the
group focused on the education of Catholics in the 1500s in order to be
better informed about the Scriptures and able to defend themselves against
the preaching of the Protestants.



4. What were the three major activities of the Jesuits?
They founded and staffed schools meant to educate
Catholics in Europe; they sent out missionaries all over
the world to convert non-Christians; and sought to stop
the spread of Protestantism – even conducting trials of
the Inquisition where Protestants were tried for heresy.
Arriving in the New World
Famous Jesuit Schools in the U. S.
with the Spanish conquerors,
Boston College
the Jesuits worked to convert
Loyola Marymount Univ. in Los Angeles
native Americans,
Loyola University in Chicago
establishing missions and
University of San Francisco
schools.

5. Why were the effects of the work of the Jesuits so long lasting?
They sent out missionaries to all the continents, founding
schools, colleges, and universities throughout the world –
many of which are still around today.



6. What role did Popes Paul III and Paul IV play in reforming the
Catholic Church?
Pope Paul III
• had Cardinals investigate corruption within the Church.
• gave approval to the Jesuits, focusing on education.
• used the Inquisition to identify and punish heretics
• convened the Council of Trent

Pope Paul IV
• drew up the “Index of Prohibited Books”
• collected and burned these!
• carried out the decisions of the Council of Trent

Council of Trent – a meeting of Catholic bishops and cardinals [1545-1563]
held in order to reach agreements on the church’s
official teachings (doctrine).

Michelangelo's
Last Judgment of Christ
was unveiled in the Sistine Chapel in
1541. Christ is shown as a muscular
young man and the scene is dominated
by nude figures. Many criticized the work
as an example of the licentiousness that
had pervaded the Catholic church.

Four years later, the Council of Trent
gathered for it’s first session in 1545.
The Council convened to discuss and consider Luther's Theses,
the threat of Protestantism, and to verbalize a defense against the
charges being made by critics of the Catholic Church. In
response to those who criticized the Church’s emphasis on art,
the Council stated that art is an integral part of the process of
helping the layperson to understand the Scriptures.


The INDEX of PROHIBITED BOOKS was drawn up by Pope Paul IV
and bishops and cardinals were ordered to hunt down,
INDEX collect, and burn these books considered dangerous
AVCTORVM to the Catholic faith. – this included all Protestant
ET LIBRORVM,
QVI AB OFFICIO
Bibles written in the vernacular languages.
S. Rom. & vniuerfalis inquifi-
tionis caueri ab omnibus & fin- The writings of Wycliff, Hus, Luther, Henry VIII, Calvin, and
gulis in vniuerfa Chriftiana Re
publica mandantur, fub cenfu- other reformers were proclaimed heretical and ordered found
ris contra legentes, vel tenen- and destroyed in all Catholic regions.
tes libros prohibitos in bulla,
quæ lecta eft in cœna Do-
mini, expresfis & fub Later big names found on the list included Machiavelli,
alijs pœnis in de
creto eiufdem
Erasmus, Galileo, French philosophers Voltaire (18 th c.) and
facri officij Satre (20th c.), Victor Hugo, Daniel Defoe, and even the first
conten- published Encyclopedia.
tis.

The list was relaxed by the Catholic Church in 1966.
R O M AE.
EX OFFICINA
Saluiana. XV.
Menf. Feb.
1 5 5 9.


The Legacy of the Reformation - Textbook, p. 436; Packet p. 27

7. What were some effects of the
Reformation?
• Religion no longer unites Europe.
• Church power declines; while the
power of kings increased –
paving the way for unified
nation-states.
• More people questioned the
teachings of the Church they had
always simply been indoctrinated
into and began to pursue instead
their own independent thinking,
scientific study and other
intellectual interests.


STUDY!
Packet,
p. 26


Mr. Loessin’s
The Reformation
World History
Continues
Room 167
• Explain John Calvin’s Protestant teachings and their spread throughout northern and
western Europe.
• Describe the beliefs of other Reformers and the role of women in the Reformation.
• Trace the reforms begun by the Catholic Church itself in it’s Counter-Reformation.

AGENDA:
• WARM-UP – Read History Makers “John Calvin,” Text p. 433
• Daily Quiz

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
• CHAPTER 17 Test is tomorrow! Study! Come to Tutorials!
• Begin collecting all of this past semester’s Test Answer Sheets.
You will need them in order to Review for Final Exam!

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