The document describes the electric power supply system from generation to distribution. Electric power is generated at power stations and transmitted through high voltage transmission lines over large distances before being distributed to consumers through lower voltage distribution lines. The key components of the system include generation stations, transmission lines, distribution systems, substations to step-up and step-down voltages, and overhead or underground lines.
An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to supply, transfer, and use electric power. ... The majority of these systems rely upon three-phase AC power—the standard for large-scale power transmission and distribution across the modern world.
Supply Systems
I
n early days, there was a little demand for
electrical energy so that small power stations
were built to supply lighting and heating
loads. However, the widespread use of electrical
energy by modern civilisation has necessitated
to produce bulk electrical energy economically
and efficiently. The increased demand of electri-
cal energy can be met by building big power sta-
tions at favourable places where fuel (coal or gas)
or water energy is available in abundance. This
has shifted the site of power stations to places
quite away from the consumers. The electrical
energy produced at the power stations has to be
supplied to the consumers. There is a large net-
work of conductors between the power station
and the consumers. This network can be broadly
divided into two parts viz., transmission and dis-
tribution. The purpose of this chapter is to focus
attention on the various aspects of transmission
of electric power.
An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to supply, transfer, and use electric power. ... The majority of these systems rely upon three-phase AC power—the standard for large-scale power transmission and distribution across the modern world.
Supply Systems
I
n early days, there was a little demand for
electrical energy so that small power stations
were built to supply lighting and heating
loads. However, the widespread use of electrical
energy by modern civilisation has necessitated
to produce bulk electrical energy economically
and efficiently. The increased demand of electri-
cal energy can be met by building big power sta-
tions at favourable places where fuel (coal or gas)
or water energy is available in abundance. This
has shifted the site of power stations to places
quite away from the consumers. The electrical
energy produced at the power stations has to be
supplied to the consumers. There is a large net-
work of conductors between the power station
and the consumers. This network can be broadly
divided into two parts viz., transmission and dis-
tribution. The purpose of this chapter is to focus
attention on the various aspects of transmission
of electric power.
That part of power system which distributes electric power for local use is known as DISTRIBUTION.
Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity. Electricity is carried from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2 kV and 33 kV with the use of transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises. Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage used by lighting, industrial equipment and household appliances. Often several customers are supplied from one transformer through secondary distribution lines. Commercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines through service drops.
Alternating current (AC) is the main driving force in the industries and residential areas, but for the long transmission line (more than 650 KM) AC transmission is more expensive than that of direct current (DC). Technically, AC transmission line control is more complicated because of the frequency. DC transmission does not have these limitations, which has led to build long HVDC transmission lines over the last 40 years. HVDC technology made possible to transfer bulk power over long distances.
AC Distribution System - Generation Distribution and TransmissionGowtham Cr
It include the introduction, requirements, types of distribution system, explanation of Ac Distribution system ,it's Classifications, calculations and types.
High voltage electricity refers to electrical potential large enough to cause injury or damage. In certain industries, high voltage refers to voltage above a certain threshold. Equipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant special safety requirements and procedures.
Detail of the insulators (the vertical string of discs) and conductor vibration dampers (the weights attached directly to the cables) on a 275,000 volt suspension pylon near Thornbury, South Gloucestershire, England. In some countries, pylons for high and extra-high voltage are usually designed to carry two or more electric circuits. For double circuit lines in Germany, the “Danube” towers or more rarely, the “fir tree” towers, are usually used. If a line is constructed using pylons designed to carry several circuits, it is not necessary to install all the circuits at the time of construction. Medium voltage circuits are often erected on the same pylons as 110 kV lines. Paralleling circuits of 380 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV-lines on the same pylons is common. Sometimes, especially with 110 kV-circuits, a parallel circuit carries traction lines for railway electrification
That part of power system which distributes electric power for local use is known as DISTRIBUTION.
Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity. Electricity is carried from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2 kV and 33 kV with the use of transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises. Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage used by lighting, industrial equipment and household appliances. Often several customers are supplied from one transformer through secondary distribution lines. Commercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines through service drops.
Alternating current (AC) is the main driving force in the industries and residential areas, but for the long transmission line (more than 650 KM) AC transmission is more expensive than that of direct current (DC). Technically, AC transmission line control is more complicated because of the frequency. DC transmission does not have these limitations, which has led to build long HVDC transmission lines over the last 40 years. HVDC technology made possible to transfer bulk power over long distances.
AC Distribution System - Generation Distribution and TransmissionGowtham Cr
It include the introduction, requirements, types of distribution system, explanation of Ac Distribution system ,it's Classifications, calculations and types.
High voltage electricity refers to electrical potential large enough to cause injury or damage. In certain industries, high voltage refers to voltage above a certain threshold. Equipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant special safety requirements and procedures.
Detail of the insulators (the vertical string of discs) and conductor vibration dampers (the weights attached directly to the cables) on a 275,000 volt suspension pylon near Thornbury, South Gloucestershire, England. In some countries, pylons for high and extra-high voltage are usually designed to carry two or more electric circuits. For double circuit lines in Germany, the “Danube” towers or more rarely, the “fir tree” towers, are usually used. If a line is constructed using pylons designed to carry several circuits, it is not necessary to install all the circuits at the time of construction. Medium voltage circuits are often erected on the same pylons as 110 kV lines. Paralleling circuits of 380 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV-lines on the same pylons is common. Sometimes, especially with 110 kV-circuits, a parallel circuit carries traction lines for railway electrification
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. The conveyance of electric power from
a power station to consumers’ premises is
known as electric supply system.
3. 1) The power station: Electric power is
produced
2) The transmission lines: transmitted over
large distances to load centers
3) The distribution system: distributed to a
large number of small and big consumers
4. d.c. or a.c. system
overhead or underground system.
5.
6.
7. Generating station : In the given figure, G.S.
represents the generating station where electric
power is produced by 3-phase alternators
operating in parallel.
The usual generation voltage:11 kV.
For economy in the transmission of electric power,
the generation voltage is stepped upto 132 kV or
230kV (or more) at the generating station
8. Primary transmission: The electric power at 132
kV/230kV is transmitted by 3-phase, 3-wire
overhead system
Secondary transmission: The primary transmission
line terminates at the receiving station (RS). At the
receiving station, the voltage is reduced to 33kV by
step-down transformers. From this station, electric
power is transmitted at 33kV by 3-phase, 3-wire
overhead system to various sub-stations (SS)
located at the strategic points in the city.
9. Primary distribution: The secondary transmission line
terminates at the sub-station (SS) where voltage is
reduced from 33 kV to 11kV, 3-phase, 3-wire. The 11
kV lines run along the important road sides of the city.
Secondary distribution: The electric power from
primary distribution line (11 kV) is delivered to
distribution substations (DS). These sub-stations are
located near the consumers’ localities and step down
the voltage to 400 V, 3-phase, 4-wire for secondary
distribution.
The voltage between any two phases is 400 V and
between any phase and neutral is 230 V. The single-
phase residential lighting load is connected between
any one phase and neutral, whereas 3-phase, 400 V
motor load is connected across 3-phase lines directly.
10. Advantages of The high voltage d.c. (HVDC)
transmission over high voltage a.c. transmission:
1) It requires only two conductors as compared to
three for a.c. transmission.
2) There is no inductance, capacitance, phase
displacement and surge problems in d.c. trans-
mission.
3) Due to the absence of inductance, the voltage
drop in a d.c. transmission line is less than the
a.c. line for the same load and sending end
voltage. For this reason, a d.c. transmission line
has better voltage regulation.
11. 4. There is no skin effect in a d.c. system.
Therefore, entire cross-section of the line
conductor is utilized.
5. For the same working voltage, the potential
stress on the insulation is less in case of
d.c.system than that in a.c. system. Therefore, a
d.c. line requires less insulation.
6. A d.c. line has less corona loss and reduced
interference with communication circuits.
7. The high voltage d.c. transmission is free from
the dielectric losses, particularly in the case of
cables
8. In d.c. transmission, there are no stability
problems and synchronizing difficulties.
12. Disadvantages:
1. Electric power cannot be generated at high
d.c. voltage due to commutation problems.
2. The d.c. voltage cannot be stepped up for
transmission of power at high voltages.
3. The d.c. switches and circuit breakers have
their own limitations.
13. 1) The power can be generated at high voltages.
2) The maintenance of a.c. sub-stations is easy and
cheaper.
3) The a.c. voltage can be stepped up or stepped
down by transformers with ease and efficiency.
This permits to transmit power at high voltages
and distribute it at safe potentials
14. 1) An a.c. line requires more copper than a d.c. line.
2) The construction of a.c. transmission line is more
complicated than a d.c. transmission line.
3) Due to skin effect in the a.c. system, the effective
resistance of the line is increased.
4) An a.c. line has capacitance. Therefore, there is a
continuous loss of power due to charging current
even when the line is open.
15. Reduces volume of conductor material.
Increases transmission efficiency
Decreases percentage line drop
16. P = power transmitted in watts
V = line voltage in volts
cos φ = power factor of the load
l = length of the line in metres
R = resistance per conductor in ohms
ρ = resistivity of conductor material
a = area of X-section of conductor
W=Total power loss
19. the increased cost of insulating the conductors
the increased cost of transformers, switchgear and
other terminal apparatus
20. 1) D.C. system
i. D.C. two-wire.
ii. D.C. two-wire with mid-point earthed.
iii. D.C. three-wire.
2) Single-phase A.C. system
i. Single-phase two-wire.
ii. Single-phase two-wire with mid-point earthed.
iii. Single-phase three-wire.
3) Two-phase A.C. system
i. Two-phase four-wire.
ii. Two-phase three wire.
4) Three-phase A.C. system
i. Three-phase three-wire.
ii. Three-phase four-wire.
21. 1) Same power (P watts) transmitted by each
system.
2) The distance (l metres) over which power is
transmitted remains the same.
3) The line losses (W watts) are the same in
each case.
4) The maximum voltage between any
conductor and earth (Vm) is the same in each
case.
22. 1. Two-wire d.c. system with one conductor earthed
Volume of Conductor materials Required
23. 2. Two-wire d.c. system with mid-point earthed
Volume of Conductor materials Required
24. 3. Three-wire d.c. system
Volume of Conductor materials Required
25. 4. Single phase 2-wire a.c. system with one
conductor earthed
Volume of Conductor materials Required
26. 5. Single phase 2-wire system with mid-point
earthed
Volume of Conductor materials Required
27. 6. Single phase, 3-wire system
Volume of Conductor materials Required
28. 7. Two phase, 4-wire a.c. system
Volume of Conductor materials Required
29. 8. Two-phase, 3-wire system
Volume of Conductor materials Required
30. 9. 3-Phase, 3-wire system
Volume of Conductor materials Required
31. 10. 3-phase, 4-wire system
Volume of Conductor materials Required
32.
33. 1. Conductors
2. Step-up and step-down transformers
3. Line insulators
4. Support
5. Protective devices
6. Voltage regulating devices
