This document discusses accounting for cash and receivables. It defines cash and cash equivalents, and explains how to report restricted cash and bank overdrafts. Accounts receivable and notes receivable are defined as the main types of receivables. Recognition and valuation of accounts receivable are explained, including issues like trade discounts, cash discounts, and allowance for doubtful accounts. Estimating bad debts through percentage of sales and receivables approaches is covered.
Valuation of Inventories: A Cost-Basis Approachreskino1
Describe inventory classifications and different inventory systems.
Identify the goods and costs included in inventory.
Compare the cost flow assumptions used to account for inventories.
Determine the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.
The document discusses accounting for intangible assets such as goodwill, patents, trademarks, and research and development costs. It describes characteristics of intangible assets, how to value and amortize them, types of intangibles including goodwill, procedures for recording goodwill, accounting for impairment of intangibles, conceptual issues and accounting treatment for research and development costs.
Wilson would make the following entry to record the estimated uncollectible accounts of $26,610 using the allowance method:
Bad Debt Expense 26,610
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 26,610
This entry increases the Bad Debt Expense to record the estimated uncollectible amount and increases the contra-asset account Allowance for Doubtful Accounts to offset Accounts Receivable and report it at its net realizable value.
The document discusses various topics related to reporting and analyzing receivables:
1. It identifies the different types of receivables as accounts receivable, notes receivable, and other receivables.
2. It explains how accounts receivable are recognized in accounts through journal entries and discusses methods for valuing and accounting for bad debts, including the allowance and direct write-off methods.
3. It describes how notes receivable are recorded through journal entries, including recognizing, valuing, and disposing of notes receivable.
Fundamentals of accounting showcased the basic approach to understanding and managing accounting systems in a simplified manner. Personnel in accounting and financial reporting roles would find the presentation a practice and refresher material for successful bookkeeping and financial reports.
The document discusses the steps in preparing a worksheet. It begins by explaining how to prepare a trial balance on the worksheet by transferring account balances from the ledger. The second step is to enter adjusting entries in the adjustments columns. The third step is to complete the adjusted trial balance columns by totaling debits and credits. The fourth step extends adjusted account balances to the appropriate financial statement columns. The final step is to compute net income or loss by totaling the columns and determining the difference between revenues and expenses.
Valuation of Inventories: A Cost-Basis Approachreskino1
Describe inventory classifications and different inventory systems.
Identify the goods and costs included in inventory.
Compare the cost flow assumptions used to account for inventories.
Determine the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.
The document discusses accounting for intangible assets such as goodwill, patents, trademarks, and research and development costs. It describes characteristics of intangible assets, how to value and amortize them, types of intangibles including goodwill, procedures for recording goodwill, accounting for impairment of intangibles, conceptual issues and accounting treatment for research and development costs.
Wilson would make the following entry to record the estimated uncollectible accounts of $26,610 using the allowance method:
Bad Debt Expense 26,610
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 26,610
This entry increases the Bad Debt Expense to record the estimated uncollectible amount and increases the contra-asset account Allowance for Doubtful Accounts to offset Accounts Receivable and report it at its net realizable value.
The document discusses various topics related to reporting and analyzing receivables:
1. It identifies the different types of receivables as accounts receivable, notes receivable, and other receivables.
2. It explains how accounts receivable are recognized in accounts through journal entries and discusses methods for valuing and accounting for bad debts, including the allowance and direct write-off methods.
3. It describes how notes receivable are recorded through journal entries, including recognizing, valuing, and disposing of notes receivable.
Fundamentals of accounting showcased the basic approach to understanding and managing accounting systems in a simplified manner. Personnel in accounting and financial reporting roles would find the presentation a practice and refresher material for successful bookkeeping and financial reports.
The document discusses the steps in preparing a worksheet. It begins by explaining how to prepare a trial balance on the worksheet by transferring account balances from the ledger. The second step is to enter adjusting entries in the adjustments columns. The third step is to complete the adjusted trial balance columns by totaling debits and credits. The fourth step extends adjusted account balances to the appropriate financial statement columns. The final step is to compute net income or loss by totaling the columns and determining the difference between revenues and expenses.
This document contains an assignment classification table that organizes questions, exercises, problems, and cases from Chapter 4 of the textbook by topic and learning objective. The table breaks down the chapter material into nine topics: income measurement concepts, computation of net income, single-step and multiple-step income statements, extraordinary items and accounting changes, retained earnings statements, intraperiod tax allocation, comprehensive income, and discontinued operations. It further categorizes the material by the learning objectives for each section. The document concludes with an assignment characteristics table that provides details on the level of difficulty, required time, and description of assigned questions.
- An account receivable represents money owed to a company for goods or services sold on credit. When an account receivable becomes uncollectible, it is recorded as a bad debt expense.
- There is an upside to offering credit sales by encouraging purchases, but there is a downside in that some customers will delay payment or not pay at all, creating bad debts.
- Companies must investigate outstanding accounts receivable to identify bad debts, which are difficult to determine if a customer is merely late or unable to pay. Accounting standards provide two methods to account for doubtful accounts and bad debts.
The document provides information about adjusting entries for Micro Computer Services for August 2017. It states that accrued revenues of $500 were earned but not recorded for services performed. It also states that accrued expenses of $300 were incurred for unpaid utilities. The adjusting entries would debit Accounts Receivable and credit Service Revenue for $500 to record accrued revenues. For accrued expenses, the adjusting entries would debit Utilities Expense and credit Accounts Payable for $300 to record accrued expenses.
1) The document discusses accounting for inventories, including classifying inventory, determining inventory quantities, inventory costing methods, and ownership of goods.
2) It describes steps to determine inventory quantities such as taking a physical count and outlines cost flow assumptions methods like FIFO and average cost.
3) Examples are provided to illustrate inventory costing methods and determining ownership of goods in transit.
The document describes the accounting recording process, including how accounts, debits, credits, journals, ledgers, and trial balances are used. It explains that journals are used to record transactions chronologically, while ledgers contain accounts for assets, liabilities, equity, revenues, and expenses. Transactions are posted from journals to ledgers to update account balances. A trial balance is prepared to check that total debits equal total credits. While useful, a trial balance does not guarantee accurate records as errors can still exist.
This document provides an overview of exercises, problems, cases, and internet assignments from Chapter 2 of an accounting textbook. It lists 23 exercises that cover topics such as preparing basic financial statements, accounting principles, effects of transactions, and evaluating financial statements. For each exercise, it provides the learning objectives, estimated time to complete, and difficulty level. It also provides brief descriptions and estimated times for 10 problems and 5 cases designed to reinforce chapter concepts.
The document discusses accounting for property, plant, and equipment (PP&E). It defines PP&E as long-term tangible assets used in operations, including land, buildings, machinery, and equipment. Historical cost is the primary basis for valuing PP&E, which measures the cash paid or equivalent price to bring the asset to the location and condition for its intended use. Costs included in the initial valuation of PP&E comprise all expenditures needed to acquire and prepare the asset, such as purchase price, transportation, installation, and construction costs. The document also covers accounting for self-constructed assets and nonmonetary exchanges of PP&E.
Corporations invest in debt and stock securities for various reasons such as having excess cash or generating investment income. For debt investments, entries are made to record acquisition, interest revenue, and sale. Interest receivable and revenue are reported in financial statements. For stock investments where influence is less than 20%, the cost method is used where investments are recorded at cost and revenue is recognized on cash dividends. For influence between 20-50%, the equity method is used where the investment is adjusted for the investor's share of earnings and dividends. For over 50% influence, consolidated financial statements are prepared. Investments are classified as trading, available-for-sale, or held-to-maturity and reported differently in financial statements.
The document discusses accounting for receivables. It defines receivables as claims held against customers and others for money, goods, or services. The main types of receivables are accounts receivable and notes receivable. The document covers topics such as recognition and valuation of accounts receivable and notes receivable, allowance for doubtful accounts, and special issues related to receivables such as secured borrowing and sales of receivables.
Bab 8 membahas penilaian persediaan dengan pendekatan biaya dasar, meliputi klasifikasi persediaan, sistem perpetual dan periodik, biaya yang dimasukkan ke persediaan, dan asumsi arus biaya seperti FIFO, rata-rata, dan identifikasi khusus. "
Makalah audit terhadap siklus pendapatan, pengujian substantif terhadap saldo...Ilham Akbar
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas mengenai audit terhadap siklus pendapatan khususnya pengujian substantif terhadap saldo piutang usaha. Terdapat penjelasan mengenai piutang usaha, prinsip akuntansi, tujuan pengujian, dan prosedur-prosedur audit yang dilakukan.
This document discusses accounting for receivables. It covers identifying different types of receivables like accounts receivable and notes receivable. It also covers recognizing accounts receivable when sales are made on credit and how to value accounts receivable using methods like the direct write-off and allowance methods. The allowance method estimates uncollectible amounts and establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts balance. The document also discusses disposing of accounts receivable through write-offs or recoveries.
This document summarizes key accounting concepts related to cash, receivables, and related valuation issues. It defines cash and receivables, discusses how to recognize, measure, and present them in financial statements. Specific topics covered include cash controls, restricted cash, cash equivalents, accounts and notes receivable, allowance for doubtful accounts, present value concepts for long-term notes receivable.
Dokumen tersebut membahas ketentuan umum dan tata cara perpajakan di Indonesia. Beberapa poin pentingnya adalah kewajiban wajib pajak untuk mendaftar dan memperoleh Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak (NPWP), tempat pendaftaran NPWP, syarat dan jangka waktu penerbitan NPWP, serta kewajiban penyampaian SPT dan konsekuensinya bila tidak disampaikan.
This document provides an overview of accounting for receivables. It defines different types of receivables like accounts receivable and notes receivable. It explains how companies recognize, value, and dispose of both accounts receivable and notes receivable. Specific topics covered include recognizing revenue on credit sales, estimating and recording allowance for doubtful accounts, accounting for uncollectible accounts, determining maturity dates and interest on notes, and presenting receivables on financial statements. The document aims to help students understand the key accounting concepts and entries related to receivables.
This chapter discusses accounting for cash and receivables. It defines cash as the most liquid asset and identifies items that are considered cash such as currency and bank deposits. Receivables are defined as claims against customers and others for money, goods, or services, and the main types are accounts receivable and notes receivable. The chapter explains the accounting issues around recognition, valuation, and disposition of accounts and notes receivable. It also describes how to report and analyze receivables in financial statements.
Modul ini membahas sistem akuntansi pembiayaan pemerintah daerah. Pembiayaan terdiri atas penerimaan dan pengeluaran pembiayaan, yang mencakup pinjaman, obligasi, dan penyertaan modal. Penerimaan pembiayaan akan menambah saldo kas dan kewajiban, sedangkan pengeluaran pembiayaan akan mengurangi kas dan kewajiban atau menambah investasi. Pihak terkait meliputi fungsi akuntansi dan Bendahara Umum Daerah
The document describes the expenditure cycle process for purchases and cash disbursements. It discusses the conceptual and physical expenditure cycles, including the key processes, documents, and flows of information. It also summarizes the internal controls for basic technology systems and advanced technology systems, noting how automation and integration of systems impact controls. Finally, it discusses reengineering the process using electronic data interchange and the associated control risks.
The document discusses accounting issues related to cash, accounts receivable, and uncollectible accounts receivable. It defines cash and receivables, identifies different types of receivables, and explains recognition and valuation of receivables including estimation of uncollectible amounts using percentage-of-sales and percentage-of-receivables approaches. It also covers presentation of receivables on the statement of financial position and journal entries related to receivables transactions.
This chapter preview discusses cash and receivables. It begins by defining cash as the most liquid asset and examples of cash. It describes how to report cash and related items such as cash equivalents, restricted cash, and bank overdrafts. It then defines receivables as claims against customers and others. It identifies the different types of receivables such as accounts receivable and notes receivable. It discusses accounting issues related to recognition and valuation of accounts receivable and notes receivable. Finally, it outlines the learning objectives of the chapter which include identifying cash items, reporting cash and receivables, and understanding special topics related to receivables.
This document contains an assignment classification table that organizes questions, exercises, problems, and cases from Chapter 4 of the textbook by topic and learning objective. The table breaks down the chapter material into nine topics: income measurement concepts, computation of net income, single-step and multiple-step income statements, extraordinary items and accounting changes, retained earnings statements, intraperiod tax allocation, comprehensive income, and discontinued operations. It further categorizes the material by the learning objectives for each section. The document concludes with an assignment characteristics table that provides details on the level of difficulty, required time, and description of assigned questions.
- An account receivable represents money owed to a company for goods or services sold on credit. When an account receivable becomes uncollectible, it is recorded as a bad debt expense.
- There is an upside to offering credit sales by encouraging purchases, but there is a downside in that some customers will delay payment or not pay at all, creating bad debts.
- Companies must investigate outstanding accounts receivable to identify bad debts, which are difficult to determine if a customer is merely late or unable to pay. Accounting standards provide two methods to account for doubtful accounts and bad debts.
The document provides information about adjusting entries for Micro Computer Services for August 2017. It states that accrued revenues of $500 were earned but not recorded for services performed. It also states that accrued expenses of $300 were incurred for unpaid utilities. The adjusting entries would debit Accounts Receivable and credit Service Revenue for $500 to record accrued revenues. For accrued expenses, the adjusting entries would debit Utilities Expense and credit Accounts Payable for $300 to record accrued expenses.
1) The document discusses accounting for inventories, including classifying inventory, determining inventory quantities, inventory costing methods, and ownership of goods.
2) It describes steps to determine inventory quantities such as taking a physical count and outlines cost flow assumptions methods like FIFO and average cost.
3) Examples are provided to illustrate inventory costing methods and determining ownership of goods in transit.
The document describes the accounting recording process, including how accounts, debits, credits, journals, ledgers, and trial balances are used. It explains that journals are used to record transactions chronologically, while ledgers contain accounts for assets, liabilities, equity, revenues, and expenses. Transactions are posted from journals to ledgers to update account balances. A trial balance is prepared to check that total debits equal total credits. While useful, a trial balance does not guarantee accurate records as errors can still exist.
This document provides an overview of exercises, problems, cases, and internet assignments from Chapter 2 of an accounting textbook. It lists 23 exercises that cover topics such as preparing basic financial statements, accounting principles, effects of transactions, and evaluating financial statements. For each exercise, it provides the learning objectives, estimated time to complete, and difficulty level. It also provides brief descriptions and estimated times for 10 problems and 5 cases designed to reinforce chapter concepts.
The document discusses accounting for property, plant, and equipment (PP&E). It defines PP&E as long-term tangible assets used in operations, including land, buildings, machinery, and equipment. Historical cost is the primary basis for valuing PP&E, which measures the cash paid or equivalent price to bring the asset to the location and condition for its intended use. Costs included in the initial valuation of PP&E comprise all expenditures needed to acquire and prepare the asset, such as purchase price, transportation, installation, and construction costs. The document also covers accounting for self-constructed assets and nonmonetary exchanges of PP&E.
Corporations invest in debt and stock securities for various reasons such as having excess cash or generating investment income. For debt investments, entries are made to record acquisition, interest revenue, and sale. Interest receivable and revenue are reported in financial statements. For stock investments where influence is less than 20%, the cost method is used where investments are recorded at cost and revenue is recognized on cash dividends. For influence between 20-50%, the equity method is used where the investment is adjusted for the investor's share of earnings and dividends. For over 50% influence, consolidated financial statements are prepared. Investments are classified as trading, available-for-sale, or held-to-maturity and reported differently in financial statements.
The document discusses accounting for receivables. It defines receivables as claims held against customers and others for money, goods, or services. The main types of receivables are accounts receivable and notes receivable. The document covers topics such as recognition and valuation of accounts receivable and notes receivable, allowance for doubtful accounts, and special issues related to receivables such as secured borrowing and sales of receivables.
Bab 8 membahas penilaian persediaan dengan pendekatan biaya dasar, meliputi klasifikasi persediaan, sistem perpetual dan periodik, biaya yang dimasukkan ke persediaan, dan asumsi arus biaya seperti FIFO, rata-rata, dan identifikasi khusus. "
Makalah audit terhadap siklus pendapatan, pengujian substantif terhadap saldo...Ilham Akbar
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas mengenai audit terhadap siklus pendapatan khususnya pengujian substantif terhadap saldo piutang usaha. Terdapat penjelasan mengenai piutang usaha, prinsip akuntansi, tujuan pengujian, dan prosedur-prosedur audit yang dilakukan.
This document discusses accounting for receivables. It covers identifying different types of receivables like accounts receivable and notes receivable. It also covers recognizing accounts receivable when sales are made on credit and how to value accounts receivable using methods like the direct write-off and allowance methods. The allowance method estimates uncollectible amounts and establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts balance. The document also discusses disposing of accounts receivable through write-offs or recoveries.
This document summarizes key accounting concepts related to cash, receivables, and related valuation issues. It defines cash and receivables, discusses how to recognize, measure, and present them in financial statements. Specific topics covered include cash controls, restricted cash, cash equivalents, accounts and notes receivable, allowance for doubtful accounts, present value concepts for long-term notes receivable.
Dokumen tersebut membahas ketentuan umum dan tata cara perpajakan di Indonesia. Beberapa poin pentingnya adalah kewajiban wajib pajak untuk mendaftar dan memperoleh Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak (NPWP), tempat pendaftaran NPWP, syarat dan jangka waktu penerbitan NPWP, serta kewajiban penyampaian SPT dan konsekuensinya bila tidak disampaikan.
This document provides an overview of accounting for receivables. It defines different types of receivables like accounts receivable and notes receivable. It explains how companies recognize, value, and dispose of both accounts receivable and notes receivable. Specific topics covered include recognizing revenue on credit sales, estimating and recording allowance for doubtful accounts, accounting for uncollectible accounts, determining maturity dates and interest on notes, and presenting receivables on financial statements. The document aims to help students understand the key accounting concepts and entries related to receivables.
This chapter discusses accounting for cash and receivables. It defines cash as the most liquid asset and identifies items that are considered cash such as currency and bank deposits. Receivables are defined as claims against customers and others for money, goods, or services, and the main types are accounts receivable and notes receivable. The chapter explains the accounting issues around recognition, valuation, and disposition of accounts and notes receivable. It also describes how to report and analyze receivables in financial statements.
Modul ini membahas sistem akuntansi pembiayaan pemerintah daerah. Pembiayaan terdiri atas penerimaan dan pengeluaran pembiayaan, yang mencakup pinjaman, obligasi, dan penyertaan modal. Penerimaan pembiayaan akan menambah saldo kas dan kewajiban, sedangkan pengeluaran pembiayaan akan mengurangi kas dan kewajiban atau menambah investasi. Pihak terkait meliputi fungsi akuntansi dan Bendahara Umum Daerah
The document describes the expenditure cycle process for purchases and cash disbursements. It discusses the conceptual and physical expenditure cycles, including the key processes, documents, and flows of information. It also summarizes the internal controls for basic technology systems and advanced technology systems, noting how automation and integration of systems impact controls. Finally, it discusses reengineering the process using electronic data interchange and the associated control risks.
The document discusses accounting issues related to cash, accounts receivable, and uncollectible accounts receivable. It defines cash and receivables, identifies different types of receivables, and explains recognition and valuation of receivables including estimation of uncollectible amounts using percentage-of-sales and percentage-of-receivables approaches. It also covers presentation of receivables on the statement of financial position and journal entries related to receivables transactions.
This chapter preview discusses cash and receivables. It begins by defining cash as the most liquid asset and examples of cash. It describes how to report cash and related items such as cash equivalents, restricted cash, and bank overdrafts. It then defines receivables as claims against customers and others. It identifies the different types of receivables such as accounts receivable and notes receivable. It discusses accounting issues related to recognition and valuation of accounts receivable and notes receivable. Finally, it outlines the learning objectives of the chapter which include identifying cash items, reporting cash and receivables, and understanding special topics related to receivables.
This chapter preview discusses cash and receivables. It begins by defining cash as the most liquid asset and examples of items considered cash. It describes how to report cash and related items such as cash equivalents, restricted cash, and bank overdrafts. It then defines receivables as claims against customers and others, and identifies the main types as accounts receivable and notes receivable. It discusses accounting issues for receivables such as recognition, valuation, and allowance for doubtful accounts. The learning objectives cover identifying cash items, reporting cash and receivables, and understanding related accounting issues.
(a) 1% of net sales:
Net credit sales = $750,000
Bad debt expense = 1% x $750,000 = $7,500
Bad Debt Expense 37,500
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 37,500
(b) 5% of accounts receivable:
Accounts receivable = $750,000
Bad debt expense = 5% x $750,000 = $37,500
LO 5
7-47
1. Identify items considered cash.
2. Indicate how to report cash and related items.
3. Define receivables and identify the different
types of receivables.
4. Explain accounting issues
This document discusses accounting for cash, receivables, and related valuation topics. It defines cash and cash equivalents, and how to report restricted cash balances. It describes the different types of receivables, including accounts and notes receivable. The document discusses methods for recognizing sales and estimating uncollectible accounts, including the allowance method and direct write-off method. It also addresses accounting for impairments to receivables.
This chapter discusses accounting for receivables. There are three main types of receivables: accounts receivable, notes receivable, and other receivables. Accounts receivable arise from credit sales and are recognized as revenue when the sale occurs. Notes receivable are written promises to pay an amount at a future date. Companies value receivables at their net realizable value using an allowance method where bad debts are estimated. The allowance method is preferred over the direct write-off method.
Here are the key steps to solving this problem:
1. Calculate 10% of accounts receivable to estimate uncollectible accounts:
- 10% of $30,000 is 0.1 * $30,000 = $3,000
2. Add the existing balance in the allowance account:
- $2,000 existing balance
3. The total estimated uncollectible accounts is $3,000 + $2,000 = $5,000
Therefore, the adjusting entry is:
Bad Debt Expense 5,000
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 5,000
Companies recognize accounts receivable when goods or services are sold on credit. Accounts receivable are valued at their expected cash realizable value by estimating and recording an allowance for doubtful accounts through a credit to Bad Debt Expense. When specific accounts are written off as uncollectible, the allowance account is debited with an offsetting credit to Accounts Receivable. The allowance method following this process provides a better matching of revenues and expenses than the direct write-off method.
The document discusses accounting for receivables. It explains that companies recognize accounts receivable when goods or services are sold on credit. Accounts receivable are valued at their expected cash realizable value by using an allowance method where bad debt expense is estimated and an allowance account is adjusted. Companies can dispose of receivables by selling them to factors or accepting credit card payments with a processing fee.
Accounting For Receivables 9 Learning ObjectivesTye Rausch
Companies recognize accounts receivable when goods or services are sold on credit. Accounts receivable are valued at their expected cash realizable value by using an allowance method where uncollectible amounts are estimated. The allowance account is a contra-asset account that is deducted from accounts receivable on the balance sheet. When specific accounts are deemed uncollectible they are written off by debiting the allowance and crediting the receivable. Recoveries of previously written off amounts are recorded by debiting cash and crediting the receivable.
The document discusses accounting for receivables. It explains that companies recognize accounts receivable when goods or services are sold on credit. Accounts receivable are valued at their expected cash realizable amount by using an allowance method where bad debt expense is estimated and an allowance account is adjusted. Companies can dispose of receivables by selling them to factors at a discount or accepting credit card payments with a processing fee.
Chapter 5, Fundamentals of Accounting I (2).pptxKalkaye
This chapter discusses accounting for receivables. It defines receivables as amounts due from customers and others that are expected to be collected in cash. The chapter covers the different types of receivables including accounts receivable and notes receivable. It explains how companies recognize and value receivables, and the journal entries for adjusting accounts and writing off uncollectible amounts. The chapter also discusses methods for estimating uncollectible accounts, such as the percentage of sales and percentage of receivables approaches.
Chapter 09 ACCOUNTING FOR RECEIVABLES.pptJemalSeid25
This chapter summary discusses accounting for receivables, including accounts receivable and notes receivable. It covers recognizing, valuing, and disposing of both accounts receivable and notes receivable. Specific topics covered include the allowance method and direct write-off method for estimating uncollectible accounts, percentage of sales and receivables bases, and sales of receivables through factoring or credit card transactions.
This document discusses various topics related to receivables accounting including types of receivables, recognizing and valuing accounts receivable, methods for accounting for bad debts, notes receivable, statement presentation of receivables, managing receivables, and analyzing receivables. It provides examples and explanations of key receivables accounting concepts and calculations.
1) The document discusses accounting for receivables, including accounts receivable, notes receivable, uncollectible receivables, and methods for estimating uncollectibles.
2) It compares the direct write-off and allowance methods for uncollectible accounts and describes how to estimate bad debts using the percentage of sales and aging of receivables methods.
3) Reporting of receivables on the balance sheet and calculating accounts receivable turnover and number of days' sales in receivables to evaluate efficiency of receivables collection are also covered.
This document provides examples of accounting entries for uncollectible accounts (bad debts) using both the direct write-off method and provision method. Under the direct write-off method, uncollectible accounts are directly expensed against accounts receivable when deemed uncollectible. The provision method estimates bad debts at the end of each period by debiting bad debt expense and crediting an allowance account to match expenses with revenues. When debts are written off, the allowance is reduced and receivables are credited.
Adjusting entries are journal entries made at the end of an accounting period to ensure revenues and expenses are recorded in the appropriate period. This involves adjusting accounts for accruals, such as unpaid expenses and unrecorded revenue, and deferrals like prepaid expenses and unearned revenue. An adjusted trial balance is prepared after adjusting entries to prove the equality of debit and credit balances before financial statements are made.
Bab 3 - The Accounting Information Systemmsahuleka
The document discusses key aspects of an accounting information system and the accounting cycle, including basic terminology, double-entry rules, journalizing and posting transactions, preparing adjusting entries, and financial statements. It explains the steps in the accounting cycle such as recording transactions, preparing a trial balance, making adjustments, preparing an adjusted trial balance and financial statements, and closing entries.
This document provides definitions and examples of key accounting terms. It defines real accounts as accounts for assets and liabilities like furniture, land, and machinery accounts. Nominal accounts record incomes and expenses like salary, commission, and telephone expenses accounts. Personal accounts debit the receiver and credit the giver. Real accounts debit what comes in and credit what goes out, while nominal accounts debit expenses and losses and credit incomes and revenues.
Discover the Beauty and Functionality of The Expert Remodeling Serviceobriengroupinc04
Unlock your kitchen's true potential with expert remodeling services from O'Brien Group Inc. Transform your space into a functional, modern, and luxurious haven with their experienced professionals. From layout reconfiguration to high-end upgrades, they deliver stunning results tailored to your style and needs. Visit obriengroupinc.com to elevate your kitchen's beauty and functionality today.
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SUmsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
Efficient PHP Development Solutions for Dynamic Web ApplicationsHarwinder Singh
Unlock the full potential of your web projects with our expert PHP development solutions. From robust backend systems to dynamic front-end interfaces, we deliver scalable, secure, and high-performance applications tailored to your needs. Trust our skilled team to transform your ideas into reality with custom PHP programming, ensuring seamless functionality and a superior user experience.
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
The Steadfast and Reliable Bull: Taurus Zodiac Signmy Pandit
Explore the steadfast and reliable nature of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights that define the determined and practical Taurus, and learn how their grounded nature makes them the anchor of the zodiac.
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
High-Quality IPTV Monthly Subscription for $15advik4387
Experience high-quality entertainment with our IPTV monthly subscription for just $15. Access a vast array of live TV channels, movies, and on-demand shows with crystal-clear streaming. Our reliable service ensures smooth, uninterrupted viewing at an unbeatable price. Perfect for those seeking premium content without breaking the bank. Start streaming today!
https://rb.gy/f409dk
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
Adani Group's Active Interest In Increasing Its Presence in the Cement Manufa...Adani case
Time and again, the business group has taken up new business ventures, each of which has allowed it to expand its horizons further and reach new heights. Even amidst the Adani CBI Investigation, the firm has always focused on improving its cement business.
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
L'indice de performance des ports à conteneurs de l'année 2023SPATPortToamasina
Une évaluation comparable de la performance basée sur le temps d'escale des navires
L'objectif de l'ICPP est d'identifier les domaines d'amélioration qui peuvent en fin de compte bénéficier à toutes les parties concernées, des compagnies maritimes aux gouvernements nationaux en passant par les consommateurs. Il est conçu pour servir de point de référence aux principaux acteurs de l'économie mondiale, notamment les autorités et les opérateurs portuaires, les gouvernements nationaux, les organisations supranationales, les agences de développement, les divers intérêts maritimes et d'autres acteurs publics et privés du commerce, de la logistique et des services de la chaîne d'approvisionnement.
Le développement de l'ICPP repose sur le temps total passé par les porte-conteneurs dans les ports, de la manière expliquée dans les sections suivantes du rapport, et comme dans les itérations précédentes de l'ICPP. Cette quatrième itération utilise des données pour l'année civile complète 2023. Elle poursuit le changement introduit l'année dernière en n'incluant que les ports qui ont eu un minimum de 24 escales valides au cours de la période de 12 mois de l'étude. Le nombre de ports inclus dans l'ICPP 2023 est de 405.
Comme dans les éditions précédentes de l'ICPP, la production du classement fait appel à deux approches méthodologiques différentes : une approche administrative, ou technique, une méthodologie pragmatique reflétant les connaissances et le jugement des experts ; et une approche statistique, utilisant l'analyse factorielle (AF), ou plus précisément la factorisation matricielle. L'utilisation de ces deux approches vise à garantir que le classement des performances des ports à conteneurs reflète le plus fidèlement possible les performances réelles des ports, tout en étant statistiquement robuste.
Enhancing Adoption of AI in Agri-food: IntroductionCor Verdouw
Introduction to the Panel on: Pathways and Challenges: AI-Driven Technology in Agri-Food, AI4Food, University of Guelph
“Enhancing Adoption of AI in Agri-food: a Path Forward”, 18 June 2024
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN CHART
2. 7-2
C H A P T E R 7
CASH AND RECEIVABLES
Intermediate Accounting
IFRS Edition
Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield
3. 7-3
1. Identify items considered cash.
2. Indicate how to report cash and related items.
3. Define receivables and identify the different types of receivables.
4. Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
5. Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
6. Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
7. Explain accounting issues related to valuation of notes receivable.
8. Understand special topics related to receivables.
9. Describe how to report and analyze receivables.
Learning Objectives
5. 7-5
A financial asset—also a financial instrument.
Financial Instrument - Any contract that gives rise to a
financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or
equity interest of another entity.
Cash
LO 1 Identify items considered cash.
What is Cash?
Illustration 7-1
Types of Assets
6. 7-6
► Most liquid asset.
► Standard medium of exchange.
► Basis for measuring and accounting for all other items.
► Current asset.
Cash
LO 1 Identify items considered cash.
What is Cash?
Examples: coin, currency, available funds on deposit at the
bank, money orders, certified checks, cashier’s checks, personal
checks, bank drafts and savings accounts.
7. 7-7
Short-term, highly liquid investments that are both
Cash
LO 2 Indicate how to report cash and related items.
Reporting Cash
(a) readily convertible to cash, and
(b) so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk
of changes in interest rates.
Examples: Treasury bills, commercial paper, and money market
funds.
Cash Equivalents
8. 7-8
When material in amount:
Segregate restricted cash from “regular” cash.
Current assets or non-current assets
Cash
LO 2 Indicate how to report cash and related items.
Restricted Cash
Examples, restricted for: (1) plant expansion, (2) retirement of
long-term debt, and (3) compensating balances.
9. 7-9
When a company writes a check for more than the
amount in its cash account.
Cash
LO 2 Indicate how to report cash and related items.
Bank Overdrafts
Generally reported as a current liability.
Offset against cash account only when available cash is
present in another account in the same bank on which
the overdraft occurred.
11. 7-11
Accounts Receivable
LO 3 Define receivables and identify the different types of receivables.
Written promises to pay a
sum of money on a
specified future date.
Receivables are claims held against customers and
others for money, goods, or services.
Oral promises of the
purchaser to pay for goods
and services sold.
Accounts
Receivable
Notes
Receivable
12. 7-12
Non-trade Receivables
1. Advances to officers and employees.
2. Advances to subsidiaries.
3. Deposits to cover potential damages or losses.
4. Deposits as a guarantee of performance or payment.
5. Dividends and interest receivable.
6. Claims against:
a) Insurance companies for casualties sustained.
b) Defendants under suit.
c) Governmental bodies for tax refunds.
d) Common carriers for damaged or lost goods.
e) Creditors for returned, damaged, or lost goods.
f) Customers for returnable items (crates, containers, etc.).
Accounts Receivable
LO 3 Define receivables and identify the different types of receivables.
14. 7-14
Accounts Receivable
LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
Trade Discounts
Reductions from the list
price
Not recognized in the
accounting records
Customers are billed net of
discounts
10 %
Discount
for new
Retail
Store
Customers
Recognition of Accounts Receivable
15. 7-15
Accounts Receivable
LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
Cash Discounts
(Sales Discounts)
Inducements for prompt
payment
Gross Method vs. Net
Method
Payment terms
are 2/10, n/30
Recognition of Accounts Receivable
16. 7-16
Accounts Receivable
LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
Cash Discounts (Sales Discounts) Illustration 7-5
Entries under Gross and
Net Methods of Recording
Cash (Sales) Discounts
17. 7-17
E7-5: On June 3, Bolton Company sold to Arquette Company
merchandise having a sale price of £2,000 with terms of 2/10, n/60,
f.o.b. shipping point. On June 12, the company received a check for
the balance due from Arquette Company. Prepare the journal entries
on Bolton Company books to record the sale assuming Bolton records
sales using the gross method.
Sales 2,000
Accounts receivable 2,000
June 3
Accounts Receivable
LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
Cash 1,960
Sales discounts (£2,000 x 2%) 40
Accounts receivable 2,000
June 12
18. 7-18
Sales 1,960
Accounts receivable 1,960
June 3
Accounts Receivable
LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
Cash (£2,000 x 98%) 1,960
Accounts receivable 1,960
June 12
E7-5: On June 3, Bolton Company sold to Arquette Company
merchandise having a sale price of £2,000 with terms of 2/10, n/60,
f.o.b. shipping point. On June 12, the company received a check for
the balance due from Arquette Company. Prepare the journal entries
on Bolton Company books to record the sale assuming Bolton records
sales using the net method.
19. 7-19
E7-5: On June 3, Bolton Company sold to Arquette Company
merchandise having a sale price of £2,000 with terms of 2/10, n/60,
f.o.b. shipping point. Prepare the journal entries on Bolton Company
books to record the sale assuming Bolton records sales using the net
method, and Arquette did not remit payment until July 29.
Sales 1,960
Accounts receivable 1,960
June 3
Accounts Receivable
LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
Cash 2,000
Accounts receivable 1,960
Sales discounts forfeited 40
June 12
20. 7-20
A company should measure receivables in terms of their
present value.
Non-Recognition of Interest Element
LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
Accounts Receivable
In practice, companies ignore interest revenue related to
accounts receivable because, for current assets, the
amount of the discount is
not usually material in
relation to the net income
for the period.
21. 7-21
How are these accounts presented on the Statement of
Financial Position?
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 500 25 End.
Accounts Receivable
LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
22. 7-22 LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
Current Assets:
Merchandise inventory 812
$
Prepaid expense 40
Accounts receivable 500
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts (25) 475
Cash 330
Total current assets 1,657
Statement of Financial Position (partial)
ABC Corporation
Accounts Receivable
23. 7-23 LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
Current Assets:
Merchandise inventory 812
$
Prepaid expense 40
Accounts receivable, net of $25 allowance 475
Cash 330
Total current assets 1,657
Statement of Financial Position (partial)
ABC Corporation
Accounts Receivable
24. 7-24
Journal entry for credit sale of $100?
Accounts receivable 100
Sales 100
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 500 25 End.
Accounts Receivable
LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
25. 7-25
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 600 25 End.
Sale 100
Accounts Receivable
LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
Journal entry for credit sale of $100?
Accounts receivable 100
Sales 100
26. 7-26
Collected of $333 on account?
Cash 333
Accounts receivable 333
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 600 25 End.
Sale 100
Accounts Receivable
LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
27. 7-27
Collected of $333 on account?
Cash 333
Accounts receivable 333
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 267 25 End.
Sale 100 333 Coll.
Accounts Receivable
LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
28. 7-28
Adjustment of $15 for estimated Bad-Debts?
Bad debt expense 15
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 15
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 267 25 End.
Sale 100 333 Coll.
Accounts Receivable
LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
29. 7-29
Adjustment of $15 for estimated Bad-Debts?
Bad debt expense 15
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 15
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 267 40 End.
Sale 100 333 Coll. 15 Est.
Accounts Receivable
LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
30. 7-30
Write-off of uncollectible accounts for $10?
Allowance for Doubtful accounts 10
Accounts receivable 10
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 267 40 End.
Sale 100 333 Coll. 15 Est.
Accounts Receivable
LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
31. 7-31
Write-off of uncollectible accounts for $10?
Allowance for Doubtful accounts 10
Accounts receivable 10
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 257 30 End.
Sale 100 333 Coll. 15 Est.
W/O 10
10 W/O
Accounts Receivable
LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
32. 7-32 LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
Current Assets:
Merchandise inventory 812
$
Prepaid expense 40
Accounts receivable, net of $30 allowance 227
Cash 330
Total current assets 1,409
Statement of Financial Position (partial)
ABC Corporation
Accounts Receivable
33. 7-33
Accounts Receivable
LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
Valuation of Accounts Receivables
Classification
Valuation (cash realizable value)
Uncollectible Accounts Receivable
Sales on account raise the possibility of accounts
not being collected.
34. 7-34 LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
Valuation of Accounts Receivable
An uncollectible account receivable is a loss of revenue that
requires,
a decrease in the asset accounts receivable and
a related decrease in income and shareholders’ equity.
Uncollectible Accounts Receivable
35. 7-35 LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
Allowance Method
Losses are Estimated:
Percentage-of-sales
Percentage-of-receivables
IFRS requires when
material in amount
Methods of Accounting for Uncollectible Accounts
Direct Write-Off
Theoretically undesirable:
No matching
Receivable not stated at
cash realizable value
Not IFRS when material in
amount
Valuation of Accounts Receivable
36. 7-36
Uncollectible Accounts Receivable
LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
Emphasis on
the Income
Statement
Emphasis on
the Statement
of Financial
Position
Illustration 7-7
37. 7-37
Uncollectible Accounts Receivable
LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
Percentage-of-Sales Approach
Percentage based upon past experience and anticipate
credit policy.
Achieves proper matching of costs with revenues.
Existing balance in Allowance account not considered.
38. 7-38
Uncollectible Accounts Receivable
LO 5
Illustration: Gonzalez Company estimates from past experience
that about 1% of credit sales become uncollectible. If net credit
sales are $800,000 in 2011, it records bad debt expense as follows.
Bad Debt Expense 8,000
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 8,000
Percentage-of-Sales Approach
Illustration 7-8
39. 7-39
Uncollectible Accounts Receivable
LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
Percentage-of-Receivables Approach
Not matching.
Reports receivables at cash realizable value.
Companies may apply this method using
► one composite rate, or
► an aging schedule using different rates.
40. 7-40
Uncollectible Accounts Receivable
LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
Bad Debt Expense 37,650
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 37,650
What entry
would Wilson
make assuming
that no balance
existed in the
allowance
account?
Illustration 7-9
Accounts Receivable
Aging Schedule
41. 7-41
Uncollectible Accounts Receivable
LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
Bad Debt Expense ($37,650 – $800) 36,850
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 36,850
What entry
would Wilson
make assuming
the allowance
account had a
credit balance
of $800 before
adjustment?
Illustration 7-9
Accounts Receivable
Aging Schedule
42. 7-42
Uncollectible Accounts Receivable
LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
E7-7 (Recording Bad Debts): Sandel Company reports the
following financial information before adjustments.
Instructions: Prepare the journal entry to record bad debt
expense assuming Sandel Company estimates bad debts at
(a) 1% of net sales and (b) 5% of accounts receivable.
43. 7-43
Uncollectible Accounts Receivable
LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
E7-7 (Recording Bad Debts): Sandel Company reports the
following financial information before adjustments.
Instructions: Prepare the journal entry to record bad debt
expense assuming Sandel Company estimates bad debts at
(a) 1% of net sales.
Bad Debt Expense 7,500
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 7,500
(€800,000 – €50,000) x 1% = €7,500
44. 7-44
Uncollectible Accounts Receivable
LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
E7-7 (Recording Bad Debts): Sandel Company reports the
following financial information before adjustments.
Instructions: Prepare the journal entry to record bad debt
expense assuming Sandel Company estimates bad debts at
(b) 5% of accounts receivable.
Bad Debt Expense 6,000
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 6,000
(€160,000 x 5%) – €2,000) = €6,000
45. 7-45
Recovery of Uncollectible Accounts
LO 5
Illustration: Assume that the financial vice president of Brown
Furniture authorizes a write-off of the $1,000 balance owed by
Randall Co. on March 1, 2012. The entry to record the write-off is:
Bad Debt Expense 1,000
Accounts Receivable 1,000
Assume that on July 1, Randall Co. pays the $1,000 amount that
Brown had written off on March 1. These are the entries:
Accounts Receivable 1,000
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 1,000
Cash 1,000
Accounts Receivable 1,000
46. 7-46
Accounts Receivable
LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
Impairment Evaluation Process
Companies assess their receivables for impairment each reporting period.
Possible loss events are:
1. Significant financial problems of the customer.
2. Payment defaults.
3. Renegotiation of terms of the receivable due to financial difficulty of the
customer.
4. Decrease in estimated future cash flows from a group of receivables
since initial recognition, although the decrease cannot yet be identified
with individual assets in the group.
47. 7-47
Accounts Receivable
LO 5
Impairment Evaluation Process
A receivable is considered impaired when a loss event indicates a negative
impact on the estimated future cash flows to be received from the customer.
The IASB requires that the impairment assessment should be performed as
follows.
1. Receivables that are individually significant should be considered for
impairment separately.
2. Any receivable individually assessed that is not considered impaired
should be included with a group of assets with similar credit-risk
characteristics and collectively assessed for impairment.
3. Any receivables not individually assessed should be collectively
assessed for impairment.
48. 7-48
Accounts Receivable
LO 5
Illustration: Hector Company has the following receivables classified into
individually significant and all other receivables.
Hector determines that Yaan’s receivable is impaired by $15,000, and
Blanchard’s receivable is totally impaired. Both Randon’s and Fernando’s
receivables are not considered impaired. Hector also determines that a
composite rate of 2% is appropriate to measure impairment on all other
receivables.
49. 7-49
Accounts Receivable
The total impairment is computed as follows.
Illustration 7-10
LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
50. 7-50
Supported by a formal promissory note.
Notes Receivable
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
A negotiable instrument.
Maker signs in favor of a Payee.
Interest-bearing (has a stated rate of interest) OR
Zero-interest-bearing (interest included in face
amount).
51. 7-51
Notes Receivable
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
Generally originate from:
Customers who need to extend payment period of an
outstanding receivable.
High-risk or new customers.
Loans to employees and subsidiaries.
Sales of property, plant, and equipment.
Lending transactions (the majority of notes).
52. 7-52 LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
Recognition of Notes Receivable
Short-Term Long-Term
Record at
Face Value,
less allowance
Record at
Present Value
of cash expected to
be collected
Interest Rates
Stated rate = Market rate
Stated rate > Market rate
Stated rate < Market rate
Note Issued at
Face Value
Premium
Discount
53. 7-53
Illustration: Bigelow Corp. lends Scandinavian Imports $10,000
in exchange for a $10,000, three-year note bearing interest at 10
percent annually. The market rate of interest for a note of similar
risk is also 10 percent. How does Bigelow record the receipt of
the note?
Note Issued at Face Value
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
0 1 2 3
$1,000 $1,000 Interest
$1,000
$10,000 Principal
4
i = 10%
n = 3
54. 7-54
$1,000 x 2.48685 = $2,487
Interest Received Factor Present Value
Note Issued at Face Value
PV of Interest
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
55. 7-55
$10,000 x .75132 = $7,513
Principal Factor Present Value
Note Issued at Face Value
PV of Principal
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
56. 7-56
Summary Present value of interest $ 2,487
Present value of principal 7,513
Note current market value $10,000
Date Account Title Debit Credit
Jan. yr. 1
Dec. yr. 1
Note Issued at Face Value
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
Notes receivable 10,000
Cash 10,000
Cash 1,000
Interest revenue 1,000
57. 7-57
Illustration: Jeremiah Company receives a three-year, $10,000
zero-interest-bearing note. The market rate of interest for a
note of similar risk is 9 percent. How does Jeremiah record the
receipt of the note?
Zero-Interest-Bearing Note
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
0 1 3 3
$0 $0 Interest
$0
$10,000 Principal
4
i = 9%
n = 3
58. 7-58
$10,000 x .77218 = $7,721.80
Principal Factor Present Value
Zero-Interest-Bearing Note
PV of Principal
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
59. 7-59 LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
Zero-Interest-Bearing Note
Illustration 7-14
60. 7-60
Journal Entries for Zero-Interest-Bearing note
Present value of Principal $7,721.80
Date Account Title Debit Credit
Jan. yr. 1 Notes receivable 7,721.80
Cash 7,721.80
Dec. yr. 1 Notes receivable 694.96
Interest revenue 694.96
($7,721.80 x 9%)
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
Zero-Interest-Bearing Note
61. 7-61
Illustration: Morgan Corp. makes a loan to Marie Co. and
receives in exchange a three-year, $10,000 note bearing interest
at 10 percent annually. The market rate of interest for a note of
similar risk is 12 percent. How does Morgan record the receipt of
the note?
Interest-Bearing Note
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
0 1 2 3
$1,000 $1,000 Interest
$1,000
$10,000 Principal
4
i = 12%
n = 3
62. 7-62
$1,000 x 2.40183 = $2,402
Interest Received Factor Present Value
Interest-Bearing Note
PV of Interest
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
63. 7-63
$10,000 x .71178 = $7,118
Principal Factor Present Value
Interest-Bearing Note
PV of Principal
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
64. 7-64
Illustration: How does Morgan record the receipt of the note?
Interest-Bearing Note
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
Illustration 7-13
Notes Receivable 9,520
Cash 9,520
65. 7-65
Illustration 7-14
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
Interest-Bearing Note
66. 7-66
Journal Entries for Interest-Bearing Note
Date Account Title Debit Credit
Beg. yr. 1 Notes receivable 9,520
Cash 9,520
End. yr. 1
($9,520 x 12%)
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
Interest-Bearing Note
Cash 1,000
Notes receivable 142
Interest revenue 1,142
67. 7-67
Notes Receivable
Notes Received for Property, Goods, or Services
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
In a bargained transaction entered into at arm’s length, the
stated interest rate is presumed to be fair unless:
1. No interest rate is stated, or
2. Stated interest rate is unreasonable, or
3. Face amount of the note is materially different from the
current cash sales price.
68. 7-68
Notes Receivable
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
Illustration: Oasis Development Co. sold a corner lot to Rusty
Pelican as a restaurant site. Oasis accepted in exchange a five-year
note having a maturity value of £35,247 and no stated interest rate.
The land originally cost Oasis £14,000. At the date of sale the land
had a fair market value of £20,000. Oasis uses the fair market value
of the land, £20,000, as the present value of the note. Oasis therefore
records the sale as:
Notes Receivable 20,000
Land 14,000
Gain on Sale of Land 6,000
(£35,247 - £20,000) = £15,247
69. 7-69
Notes Receivable
LO 7 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of notes receivable.
Short-Term reporting parallels that for trade accounts
receivable.
Long-Term - impairment tests are often done on an
individual assessment basis. Impairment losses are
measured as the difference between the carrying value of
the receivable and the present value of the estimated future
cash flows discounted at the original effective-interest rate.
Valuation of Notes Receivable
70. 7-70
Notes Receivable
LO 7 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of notes receivable.
Illustration: Tesco Inc. has a note receivable with a carrying amount
of $200,000. The debtor, Morganese Company, has indicated that it is
experiencing financial difficulty. Tesco decides that Morganese’s note
receivable is therefore impaired. Tesco computes the present value of
the future cash flows discounted at its original effective-interest rate to
be $175,000. The computation of the loss on impairment is as follows.
71. 7-71
Notes Receivable
LO 7 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of notes receivable.
The entry to record the impairment loss is as follows.
The computation of the loss on impairment is as follows.
Bad Debt Expense 25,000
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 25,000
72. 7-72
Special Issues Related To Receivables
LO 8 Understand special topics related to receivables.
Fair Value Option
Companies have the option to record fair value in their accounts for
most financial assets and liabilities, including receivables. [6]
The IASB believes that fair value measurement for financial
instruments provides more relevant and understandable information
than historical cost because it reflects the current cash equivalent
value of financial instruments.
[6] International Accounting Standard 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement
(London, U.K.: International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation, 2003), paras. IN16 and 9.
73. 7-73
Special Issues Related To Receivables
LO 8 Understand special topics related to receivables.
Fair Value Measurement
► Receivables are recorded at fair value.
► Unrealized holding gains or losses reported as part of net
income.
► If a company elects the fair value option for a receivable, it must
continue to use fair value measurement for that receivable until
the company no longer owns this receivable.
74. 7-74
Special Issues Related To Receivables
LO 8 Understand special topics related to receivables.
Fair Value Measurement
► Receivables are recorded at fair value on the statement of
financial position.
► Unrealized holding gains or losses reported as part “Other
income and expense” on the income statement.
► If a company elects the fair value option, it must continue to
use fair value measurement for that receivable.
► If the company does not elect the fair value option at the date
of recognition, it may not use this option on that specific
receivable in subsequent periods.
75. 7-75
Special Issues Related To Receivables
Illustration (Recording Fair Value Option): Assume that Escobar
Company has notes receivable that have a fair value of $810,000
and a carrying amount of $620,000. Escobar decides on December
31, 2011, to use the fair value option for these receivables. This is
the first valuation of these recently acquired receivables. At
December 31, 2011, Escobar makes an adjusting entry to record
the increase in value of Notes Receivable and to record the
unrealized holding gain, as follows.
Notes Receivable 190,000
Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 190,000
LO 8 Understand special topics related to receivables.
76. 7-76 LO 8 Understand special topics related to receivables.
Company may transfer (e.g., sells) a receivables to another
company for cash.
Reasons:
Competition.
Sell receivables because money is tight.
Billing / collection are time-consuming and costly.
Transfer accomplished by:
1. Secured borrowing
2. Sale of receivables
Special Issues Related To Receivables
Derecognition of Receivables
77. 7-77
Secured Borrowing
Illustration: March 1, 2011, Howat Mills, Inc. provides (assigns)
$700,000 of its accounts receivable to Citizens Bank as collateral
for a $500,000 note. Howat Mills continues to collect the accounts
receivable; the account debtors are not notified of the arrangement.
Citizens Bank assesses a finance charge of 1 percent of the
accounts receivable and interest on the note of 12 percent. Howat
Mills makes monthly payments to the bank for all cash it collects on
the receivables.
LO 8 Understand special topics related to receivables.
Special Issues Related To Receivables
Using receivables as collateral in a borrowing transaction.
79. 7-79
E7-14: On April 1, 2010, Prince Company assigns $500,000 of its
accounts receivable to the Hibernia Bank as collateral for a $300,000 loan
due July 1, 2010. The assignment agreement calls for Prince Company to
continue to collect the receivables. Hibernia Bank assesses a finance
charge of 2% of the accounts receivable, and interest on the loan is 10% (a
realistic rate of interest for a note of this type).
Secured Borrowing - Exercise
Instructions:
a) Prepare the April 1, 2010, journal entry for Prince Company.
b) Prepare the journal entry for Prince’s collection of $350,000 of the
accounts receivable during the period from April 1, 2010, through
June 30, 2010.
c) On July 1, 2010, Prince paid Hibernia all that was due from the loan it
secured on April 1, 2010. Prepare the entry to record this payment.
LO 8 Understand special topics related to receivables.
80. 7-80
E7-14 continued
Date Account Title Debit Credit
(a) Cash 290,000
Finance Charge 10,000
Notes Payable 300,000
($500,000 x 2% = $10,000)
(b) Cash 350,000
Accounts Receivable 350,000
(c) Notes Payable 300,000
Interest Expense 7,500
Cash 307,500
(10% x $300,000 x 3/12 = $7,500)
Secured Borrowing - Exercise
LO 8 Understand special topics related to receivables.
81. 7-81
Factors are finance companies or banks that buy receivables from
businesses for a fee.
Sales of Receivables
Illustration 7-19
LO 8 Understand special topics related to receivables.
82. 7-82
Sale without Guarantee
Purchaser assumes risk of collection.
Transfer is outright sale of receivable.
Seller records loss on sale.
Seller use Due from Factor (receivable) account to cover
discounts, returns, and allowances.
Sales of Receivables
LO 8 Understand special topics related to receivables.
83. 7-83
Sales of Receivables
Illustration: Crest Textiles, Inc. factors €500,000 of accounts
receivable with Commercial Factors, Inc., on a non-guarantee (or
without recourse) basis. Commercial Factors assesses a finance
charge of 3 percent of the amount of accounts receivable and retains
an amount equal to 5 percent of the accounts receivable (for probable
adjustments). Crest Textiles and Commercial Factors make the
following journal entries for the receivables transferred without
recourse.
Illustration 7-20
LO 8 Understand special topics related to receivables.
84. 7-84
Sale with Guarantee
Sales of Receivables
Seller guarantees payment to purchaser.
Transfer is considered a borrowing—sometimes referred to
as a failed sale.
LO 8 Understand special topics related to receivables.
Assume Crest Textiles sold the receivables on a with guarantee basis.
Illustration 7-21
85. 7-85
Determining whether receivables that are transferred can be derecognized and
accounted for as a sale is based on an evaluation of whether the seller has
transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset.
Summary of Transfers
LO 8
Illustration 7-22
86. 7-86
General rule in classifying receivables are:
1. Segregate and report carrying amounts of different categories of
receivables.
2. Indicate receivables classified as current and non-current in the
statement of financial position.
3. Appropriately offset the valuation accounts for receivables that are
impaired, including a discussion of individual and collectively determined
impairments.
4. Disclose the fair value of receivables in such a way that permits it to be
compared with its carrying amount.
5. Disclose information to assess the credit risk inherent in the receivables
by providing information on:
6. Disclose any receivables pledged as collateral.
7. Disclose all significant concentrations of credit risk arising from
receivables.
Presentation and Analysis
LO 9 Describe how to report and analyze receivables.
87. 7-87
Analysis of Receivables
Presentation and Analysis
This Ratio used to:
Assess the liquidity of the receivables.
Measure the number of times, on average, a company
collects receivables during the period.
Illustration 7-24
LO 9 Describe how to report and analyze receivables.
88. 7-88
► The accounting and reporting related to cash is essentially the
same under both IFRS and U.S. GAAP.
► The basic accounting and reporting issues related to recognition
and measurement of receivables are essentially the same between
IFRS and U.S. GAAP.
► Although IFRS implies that receivables with different characteristics
should be reported separately, there is no standard that mandates
this segregation. In addition, there is no specific standard related to
pledging, assignment, or factoring.
89. 7-89
► Like the IASB, the FASB has worked to implement fair value
measurement for all financial instruments, but both Boards have
faced bitter opposition from various factions. As a consequence, the
Boards have adopted a piecemeal approach in which disclosure of
fair value information in the notes is the first step. The second step
is the fair value option, which permits companies to record fair
values in the financial statements. Both Boards have indicated that
they believe all financial instruments should be recorded and
reported at fair value.
90. 7-90
► IFRS and U.S. GAAP standards on the fair value option are similar
but not identical. The international standard related to the fair value
option is subject to certain qualifying criteria not in the U.S.
standard. In addition, there is some difference in the financial
instruments covered.
► IFRS and U.S. GAAP differ in the criteria used to derecognize a
receivable. IFRS is a combination of an approach focused on risks
and rewards and loss of control. U.S. GAAP uses loss of control as
the primary criterion.
91. 7-91 LO 10 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.
Management faces two problems in accounting for cash
transactions:
1. Establish proper controls to prevent any unauthorized
transactions by officers or employees.
2. Provide information necessary to properly manage cash
on hand and cash transactions.
92. 7-92 LO 10 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.
To obtain desired control objectives, a company can vary the
number and location of banks and the types of accounts.
► General checking account
► Collection float.
► Lockbox accounts
► Imprest bank accounts
Using Bank Accounts
93. 7-93 LO 10 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.
To pay small amounts for miscellaneous expenses.
The Imprest Petty Cash System
Steps:
1. Record $300 transfer of funds to petty cash:
Petty Cash 300
Cash 300
2. Petty cash custodian obtains signed receipts from each
individual to whom he or she pays cash.
94. 7-94
Steps:
LO 10 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.
The Imprest Petty Cash System
Office Supplies Expense 42
Postage Expense 53
Entertainment Expense 76
Cash Over and Short 2
Cash 173
3. Custodian receives a company check to replenish the
fund.
95. 7-95
Steps:
LO 10 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.
The Imprest Petty Cash System
Cash 50
Petty cash 50
4. If the company decides that the amount of cash in the
petty cash fund is excessive by $50, it lowers the fund
balance as follows.
96. 7-96 LO 10 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.
Physical Protection of Cash Balances
Company should
Minimize the cash on hand.
Only have on hand petty cash and current day’s receipts.
Keep funds in a vault, safe, or locked cash drawer.
Transmit each day’s receipts to the bank as soon as practicable.
Periodically prove (reconcile) the balance shown in the general
ledger.
97. 7-97 LO 10 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.
Reconciliation of Bank Balances
Schedule explaining any differences between the
bank’s and the company’s records of cash.
Reconciling Items:
1. Deposits in transit.
2. Outstanding checks.
3. Bank charges and credits.
4. Bank or Depositor errors.
Time Lags
98. 7-98 LO 10 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.
Reconciliation of Bank Balances Illustration 7A-1
Bank Reconciliation
Form and Content
100. 7-100 LO 10 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.
Illustration 7A-2
101. 7-101
Cash 542
Nov. 30
Office expense 18
Accounts receivable 220
Accounts payable 180
Interest revenue 600
Illustration: Journalize the adjusting entries at November 30 on
the books of Nugget Mining Company.
LO 10 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.
102. 7-102
The reconciling item in a bank reconciliation that will
result in an adjusting entry by the depositor is:
a. outstanding checks.
b. deposit in transit.
c. a bank error.
d. bank service charges.
Review Question
LO 10 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.
103. 7-103 LO 11 Describe the accounting for a loan impairment.
Companies assess their receivables for impairment each
reporting period.
Examples of possible loss events are:
► Significant financial problems of the customer.
► Payment defaults.
► Renegotiation of terms of the receivable.
In this appendix, we discuss impairments based on the individual
assessment approach for long-term receivables.
104. 7-104 LO 11 Describe the accounting for a loan impairment.
Impairment Measurement and Reporting
Impairment loss is calculated as the difference between:
► the carrying amount (generally the principal plus accrued
interest) and
► the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s
historical effective-interest rate.
In estimating future cash flows, the creditor should use
reasonable and supportable assumptions and projections.
105. 7-105 LO 11 Describe the accounting for a loan impairment.
Impairment Loss Example
Impairment loss is calculated as the difference between:
► the carrying amount (generally the principal plus accrued
interest) and
► the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s
historical effective-interest rate.
In estimating future cash flows, the creditor should use
reasonable and supportable assumptions and projections.
106. 7-106 LO 11 Describe the accounting for a loan impairment.
Illustration: At December 31, 2010, Ogden Bank recorded an
investment of $100,000 in a loan to Carl King. The loan has an
historical effective-interest rate of 10 percent, the principal is due in full
at maturity in three years, and interest is due annually. The loan officer
performs a review of the loan’s expected future cash flow and utilizes
the present value method for measuring the required impairment loss.
Illustration 7B-1
107. 7-107 LO 11 Describe the accounting for a loan impairment.
Illustration: Computation of Impairment Loss
Illustration 7B-2
Recording Impairment Losses
Bad Debt Expense 12,434
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 12,434
108. 7-108 LO 11 Describe the accounting for a loan impairment.
Recovery of Impairment Loss
Illustration: Assume that in the year following the impairment
recorded by Ogden, Carl King has worked his way out of financial
difficulty. Ogden now expects to receive all payments on the loan
according to the original loan terms. Based on this new information,
the present value of the expected payments is $100,000. Thus,
Ogden makes the following entry to reverse the previously recorded
impairment.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 12,434
Bad Debt Expense 12,434