Ch. 9 Renal abbreviations
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The document discusses various chronic kidney diseases and conditions. It defines chronic renal failure as when the kidneys fail to filter toxins and wastes from the blood over time. It progresses slowly and shows few symptoms, and is commonly caused by diabetes, hypertension, and high blood pressure. It describes the 5 stages of chronic renal failure and their associated levels of kidney dysfunction. It also discusses symptoms of chronic renal failure like vomiting, diarrhea and swelling. Several treatment options are covered, including hemodialysis which uses countercurrent flow to remove wastes and toxins, and intermittent peritoneal dialysis which uses the peritoneum as a membrane to exchange fluids and substances. Nephrotic syndrome and urinary tract infections are also summarized
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Kidney diseases and diuretics
The document discusses the major syndromes in nephrology including nephrotic syndrome, nephritic syndrome, acute or rapidly progressive renal failure, chronic renal failure, asymptomatic urinary abnormalities, urinary tract infection, renal tubule defects, and urinary tract obstruction. It provides details on the common findings, important clues to diagnosis, and mechanisms of action for diuretics which are used to treat conditions involving sodium and water retention like hypertension and edema.
Chronic renal failure
Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine.
Renal failure
This document discusses renal failure, including anatomy, functions of the kidneys, classifications of renal failure as acute or chronic, causes, symptoms, and management of both acute and chronic renal failure. It addresses diagnostic evaluation and treatment of acute renal failure, including life-threatening conditions like hyperkalemia. Chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease are discussed along with causes, symptoms, and treatment options like hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Complications and considerations for emergency medical services are also summarized.
Kidney disease
Kidney disease occurs when the kidneys gradually stop removing waste, toxins, and excess water from the body through urine. It can develop suddenly from trauma or illness, or gradually from conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, or cardiovascular disease. Around 1 in 10 American adults have some level of chronic kidney disease. The disease has 5 stages, from mild and potentially reversible to severe and requiring dialysis or transplant. Symptoms include weakness, tiredness, loss of appetite, shortness of breath, itching, and back pain. For those in stage 5 kidney failure, treatment options are dialysis or kidney transplant.
Systemic Hypertension
Systemic hypertension is defined as a usual blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher. It doubles the risk of cardiovascular diseases and is a leading cause of death worldwide. There are two main types - primary/essential hypertension which accounts for 95% of cases and has no identifiable cause, and secondary hypertension which is caused by specific conditions like kidney disease or hormonal disorders. Untreated hypertension can lead to serious complications affecting the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes. Management involves identifying and treating any underlying causes, along with lifestyle modifications and medication to control blood pressure.
Right and Left Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by issues with the heart muscle itself or from other health problems. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs. Treatment involves medications to help the heart function better like diuretics, vasodilators, and digitalis. Nurses play an important role in managing symptoms, monitoring medication effects, providing education to patients, and assisting with diet and activity levels. Prognosis depends on the underlying cause and can range from full recovery if the cause is treated to long-term management if heart damage is more severe.
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This document discusses chronic kidney disease, which slowly damages the kidneys over months or years. The main causes are diabetes and high blood pressure. As the kidneys become less functional, waste builds up in the blood and the patient may experience symptoms like fatigue, nausea, and swelling. Tests can detect kidney damage and declining function. In the final stages, called end-stage renal disease, dialysis or transplant is needed to clean the blood. Home treatments focus on controlling blood pressure and blood sugar, healthy eating and exercise, and avoiding smoking.
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Kidney diseases and diuretics
The document discusses the major syndromes in nephrology including nephrotic syndrome, nephritic syndrome, acute or rapidly progressive renal failure, chronic renal failure, asymptomatic urinary abnormalities, urinary tract infection, renal tubule defects, and urinary tract obstruction. It provides details on the common findings, important clues to diagnosis, and mechanisms of action for diuretics which are used to treat conditions involving sodium and water retention like hypertension and edema.
Chronic renal failure
Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine.
Renal failure
This document discusses renal failure, including anatomy, functions of the kidneys, classifications of renal failure as acute or chronic, causes, symptoms, and management of both acute and chronic renal failure. It addresses diagnostic evaluation and treatment of acute renal failure, including life-threatening conditions like hyperkalemia. Chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease are discussed along with causes, symptoms, and treatment options like hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Complications and considerations for emergency medical services are also summarized.
Kidney disease
Kidney disease occurs when the kidneys gradually stop removing waste, toxins, and excess water from the body through urine. It can develop suddenly from trauma or illness, or gradually from conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, or cardiovascular disease. Around 1 in 10 American adults have some level of chronic kidney disease. The disease has 5 stages, from mild and potentially reversible to severe and requiring dialysis or transplant. Symptoms include weakness, tiredness, loss of appetite, shortness of breath, itching, and back pain. For those in stage 5 kidney failure, treatment options are dialysis or kidney transplant.
Systemic Hypertension
Systemic hypertension is defined as a usual blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher. It doubles the risk of cardiovascular diseases and is a leading cause of death worldwide. There are two main types - primary/essential hypertension which accounts for 95% of cases and has no identifiable cause, and secondary hypertension which is caused by specific conditions like kidney disease or hormonal disorders. Untreated hypertension can lead to serious complications affecting the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes. Management involves identifying and treating any underlying causes, along with lifestyle modifications and medication to control blood pressure.
Right and Left Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by issues with the heart muscle itself or from other health problems. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs. Treatment involves medications to help the heart function better like diuretics, vasodilators, and digitalis. Nurses play an important role in managing symptoms, monitoring medication effects, providing education to patients, and assisting with diet and activity levels. Prognosis depends on the underlying cause and can range from full recovery if the cause is treated to long-term management if heart damage is more severe.
Pediatric Hypertension definition, classification, etiology, management
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This document discusses chronic kidney disease, which slowly damages the kidneys over months or years. The main causes are diabetes and high blood pressure. As the kidneys become less functional, waste builds up in the blood and the patient may experience symptoms like fatigue, nausea, and swelling. Tests can detect kidney damage and declining function. In the final stages, called end-stage renal disease, dialysis or transplant is needed to clean the blood. Home treatments focus on controlling blood pressure and blood sugar, healthy eating and exercise, and avoiding smoking.
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Kidney failure
Kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from the blood to be excreted in urine and make hormones that keep bones and blood healthy. Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys can no longer perform these functions. Chronic kidney disease develops gradually over months to years from conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, infections, or genetic disorders. Symptoms may not appear until kidney function is significantly impaired. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause to slow progression and includes medications, dialysis, or transplantation for end-stage kidney failure. Lifestyle changes like controlling blood pressure, eating a healthy diet low in salt and protein, drinking water, and avoiding pain medications can help support kidney function.
Portal hypertension
Portal hypertension is defined as elevated hepatic venous pressure gradient over 5mmHg caused by increased resistance to blood flow in the liver and increased blood flow to the portal vein. It commonly results from cirrhosis and causes complications like variceal bleeding, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Ascites develops from increased portal pressure causing fluid retention. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a common infection of ascitic fluid. Hepatorenal syndrome is a type of kidney failure seen in advanced liver disease. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause, complications, and symptoms.
Introduction to renal failure and dialysis
This document summarizes key aspects of kidney function and disease. It discusses urine formation through glomerular filtration and tubular processes. It outlines factors that increase risk of kidney disease like diabetes and hypertension. Three simple tests - BUN, eGFR and UACR - can identify kidney disease. Renal failure can be acute or chronic. Causes of chronic kidney disease include diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease and others. Stages of chronic kidney disease and indications for starting dialysis are presented.
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Heart Failure[1][2]
Heart failure is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be chronic or acute, and systolic or diastolic. Treatment involves medications to block neurohormonal activation like ACE inhibitors and beta blockers, as well as diuretics. Prognosis is poor with less than 50% of patients alive after 5 years. Pharmacists can help ensure patients take medications appropriately and avoid those known to exacerbate heart failure.
Kidney
Kidneys are filter organs present in vertebrates which help in removing water soluble wastes from the blood. A normal human body possesses two kidneys which are bean shaped and weigh around 150 grams each. Kidneys function as the waste disposal system of our body.
Congestive cardiac failure
The document provides an overview of congestive heart failure including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, types, risk factors, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management goals, and pharmacological and surgical treatment options. It discusses how heart failure results from the heart's inability to pump sufficient blood and covers compensatory mechanisms and factors that can precipitate or exacerbate the condition. Treatment focuses on improving quality of life, relieving symptoms, and slowing disease progression through lifestyle changes, medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and surgery in some cases.
Congestive heart failure
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart muscle is unable to pump efficiently, causing blood to back up in the lungs and body. It can be caused by conditions that weaken or stiffen the heart muscle like heart attacks, or from long-term high blood pressure. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with medications and lifestyle changes.
Congestive heart failure
This document presents information on congestive heart failure. It begins with definitions of congestive heart failure and heart failure, noting that heart failure means the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Statistics are provided on the incidence of congestive heart failure in the US, including that 800,000 patients are hospitalized annually and 250,000 die each year. The document discusses classifications, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, pharmacological and surgical treatments, diet management, and nursing care for patients with congestive heart failure.
Congailure
The document discusses congestive heart failure (CHF), including its pathophysiology, recent advances in management, and therapeutic approaches. It describes how CHF results from the heart's inability to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Over time, compensatory mechanisms like increased neurohormonal activity can damage the heart further. Treatment aims to alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and decrease mortality through a combination of lifestyle changes, medications, and devices.
Hypertension pathophysiology
Hypertension is defined as persistently elevated arterial blood pressure (BP).
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Treatment and Management of hypertension. effect of angiotensin. Investigations. kidney and hypertension. How to keep Normal Bloos Pressure. Normal Ranges of Blood Pressure. Stages Of Hypertension. Complications of Hypertension. Clinical Features of Elevated B.p. Endocrine System . Life style Modification in Hypertension. Pharmacological Therapy in Hypertension
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This document provides an overview of hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension as a condition where blood pressure is elevated over the long term, which can damage the heart and lead to issues like stroke if not treated. The document discusses pre-hypertension blood pressure levels, stages of hypertension, and common causes like diet, lack of exercise, and obesity. It also examines the pathophysiology (disease processes) of hypertension, including how the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin system, vascular endothelium, and kidney functions can increase blood pressure through mechanisms like vasoconstriction and increased blood volume.
Congestive heart failure
Congestive heart failure is a clinical syndrome where the heart cannot maintain adequate output or can only do so at the expense of elevated ventricular filling pressure. It is most common in the elderly. The most common cause is coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. Approximately 50% of patients with severe heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction will die within 2 years. Treatment involves drug therapy like ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics to improve survival as well as device therapies like pacemakers, defibrillators, and ventricular assist devices which provide symptom relief.
Hypertension
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension as a blood pressure reading higher than 140/90 mmHg. It classifies hypertension and notes risks increase with each increment of 20/10 mmHg from 115/75 mmHg. The document outlines primary/essential hypertension which has unknown causes and secondary hypertension which has identifiable causes like renal or endocrine issues. It discusses the pathogenesis of hypertension involving the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sodium retention. The clinical effects of hypertension on the heart, nervous system, and kidneys are covered along with diagnostic tests and pathological findings.
Heart failure: Basic Cocepts
Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can develop when the heart muscle is damaged, such as from a myocardial infarction. There are two main types - left heart failure which causes blood to back up in the lungs, and right heart failure where blood backs up in the body. Symptoms depend on whether it is left or right heart failure, and include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling, and coughing. Treatment focuses on reducing cardiac workload, increasing blood oxygen levels, and limiting fluid buildup through medications, oxygen therapy, and monitoring for arrhythmias.
Heart failure
Heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of tissues. It results in fluid overload and poor tissue perfusion. It has multiple causes including reduced contractility, valve disorders, coronary artery disease, and hypertension. Symptoms vary between acute pulmonary edema with respiratory distress, and chronic fatigue and edema. Treatment involves reducing preload and afterload through medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, vasodilators, and diuretics.
Heart failure in children
This document discusses congestive cardiac failure in children. It defines congestive cardiac failure as a state of systemic and pulmonary congestion resulting from impaired ability of the ventricle to fill or eject blood. The most common causes in children are congenital heart defects and cardiomyopathy. Symptoms vary by age but can include poor feeding, tachypnea, coughing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam assessing vital signs, heart sounds and edema, as well as tests like echocardiogram, ECG and chest x-ray. Management depends on whether the failure is acute or chronic, and involves diuretics, inotropes, oxygen, surgery or catheter interventions, and long-term therapy based
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Acute heart failure is the rapid onset of symptoms due to abnormal cardiac function, such as reduced pumping ability or arrhythmias. It can be caused by myocardial infarction, uncontrolled hypertension, myocarditis, or the worsening of chronic heart failure. Patients are assessed for signs of congestion at rest and low perfusion at rest to guide treatment with vasodilators, inotropes, calcium sensitizers, or natriuretic peptides. The underlying cause, such as a heart attack, also needs to be treated through measures like clot-busting drugs or surgery.
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This document provides an overview of acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and their treatment and management. It discusses the pathophysiology, stages, symptoms, complications, medical and surgical interventions, and nursing care for each condition. Dialysis methods like hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are explained in detail. Surgical procedures for the kidneys like nephrectomy and transplantation are also summarized.
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Kidney failure
Kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from the blood to be excreted in urine and make hormones that keep bones and blood healthy. Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys can no longer perform these functions. Chronic kidney disease develops gradually over months to years from conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, infections, or genetic disorders. Symptoms may not appear until kidney function is significantly impaired. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause to slow progression and includes medications, dialysis, or transplantation for end-stage kidney failure. Lifestyle changes like controlling blood pressure, eating a healthy diet low in salt and protein, drinking water, and avoiding pain medications can help support kidney function.
Portal hypertension
Portal hypertension is defined as elevated hepatic venous pressure gradient over 5mmHg caused by increased resistance to blood flow in the liver and increased blood flow to the portal vein. It commonly results from cirrhosis and causes complications like variceal bleeding, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Ascites develops from increased portal pressure causing fluid retention. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a common infection of ascitic fluid. Hepatorenal syndrome is a type of kidney failure seen in advanced liver disease. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause, complications, and symptoms.
Introduction to renal failure and dialysis
This document summarizes key aspects of kidney function and disease. It discusses urine formation through glomerular filtration and tubular processes. It outlines factors that increase risk of kidney disease like diabetes and hypertension. Three simple tests - BUN, eGFR and UACR - can identify kidney disease. Renal failure can be acute or chronic. Causes of chronic kidney disease include diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease and others. Stages of chronic kidney disease and indications for starting dialysis are presented.
hypothyroidism
This document discusses hypothyroidism, its symptoms, signs, and treatment. It notes that hypothyroidism can affect carbohydrate metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, growth, skeletal muscle, heart, CNS, calorigenic action, reproductive system, and hepatic conversion of carotene to vitamin A. Symptoms include cool and pale skin, decreased sweating, hair loss, fatigue, constipation, weight gain, joint pains, and decreased heart rate. Laboratory tests include TSH, total T4, total T3, and free T4 levels. Treatment involves thyroid hormone replacement via oral levothyroxine, with dosing based on age, health status, and pregnancy. Monitoring of TSH levels is needed every 4
Heart Failure[1][2]
Heart failure is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be chronic or acute, and systolic or diastolic. Treatment involves medications to block neurohormonal activation like ACE inhibitors and beta blockers, as well as diuretics. Prognosis is poor with less than 50% of patients alive after 5 years. Pharmacists can help ensure patients take medications appropriately and avoid those known to exacerbate heart failure.
Kidney
Kidneys are filter organs present in vertebrates which help in removing water soluble wastes from the blood. A normal human body possesses two kidneys which are bean shaped and weigh around 150 grams each. Kidneys function as the waste disposal system of our body.
Congestive cardiac failure
The document provides an overview of congestive heart failure including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, types, risk factors, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management goals, and pharmacological and surgical treatment options. It discusses how heart failure results from the heart's inability to pump sufficient blood and covers compensatory mechanisms and factors that can precipitate or exacerbate the condition. Treatment focuses on improving quality of life, relieving symptoms, and slowing disease progression through lifestyle changes, medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and surgery in some cases.
Congestive heart failure
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart muscle is unable to pump efficiently, causing blood to back up in the lungs and body. It can be caused by conditions that weaken or stiffen the heart muscle like heart attacks, or from long-term high blood pressure. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with medications and lifestyle changes.
Congestive heart failure
This document presents information on congestive heart failure. It begins with definitions of congestive heart failure and heart failure, noting that heart failure means the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Statistics are provided on the incidence of congestive heart failure in the US, including that 800,000 patients are hospitalized annually and 250,000 die each year. The document discusses classifications, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, pharmacological and surgical treatments, diet management, and nursing care for patients with congestive heart failure.
Congailure
The document discusses congestive heart failure (CHF), including its pathophysiology, recent advances in management, and therapeutic approaches. It describes how CHF results from the heart's inability to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Over time, compensatory mechanisms like increased neurohormonal activity can damage the heart further. Treatment aims to alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and decrease mortality through a combination of lifestyle changes, medications, and devices.
Hypertension pathophysiology
Hypertension is defined as persistently elevated arterial blood pressure (BP).
JNC7 Guidelines: Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
JNC7 is the national clinical guideline that was developed to aid clinicians in the management of hypertension.
Hypertension And it's Management
Hypertension. Causes, Effect. Mechanism of Hypertensive activities.
Treatment and Management of hypertension. effect of angiotensin. Investigations. kidney and hypertension. How to keep Normal Bloos Pressure. Normal Ranges of Blood Pressure. Stages Of Hypertension. Complications of Hypertension. Clinical Features of Elevated B.p. Endocrine System . Life style Modification in Hypertension. Pharmacological Therapy in Hypertension
Hypertension ppt
This document provides an overview of hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension as a condition where blood pressure is elevated over the long term, which can damage the heart and lead to issues like stroke if not treated. The document discusses pre-hypertension blood pressure levels, stages of hypertension, and common causes like diet, lack of exercise, and obesity. It also examines the pathophysiology (disease processes) of hypertension, including how the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin system, vascular endothelium, and kidney functions can increase blood pressure through mechanisms like vasoconstriction and increased blood volume.
Congestive heart failure
Congestive heart failure is a clinical syndrome where the heart cannot maintain adequate output or can only do so at the expense of elevated ventricular filling pressure. It is most common in the elderly. The most common cause is coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. Approximately 50% of patients with severe heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction will die within 2 years. Treatment involves drug therapy like ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics to improve survival as well as device therapies like pacemakers, defibrillators, and ventricular assist devices which provide symptom relief.
Hypertension
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension as a blood pressure reading higher than 140/90 mmHg. It classifies hypertension and notes risks increase with each increment of 20/10 mmHg from 115/75 mmHg. The document outlines primary/essential hypertension which has unknown causes and secondary hypertension which has identifiable causes like renal or endocrine issues. It discusses the pathogenesis of hypertension involving the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sodium retention. The clinical effects of hypertension on the heart, nervous system, and kidneys are covered along with diagnostic tests and pathological findings.
Heart failure: Basic Cocepts
Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can develop when the heart muscle is damaged, such as from a myocardial infarction. There are two main types - left heart failure which causes blood to back up in the lungs, and right heart failure where blood backs up in the body. Symptoms depend on whether it is left or right heart failure, and include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling, and coughing. Treatment focuses on reducing cardiac workload, increasing blood oxygen levels, and limiting fluid buildup through medications, oxygen therapy, and monitoring for arrhythmias.
Heart failure
Heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of tissues. It results in fluid overload and poor tissue perfusion. It has multiple causes including reduced contractility, valve disorders, coronary artery disease, and hypertension. Symptoms vary between acute pulmonary edema with respiratory distress, and chronic fatigue and edema. Treatment involves reducing preload and afterload through medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, vasodilators, and diuretics.
Heart failure in children
This document discusses congestive cardiac failure in children. It defines congestive cardiac failure as a state of systemic and pulmonary congestion resulting from impaired ability of the ventricle to fill or eject blood. The most common causes in children are congenital heart defects and cardiomyopathy. Symptoms vary by age but can include poor feeding, tachypnea, coughing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam assessing vital signs, heart sounds and edema, as well as tests like echocardiogram, ECG and chest x-ray. Management depends on whether the failure is acute or chronic, and involves diuretics, inotropes, oxygen, surgery or catheter interventions, and long-term therapy based
Ahf In Ed 2008
Acute heart failure is the rapid onset of symptoms due to abnormal cardiac function, such as reduced pumping ability or arrhythmias. It can be caused by myocardial infarction, uncontrolled hypertension, myocarditis, or the worsening of chronic heart failure. Patients are assessed for signs of congestion at rest and low perfusion at rest to guide treatment with vasodilators, inotropes, calcium sensitizers, or natriuretic peptides. The underlying cause, such as a heart attack, also needs to be treated through measures like clot-busting drugs or surgery.
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Renal failure and its homeopathy treatment in Chembur, Mumbai, India
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This document provides an overview of acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and their treatment and management. It discusses the pathophysiology, stages, symptoms, complications, medical and surgical interventions, and nursing care for each condition. Dialysis methods like hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are explained in detail. Surgical procedures for the kidneys like nephrectomy and transplantation are also summarized.
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This document provides information about chronic kidney disease including:
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2. As kidney function declines, waste builds up in the body and patients may experience symptoms like fatigue or swelling.
3. When kidney function drops below 10%, the final stage of kidney disease called end-stage renal disease is reached requiring dialysis or transplant.
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A PPT from my lectures delivered at Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women's University for the BHMS III and IV year students in Practice of Medicine
27 beans acute renal-failure
Mr. Henle hasn't urinated in the night and may have acute renal failure (ARF). Key things to assess include urine output measured over the last few hours and days, symptoms, vital signs, and labs. ARF has multiple potential etiologies including prerenal from hypoperfusion, postrenal from obstruction, and intrinsic renal disease. Management involves treating the underlying cause, supporting the kidneys, and addressing complications like fluid overload and electrolyte abnormalities. Outcomes depend on severity and patient factors, with mortality around 50% for ARF.
Management of Chronic Kidney Disorder (CKD)
This document provides an overview of the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It defines CKD and describes its most common causes as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. It explains the pathophysiology of CKD as progressive loss of nephrons leading to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and hypertension. The clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic early on to later symptoms of kidney failure like fluid overload and hyperuremia. Diagnosis involves assessing glomerular filtration rate and looking for signs of kidney damage through blood and urine tests. Treatment aims to control blood pressure and glucose, treat underlying causes, and prevent complications through diet, medications, and renal replacement therapy like dialysis if indicated. Complications discussed
Chronic renal Disease\failure (CKD)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as impaired kidney function lasting over 3 months, as evidenced by a GFR below 60 mL/min/1.73m2. Symptoms usually only occur once the GFR drops below 30 in stage 4 disease. Major causes include glomerular diseases like focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial diseases, cystic kidney diseases, vascular diseases like hypertensive nephrosclerosis, and congenital issues. Complications arise as kidney function declines and include cardiovascular disease, mineral and bone disorders, anemia, coagulation issues, and neurological problems. Treatment aims to slow progression of CKD, reduce proteinuria and hypertension, manage complications, and prepare
Dialysis
Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are two types of dialysis used to replicate kidney function for patients with kidney failure. Hemodialysis uses a machine to filter waste from the blood outside of the body through a semipermeable membrane, while peritoneal dialysis introduces fluid into the abdomen to draw waste from the blood vessels within. Both aim to control fluid balance and remove toxins when the kidneys are unable to do so, helping to correct conditions like fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis. Key differences between the two include that hemodialysis requires vascular access while peritoneal dialysis uses a permanent catheter, and that hemodialysis is done at a center several times a week
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Ch. 9 Renal abbreviations
- 1. Chronic Renal Failure Also known as: CRF Kidneys fail to filter toxins/wastes from blood. Develops slowly & shows few symptoms. Common cause is diabetes mellitus, hypertension & high blood pressure. 5 stages of CRF: Stage 1 - mildly diminished renal function. Stage 2 & 3 – need medical care to slow & treat renal dysfunction. Stage 4 & 5 – needs active treatment or a kidney transplant.
- 2. CRF Symptoms Vomiting , diarrhea, nausea, dizziness , swelling of limbs
- 3. Can you guess what this is? Hint: HD
- 4. Hemodialysis It is a method of removing wastes and toxins, such as creatinine. It can be inpatient or outpatient therapy. It uses counter current flow in the opposite direction to increase efficiency of dialysis. Side affects: low blood pressure, fatigue, leg cramps, nausea, headaches.
- 5. Intermittent Peritoneal Dialysis One of several treatments for chronic kidney disease. The Patient’s peritoneum in the abdomen is used as membrane fluids across which fluids/substances are exchanged from blood. Complications can cause an infection due to the permanent tube in the abdomen.
- 6. IDP Intermittent Peritoneal Dialysis
- 7. Nephrotic Syndrome - NS Small pores in the podocytes.
- 8. NS is a nonspecific disorder Kidneys are damaged and leak large amounts of protein from the blood into the urine. Symptoms: puffiness in the eyes, dyspnea, anemia, heart failure. Treatment: monitoring urine output. Complications: pulmonary edema, growth retardation.
- 9. Urinary Tract Infection UTI – Bacterial infection that affects any part of the urinary tract.
- 10. Signs, symptoms & prevention Frequent feeling/need to urinate, cloudy urine. Healthy women have 5 days of symptoms. In children symptoms are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting. Prevention: cranberry juice, low dose of antibiotics.