The document provides comments on a draft report by the Joint Fact Finding Study Group regarding pesticide usage by large agribusinesses on Kauai. It notes several areas where the JFFSG report could be improved, including by providing more details on specific pesticides used, frequency of use, potential for drift, and effects on human health, especially children. It recommends focusing the health analysis on the smallest geographical areas near the seed company fields to better identify potential impacts.
This document presents a simplified pest risk assessment procedure developed for the National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) of Zambia. Zambia has limited resources and data for conducting complex pest risk assessments required by international standards. The simplified procedure focuses on key risk elements of entry, establishment, spread and consequences. It uses a closed question "yes or no" approach instead of descriptive ratings. The procedure was tested on case studies and found to produce results consistent with standard approaches, while being easier to apply given Zambia's constraints. The authors conclude the procedure could help Zambia and other developing countries justify phytosanitary regulations in a rapid, straightforward manner.
Human health risks impact of pesticide applicationAlexander Decker
This document discusses pesticide use and associated health risks in Gaza Strip, Palestine. It finds that large quantities of pesticides are used annually in Gaza's agriculture, especially for controlling pests on vegetables and fruits. Exposure to some of these pesticides has led to increasing numbers of acute toxic cases and congenital malformations reported in health records. Classification of the pesticides identifies some as extremely or highly toxic. The document examines the need to implement pesticide restriction measures and conduct food residue analysis to address health risks.
The PEST-MAN project aims to understand pesticide use, persistence, impacts, and develop remediation methods. It will examine key pesticides in Ireland, their effects on soil and risks. Passive treatment units using adsorptive media will be designed and tested in labs and fields to reduce pesticide levels and risks to human health. Field sites are being monitored and interventions will be installed after one year. The project engages stakeholders and the public through meetings and online channels.
Indigenous weather forecasting practices in eastern Africa provide important information for rural communities but face challenges. A study examined forecasting methods along Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, finding that communities use environmental indicators like plant behaviors and animal activity to predict rains. These indigenous forecasts often align with seasonal forecasts but lack documentation. The study recommends integrating indigenous and scientific forecasts by studying their scientific bases and improving forecast access and interpretation for farmers.
The PEST-MAN project aims to understand pesticide use, persistence, impacts, and develop remediation methods. It will examine key pesticides in Ireland, their effects on soil and risks. Studies will identify areas at high risk of pesticide loss and test materials for removing pesticides from water. Field sites are being monitored and interventions will be installed after one year. The project engages stakeholders and the public through social media and its website.
This document summarizes a meeting of the NPDWAG project. The project aims to understand pesticide use and impacts, develop methods for remediation, and engage stakeholders. It will examine drivers of pesticide use in Ireland and their fate in soils. Soils will be analyzed for pesticide persistence and effects on microbial diversity. Media will be tested for pesticide adsorption to design passive treatment units. Units will be placed in streams for analysis. The project involves monitoring pesticides in catchments and placing interventions after one year.
Foot-and-mouth disease risk mapping in Georgia EuFMD
This document summarizes a study that mapped the risk of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Georgia. Data was collected in 2020 on seasonal animal migration patterns between 12 districts, live animal exports from 7 districts, imports from 24 districts, 26 live animal markets, and 5 veterinary inspection points. Analysis showed high levels of animal movement, particularly the seasonal migration of over 721,000 small ruminants from eastern Georgia. This mobility increases the risk of FMD introduction and spread. The risk mapping confirms that eastern Georgia has higher risks and should remain a focus of control efforts. Future risk maps of neighboring countries will allow for better disease prediction and targeting of measures.
Impact of sporadic reporting of poultry Salmonella serovars from selected dev...Danielle Ayyash
This review summarizes reports of Salmonella serovars found in poultry in five developing countries: South Africa, Egypt, Indonesia, India, and Romania. In South Africa, the most common serovars found in contaminated chicken carcasses were S. Hadar, S. Blockley, S. Irumu, and S. Anatum. In Egypt, predominant serovars in poultry were S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, along with S. Infantis, S. Kentucky, S. Tsevie, S. Chiredzi, and S. Heidelberg. Indonesia focused on detecting S. Typhi but also found S. Kentucky, S.
This document presents a simplified pest risk assessment procedure developed for the National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) of Zambia. Zambia has limited resources and data for conducting complex pest risk assessments required by international standards. The simplified procedure focuses on key risk elements of entry, establishment, spread and consequences. It uses a closed question "yes or no" approach instead of descriptive ratings. The procedure was tested on case studies and found to produce results consistent with standard approaches, while being easier to apply given Zambia's constraints. The authors conclude the procedure could help Zambia and other developing countries justify phytosanitary regulations in a rapid, straightforward manner.
Human health risks impact of pesticide applicationAlexander Decker
This document discusses pesticide use and associated health risks in Gaza Strip, Palestine. It finds that large quantities of pesticides are used annually in Gaza's agriculture, especially for controlling pests on vegetables and fruits. Exposure to some of these pesticides has led to increasing numbers of acute toxic cases and congenital malformations reported in health records. Classification of the pesticides identifies some as extremely or highly toxic. The document examines the need to implement pesticide restriction measures and conduct food residue analysis to address health risks.
The PEST-MAN project aims to understand pesticide use, persistence, impacts, and develop remediation methods. It will examine key pesticides in Ireland, their effects on soil and risks. Passive treatment units using adsorptive media will be designed and tested in labs and fields to reduce pesticide levels and risks to human health. Field sites are being monitored and interventions will be installed after one year. The project engages stakeholders and the public through meetings and online channels.
Indigenous weather forecasting practices in eastern Africa provide important information for rural communities but face challenges. A study examined forecasting methods along Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, finding that communities use environmental indicators like plant behaviors and animal activity to predict rains. These indigenous forecasts often align with seasonal forecasts but lack documentation. The study recommends integrating indigenous and scientific forecasts by studying their scientific bases and improving forecast access and interpretation for farmers.
The PEST-MAN project aims to understand pesticide use, persistence, impacts, and develop remediation methods. It will examine key pesticides in Ireland, their effects on soil and risks. Studies will identify areas at high risk of pesticide loss and test materials for removing pesticides from water. Field sites are being monitored and interventions will be installed after one year. The project engages stakeholders and the public through social media and its website.
This document summarizes a meeting of the NPDWAG project. The project aims to understand pesticide use and impacts, develop methods for remediation, and engage stakeholders. It will examine drivers of pesticide use in Ireland and their fate in soils. Soils will be analyzed for pesticide persistence and effects on microbial diversity. Media will be tested for pesticide adsorption to design passive treatment units. Units will be placed in streams for analysis. The project involves monitoring pesticides in catchments and placing interventions after one year.
Foot-and-mouth disease risk mapping in Georgia EuFMD
This document summarizes a study that mapped the risk of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Georgia. Data was collected in 2020 on seasonal animal migration patterns between 12 districts, live animal exports from 7 districts, imports from 24 districts, 26 live animal markets, and 5 veterinary inspection points. Analysis showed high levels of animal movement, particularly the seasonal migration of over 721,000 small ruminants from eastern Georgia. This mobility increases the risk of FMD introduction and spread. The risk mapping confirms that eastern Georgia has higher risks and should remain a focus of control efforts. Future risk maps of neighboring countries will allow for better disease prediction and targeting of measures.
Impact of sporadic reporting of poultry Salmonella serovars from selected dev...Danielle Ayyash
This review summarizes reports of Salmonella serovars found in poultry in five developing countries: South Africa, Egypt, Indonesia, India, and Romania. In South Africa, the most common serovars found in contaminated chicken carcasses were S. Hadar, S. Blockley, S. Irumu, and S. Anatum. In Egypt, predominant serovars in poultry were S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, along with S. Infantis, S. Kentucky, S. Tsevie, S. Chiredzi, and S. Heidelberg. Indonesia focused on detecting S. Typhi but also found S. Kentucky, S.
The document provides a construction update for August 2015 on multiple phases of the Rangoli Gardens development project. Phases I through VII are listed along with specific blocks within phases III, V, and VI. An upcoming club house and commercial plaza called Rangoli Plaza are also mentioned. Contact information is provided to obtain more details on the project.
La Unión Europea ha propuesto un nuevo paquete de sanciones contra Rusia que incluye un embargo al petróleo ruso. El embargo se aplicaría gradualmente durante seis meses para el petróleo crudo y ocho meses para los productos refinados. Este paquete de sanciones requiere la aprobación unánime de los 27 estados miembros de la UE.
This study developed a method to synthesize and optimize selenium nanoparticle (SeNP) coatings on polymer substrates using a central composite design. SeNPs were synthesized via a precipitation reaction between glutathione and sodium selenite. The central composite design evaluated how reaction time parameters (T1 and T2) and reactant volumes affected SeNP coverage. A quadratic model fit the data well (r2=0.8766) and found time had a larger effect than volume. This model can predict SeNP coverage based on reaction parameters for optimizing coatings.
Este documento describe una exposición de arte en la Institución Educativa Don Bosco en Popayán sobre dibujo técnico. La exposición incluirá estereogramas, fractales, mandalas, planos y diseños creados por los estudiantes bajo la guía de los profesores Orlando Tintinago y Marcos Guzmán.
Este documento presenta un resumen de las ecuaciones del campo gravitacional propuestas por Albert Einstein en la teoría de la relatividad general. Describe cómo Einstein desarrolló ecuaciones covariantes que concuerdan con los postulados de la relatividad general y contienen la teoría newtoniana de la gravitación como una aproximación. Explica que posteriormente encontró un método para evitar la hipótesis sobre el tensor de energía de la materia y modificar su inclusión en las ecuaciones de campo.
Conferencia 127 Morir para vivir
El hombre natural, para sostener su vida biológica, requiere de los cuatro éteres ordinarios que le dan sustento a sus cuerpos existenciales; y en relación con su Naturaleza original, para la posible experiencia del Ser, la única opción se presenta tras el influjo de la Fuente original. Si un contacto abrupto con la Fuente original gnóstica provocara la interrupción repentina de la corriente de los éteres naturales ordinarios, se ocasionaría la muerte biológica de manera instantánea; ante tal riesgo, la naturaleza establece los debidos mecanismos de protección, que permiten solamente un proceso gradual para que el hombre pueda vivir un decrecimiento de la personalidad que garantice otro proceso —también gradual— para la Libertad del Hombre verdadero.
A aquéllos que no ofrecen su vida en sacrificio, no les pertenece ni este mundo ni el que haya de venir.
Bhagavad Gita, IV- 31
Galuteria Residency Findings of Fact and Conclusions of LawAnita Hofschneider
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
SLIDE:O LÚDICO NO PROCESSO DE ALFABETIZAÇÃO DA CRIANÇASandra Lourenco
O documento discute como o lúdico pode ser utilizado no processo de alfabetização da criança. Ele apresenta os objetivos de identificar formas de usar o lúdico e discutir sua importância. O documento revisa conceitos de alfabetização, lúdico e métodos, e argumenta que atividades lúdicas facilitam o aprendizado da criança de forma prazerosa.
Ayurveda – the boon for NCD's & LSD's in public health.Kamal Sharma
This document discusses the role of Ayurveda in preventing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and lifestyle diseases. It outlines that Ayurveda's main aim is to maintain health and treat disease. It emphasizes following concepts like pathya-apathya (dos and don'ts), dinacharya (daily routines), rutucharya (seasonal routines), and rasayana (rejuvenation). Lifestyle diseases result from unhealthy lifestyle choices and can be prevented by adopting Ayurvedic principles like proper diet, cleansing practices, and stress management. Cardiovascular disease is a major global burden but Ayurvedic shodhana procedures can help clear blockages in blood vessels and
FANRPAN Policy Brief: Stemming Aflatoxin in the Groundnut Chain in Sub-Sahara...Francois Stepman
This policy brief has been specifically
prepared to highlight the importance of aflatoxins on human health and trade in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It
contextualizes, (i) the preharvest and post-harvest factors that influence the proliferation of molds and aflatoxin
contamination in groundnuts in the SSA region, (ii) discusses feasible prevention and management strategies and
(iii) presents recommendations .
Environmental Risk Assessment for Pharmaceutical DrugsCovance
Understanding the Evaluation and Implications of Findings to the Regulatory Review of Human Medicines in the Environment. Pharmaceutical drugs are intended for the treatment of human disease, therefore the risk of their environmental exposure in clinical use needs to be evaluated. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) is part of the requirements when applying for marketing approval in many geographic regions throughout the world.
Hawaii Buffer Zones - Literature Review Hawaii Center for Food SafetyJosh Green
This document summarizes the scientific literature on the health impacts of pesticide exposure, particularly from pesticide drift. It finds that pesticide use is intensive in Hawaii's GE crop fields, exposing nearby residents. The literature establishes links between pesticide exposure and various cancers, neurological and developmental disorders. Children are especially vulnerable given pesticides' impacts on development. Buffer zones around schools and homes are recommended to protect public health from the harms of pesticide drift.
Fields of Poison: California Farmworkers and PesticidesZ3P
This document summarizes a report on pesticide exposure among California farmworkers. It finds that farm work is one of the most hazardous occupations, with an estimated death rate from work injuries that is over 5 times the average. The report analyzes data from California's pesticide use and illness reporting systems from 1991-1996. It finds that ten crops account for half of reported pesticide illnesses among farmworkers. The data is limited and many illnesses go unreported due to fears of retaliation. Enforcement of pesticide laws is weakest in areas with high agricultural pesticide use. The report makes recommendations to improve regulations, enforcement, reporting, access to healthcare, and transparency to reduce farmworker pesticide exposure.
Classification and evaluation of pesticides used in Palestine based on their ...Premier Publishers
Use of pesticides is still considered as a major way to protect and increase crop yields in the less developed countries, particularly. Palestine is one of the countries in which agricultural production relies on pesticides. Different studies showed that usage of pesticides in Palestine should be more managed and regulated based on their types, toxicities and persistence in environmental components. This study aims to classify and evaluate pesticides used in Palestine - by studying types used during the period of (2012 – 2015) - based on their severity on environment and health. Data about pesticides including types and annual consumption was obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture. Consumption annual variations were noticed, with highest consumption in 2012. The general trend indicated that herbicides contributed half of the average total consumption, whereas tenth of the used pesticides are classified as extremely and highly hazardous chemicals. In addition, two thirds are found to be persistent compounds in soil and three quarters of the types are persistent in water. Further analytical researches on pesticides residues are needed, which will assist policy makers to reformulate the current pesticides' management and controlling system.
This document summarizes a study on the environmental impacts of pesticide application with agricultural sprayers in southern Adamawa state, Nigeria. The study found that pesticide use has increased significantly in the region over time, with 84% of farmers purchasing pesticides from open markets with less oversight. Prolonged exposure to pesticides led to 164 cases of illness, 103 poisonings, 101 hospitalizations, and 28 deaths among farmers and workers. The study also found negative environmental impacts, including a decline in fresh water quality (83%), fish and aquatic life (80%), bee populations providing food (15-20%), and some bird species (78%). Only 38% of sprayer operators were properly trained, putting them at risk from exposure
Many pesticides that are banned in the EU, China, and Brazil are still being used widely in the U.S., according to a new study. Of the 1.2 billion pounds of pesticides used by the U.S. in 2016, some 322 million pounds were of pesticides banned in the EU. Of the 500 pesticides approved in the U.S., 17 are banned or being phased out in Brazil, and 11 are banned or on their way out in China. In fact, the U.S. has been using more of some of the pesticides banned in at least two of the countries. One reason why the U.S. may be lagging behind is that the U.S. almost exclusively relies on voluntary cancellations by pesticide makers, according to the study, while regulators in the EU, China, and Brazil are responsible for removing harmful pesticides.
This document provides explanations for the IOBC database on the selectivity of pesticides. It summarizes toxicity test results from various sources, especially the IOBC Joint Pesticide Testing Programs, on the effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods and organisms. The document describes the classification system used to indicate a pesticide's toxicity and provides references and lists of pesticides and active ingredients included in the database for easy reference.
This document provides explanations for a database on the selectivity of pesticides from the International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC). The database contains toxicity classifications for pesticides against beneficial arthropods, bees, earthworms, and fish based on test results. The classifications range from harmless to highly harmful. The document describes the sources and methodology used to compile the database, including the criteria used to determine toxicity classifications. It is intended to help users select pesticides while considering effects on non-target organisms.
The literature reviews highlight several key issues around antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Ethiopia. They emphasize the occurrence and spread of antimicrobials and AMR, as well as their impacts on ecological and human health. Heavy metals and microplastics are identified as contributing to the problem. While regulations and strategies have been implemented, little progress has been made, especially in developing countries. The reviews stress the need for integrated surveillance using a One Health approach to address AMR in Ethiopia, due to high resistance rates and inconsistent testing. A national AMR strategy involving comprehensive surveillance and multi-sector collaboration is advocated to prevent further development of resistance. However, implementing AMR plans faces challenges of limited capacity and inconsistent commitment. Efforts
This document discusses the need for a One Health approach to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance. It proposes a framework that integrates surveillance of antibiotic usage and AMR data from humans, animals, food, and the environment. The framework aims to identify drivers of AMR and allow for coordinated analysis and recommendations. Current global, European, and some national surveillance systems are reviewed against this framework. While progress has been made, most systems remain segmented and could be improved through greater integration in line with the One Health approach. A business case is made that the costs of uncoordinated AMR surveillance exceed the costs of implementing a fully integrated One Health system.
prioritization of pathogens to guide discovery, research and development of n...Anggisagitasitiqomar1
prioritization of pathogens to guide discovery, research and development of new antibiotics for drug-resistant bacterial infection, including tuberculosis
This thesis examines organophosphate pesticide exposure in Australian agricultural workers through biological monitoring and risk assessment. A cross-sectional study assessed exposure among four groups: fruit and vegetable farmers, pilots and mixer/loaders, formulation plant staff, and a control group. Urine and blood samples were collected and questionnaires administered. Farmers had good pesticide knowledge but low personal protective equipment use. Urine testing found generally low pesticide metabolite levels in farmers, higher levels in formulators and pilots/mixer/loaders, and detectable levels in controls indicating environmental exposure. The urine test was a useful exposure indicator and may help industry risk assessment if biological exposure indices are established.
The document provides a construction update for August 2015 on multiple phases of the Rangoli Gardens development project. Phases I through VII are listed along with specific blocks within phases III, V, and VI. An upcoming club house and commercial plaza called Rangoli Plaza are also mentioned. Contact information is provided to obtain more details on the project.
La Unión Europea ha propuesto un nuevo paquete de sanciones contra Rusia que incluye un embargo al petróleo ruso. El embargo se aplicaría gradualmente durante seis meses para el petróleo crudo y ocho meses para los productos refinados. Este paquete de sanciones requiere la aprobación unánime de los 27 estados miembros de la UE.
This study developed a method to synthesize and optimize selenium nanoparticle (SeNP) coatings on polymer substrates using a central composite design. SeNPs were synthesized via a precipitation reaction between glutathione and sodium selenite. The central composite design evaluated how reaction time parameters (T1 and T2) and reactant volumes affected SeNP coverage. A quadratic model fit the data well (r2=0.8766) and found time had a larger effect than volume. This model can predict SeNP coverage based on reaction parameters for optimizing coatings.
Este documento describe una exposición de arte en la Institución Educativa Don Bosco en Popayán sobre dibujo técnico. La exposición incluirá estereogramas, fractales, mandalas, planos y diseños creados por los estudiantes bajo la guía de los profesores Orlando Tintinago y Marcos Guzmán.
Este documento presenta un resumen de las ecuaciones del campo gravitacional propuestas por Albert Einstein en la teoría de la relatividad general. Describe cómo Einstein desarrolló ecuaciones covariantes que concuerdan con los postulados de la relatividad general y contienen la teoría newtoniana de la gravitación como una aproximación. Explica que posteriormente encontró un método para evitar la hipótesis sobre el tensor de energía de la materia y modificar su inclusión en las ecuaciones de campo.
Conferencia 127 Morir para vivir
El hombre natural, para sostener su vida biológica, requiere de los cuatro éteres ordinarios que le dan sustento a sus cuerpos existenciales; y en relación con su Naturaleza original, para la posible experiencia del Ser, la única opción se presenta tras el influjo de la Fuente original. Si un contacto abrupto con la Fuente original gnóstica provocara la interrupción repentina de la corriente de los éteres naturales ordinarios, se ocasionaría la muerte biológica de manera instantánea; ante tal riesgo, la naturaleza establece los debidos mecanismos de protección, que permiten solamente un proceso gradual para que el hombre pueda vivir un decrecimiento de la personalidad que garantice otro proceso —también gradual— para la Libertad del Hombre verdadero.
A aquéllos que no ofrecen su vida en sacrificio, no les pertenece ni este mundo ni el que haya de venir.
Bhagavad Gita, IV- 31
Galuteria Residency Findings of Fact and Conclusions of LawAnita Hofschneider
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
SLIDE:O LÚDICO NO PROCESSO DE ALFABETIZAÇÃO DA CRIANÇASandra Lourenco
O documento discute como o lúdico pode ser utilizado no processo de alfabetização da criança. Ele apresenta os objetivos de identificar formas de usar o lúdico e discutir sua importância. O documento revisa conceitos de alfabetização, lúdico e métodos, e argumenta que atividades lúdicas facilitam o aprendizado da criança de forma prazerosa.
Ayurveda – the boon for NCD's & LSD's in public health.Kamal Sharma
This document discusses the role of Ayurveda in preventing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and lifestyle diseases. It outlines that Ayurveda's main aim is to maintain health and treat disease. It emphasizes following concepts like pathya-apathya (dos and don'ts), dinacharya (daily routines), rutucharya (seasonal routines), and rasayana (rejuvenation). Lifestyle diseases result from unhealthy lifestyle choices and can be prevented by adopting Ayurvedic principles like proper diet, cleansing practices, and stress management. Cardiovascular disease is a major global burden but Ayurvedic shodhana procedures can help clear blockages in blood vessels and
FANRPAN Policy Brief: Stemming Aflatoxin in the Groundnut Chain in Sub-Sahara...Francois Stepman
This policy brief has been specifically
prepared to highlight the importance of aflatoxins on human health and trade in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It
contextualizes, (i) the preharvest and post-harvest factors that influence the proliferation of molds and aflatoxin
contamination in groundnuts in the SSA region, (ii) discusses feasible prevention and management strategies and
(iii) presents recommendations .
Environmental Risk Assessment for Pharmaceutical DrugsCovance
Understanding the Evaluation and Implications of Findings to the Regulatory Review of Human Medicines in the Environment. Pharmaceutical drugs are intended for the treatment of human disease, therefore the risk of their environmental exposure in clinical use needs to be evaluated. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) is part of the requirements when applying for marketing approval in many geographic regions throughout the world.
Hawaii Buffer Zones - Literature Review Hawaii Center for Food SafetyJosh Green
This document summarizes the scientific literature on the health impacts of pesticide exposure, particularly from pesticide drift. It finds that pesticide use is intensive in Hawaii's GE crop fields, exposing nearby residents. The literature establishes links between pesticide exposure and various cancers, neurological and developmental disorders. Children are especially vulnerable given pesticides' impacts on development. Buffer zones around schools and homes are recommended to protect public health from the harms of pesticide drift.
Fields of Poison: California Farmworkers and PesticidesZ3P
This document summarizes a report on pesticide exposure among California farmworkers. It finds that farm work is one of the most hazardous occupations, with an estimated death rate from work injuries that is over 5 times the average. The report analyzes data from California's pesticide use and illness reporting systems from 1991-1996. It finds that ten crops account for half of reported pesticide illnesses among farmworkers. The data is limited and many illnesses go unreported due to fears of retaliation. Enforcement of pesticide laws is weakest in areas with high agricultural pesticide use. The report makes recommendations to improve regulations, enforcement, reporting, access to healthcare, and transparency to reduce farmworker pesticide exposure.
Classification and evaluation of pesticides used in Palestine based on their ...Premier Publishers
Use of pesticides is still considered as a major way to protect and increase crop yields in the less developed countries, particularly. Palestine is one of the countries in which agricultural production relies on pesticides. Different studies showed that usage of pesticides in Palestine should be more managed and regulated based on their types, toxicities and persistence in environmental components. This study aims to classify and evaluate pesticides used in Palestine - by studying types used during the period of (2012 – 2015) - based on their severity on environment and health. Data about pesticides including types and annual consumption was obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture. Consumption annual variations were noticed, with highest consumption in 2012. The general trend indicated that herbicides contributed half of the average total consumption, whereas tenth of the used pesticides are classified as extremely and highly hazardous chemicals. In addition, two thirds are found to be persistent compounds in soil and three quarters of the types are persistent in water. Further analytical researches on pesticides residues are needed, which will assist policy makers to reformulate the current pesticides' management and controlling system.
This document summarizes a study on the environmental impacts of pesticide application with agricultural sprayers in southern Adamawa state, Nigeria. The study found that pesticide use has increased significantly in the region over time, with 84% of farmers purchasing pesticides from open markets with less oversight. Prolonged exposure to pesticides led to 164 cases of illness, 103 poisonings, 101 hospitalizations, and 28 deaths among farmers and workers. The study also found negative environmental impacts, including a decline in fresh water quality (83%), fish and aquatic life (80%), bee populations providing food (15-20%), and some bird species (78%). Only 38% of sprayer operators were properly trained, putting them at risk from exposure
Many pesticides that are banned in the EU, China, and Brazil are still being used widely in the U.S., according to a new study. Of the 1.2 billion pounds of pesticides used by the U.S. in 2016, some 322 million pounds were of pesticides banned in the EU. Of the 500 pesticides approved in the U.S., 17 are banned or being phased out in Brazil, and 11 are banned or on their way out in China. In fact, the U.S. has been using more of some of the pesticides banned in at least two of the countries. One reason why the U.S. may be lagging behind is that the U.S. almost exclusively relies on voluntary cancellations by pesticide makers, according to the study, while regulators in the EU, China, and Brazil are responsible for removing harmful pesticides.
This document provides explanations for the IOBC database on the selectivity of pesticides. It summarizes toxicity test results from various sources, especially the IOBC Joint Pesticide Testing Programs, on the effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods and organisms. The document describes the classification system used to indicate a pesticide's toxicity and provides references and lists of pesticides and active ingredients included in the database for easy reference.
This document provides explanations for a database on the selectivity of pesticides from the International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC). The database contains toxicity classifications for pesticides against beneficial arthropods, bees, earthworms, and fish based on test results. The classifications range from harmless to highly harmful. The document describes the sources and methodology used to compile the database, including the criteria used to determine toxicity classifications. It is intended to help users select pesticides while considering effects on non-target organisms.
The literature reviews highlight several key issues around antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Ethiopia. They emphasize the occurrence and spread of antimicrobials and AMR, as well as their impacts on ecological and human health. Heavy metals and microplastics are identified as contributing to the problem. While regulations and strategies have been implemented, little progress has been made, especially in developing countries. The reviews stress the need for integrated surveillance using a One Health approach to address AMR in Ethiopia, due to high resistance rates and inconsistent testing. A national AMR strategy involving comprehensive surveillance and multi-sector collaboration is advocated to prevent further development of resistance. However, implementing AMR plans faces challenges of limited capacity and inconsistent commitment. Efforts
This document discusses the need for a One Health approach to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance. It proposes a framework that integrates surveillance of antibiotic usage and AMR data from humans, animals, food, and the environment. The framework aims to identify drivers of AMR and allow for coordinated analysis and recommendations. Current global, European, and some national surveillance systems are reviewed against this framework. While progress has been made, most systems remain segmented and could be improved through greater integration in line with the One Health approach. A business case is made that the costs of uncoordinated AMR surveillance exceed the costs of implementing a fully integrated One Health system.
prioritization of pathogens to guide discovery, research and development of n...Anggisagitasitiqomar1
prioritization of pathogens to guide discovery, research and development of new antibiotics for drug-resistant bacterial infection, including tuberculosis
This thesis examines organophosphate pesticide exposure in Australian agricultural workers through biological monitoring and risk assessment. A cross-sectional study assessed exposure among four groups: fruit and vegetable farmers, pilots and mixer/loaders, formulation plant staff, and a control group. Urine and blood samples were collected and questionnaires administered. Farmers had good pesticide knowledge but low personal protective equipment use. Urine testing found generally low pesticide metabolite levels in farmers, higher levels in formulators and pilots/mixer/loaders, and detectable levels in controls indicating environmental exposure. The urine test was a useful exposure indicator and may help industry risk assessment if biological exposure indices are established.
This thesis examines phytoremediation as a more sustainable alternative to traditional brownfield remediation methods. The author outlines how conventional remediation methods are costly, pose health and environmental risks, and lack public support. Meanwhile, phytoremediation uses plants to break down toxic substances in contaminated sites. While still in development, phytoremediation offers lower costs and greater community acceptance than traditional methods. The author analyzes the benefits and drawbacks of conventional remediation and phytoremediation through a review of literature to argue that phytoremediation provides a more sustainable approach to remediating the growing problem of contaminated brownfield sites.
This report highlights recent scientific research on potential public health risks associated with confined animal feeding operations or CAFOs. In particular the report focuses on impacts to air quality, water quality, and pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. The purpose is to provide reliable information, based on a broad review of scientific research currently available, for regulators, individuals, and organizations.
Pesticide Health Risks to Children & the Unborn v2zq
Pesticide Health Risks to Children & the Unborn - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ casle.ca
GM crops are debated for their environmental impacts. Potential benefits include reduced pesticide use from Bt crops and conservation tillage from herbicide-tolerant varieties. However, risks include Bt toxin harming non-target species like butterflies, the development of pest resistance, and herbicide-tolerant weeds. Comprehensive environmental assessments are needed to understand both risks and benefits of each GM trait.
This document summarizes findings from studies on acute pesticide poisonings. It identifies the following key points:
1) Cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides (organophosphates and carbamates) were the most common causes of severe acute poisonings and deaths. Commonly implicated pesticides include aldicarb, methyl parathion, and carbofuran.
2) Paraquat and endosulfan have also been frequent causes of severe acute poisonings, including fatal cases.
3) The use of pesticide mixtures is related to higher incidence of poisonings. Developing countries commonly have unsafe pesticide application practices like using backpacks without protective equipment.
4
Relatório ONU denuncia mito de que pesticidas são essenciais para alimentar o...Carol Daemon
Relatório da ONU denuncia “mito” de que pesticidas são essenciais para alimentar o mundo. “É um mito. Usar pesticidas nada tem a ver com acabar com a fome. De acordo com a Organização das Nações Unidas para a Alimentação e a Agricultura (FAO), já conseguimos alimentar 9 mil milhões de pessoas hoje em dia. A produção está definitivamente a aumentar, mas o problema é a pobreza, a desigualdade e a distribuição”, declarou Hilal Elver, relatora especial da ONU para o direito à comida, acrescentando que muitos pesticidas são usados em plantações de produtos como o óleo de palma e não na comida necessária para acabar com a fome.
The letter summarizes the rejection of an application for Emergency Solutions Grant Program funding to provide essential services to homeless severely mentally ill adults. It disputes the rationale provided for rejecting the application. Specifically, it argues that the regulation does not require services be provided in an emergency shelter, and that the Activity Center qualifies as an emergency shelter under HUD guidance. It also notes a lack of transparency around the review process. The letter requests reconsideration of the application, noting the Activity Center is the only program providing these essential services and its closure would leave over 100 clients without support.
The table shows per capita homeless assistance funding amounts by state for 2020. It lists each state or territory's total homeless assistance funding, point-in-time homeless count, per capita funding amount calculated by dividing total funding by population, and the estimated funding needed to equalize per capita amounts across all areas. Most states' actual funding fell below the estimated equalized funding level.
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This document provides a summary of an evidentiary hearing before the Board of Registration on the Island of Oahu regarding Richard W. Baker's appeal. The hearing addressed Baker's appeal and Brickwood M. Galuteria, Abigail L. Galuteria, and Glen Takahashi in his official capacity as City Clerk of Honolulu. Louise Black was called as the first witness for the appellant and was questioned by Baker regarding Brickwood Galuteria's home exemption request form and her affidavit submitted in May. However, the chairperson did not see the relevance of Black reading from or interpreting the documents since they could speak for themselves as exhibits and her qualification regarding the documents was not established.
This amicus curiae brief supports the appellants and seeks reversal of the order denying a preliminary injunction. The brief was submitted by five native Hawaiian beneficiaries in support of limiting voting in the election at issue to native Hawaiians. It argues that allowing non-native Hawaiians to vote would violate equal protection and that native Hawaiians should determine their own membership qualifications as a tribe. The brief provides historical background on land policies in Hawaii and argues that the state's analogy of native Hawaiians to an Indian tribe fails because there is no blood quantum requirement to vote.
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Christian persecution in Islamic countries has intensified, with alarming incidents of violence, discrimination, and intolerance. This article highlights recent attacks in Nigeria, Pakistan, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq, exposing the multifaceted challenges faced by Christian communities. Despite the severity of these atrocities, the Western world's response remains muted due to political, economic, and social considerations. The urgent need for international intervention is underscored, emphasizing that without substantial support, the future of Christianity in these regions is at grave risk.
https://ecspe.org/the-rise-of-christian-persecution-in-islamic-countries/
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Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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1. 1
The undersigned organizations submit the following comments on the Joint Fact Finding Study
Group’s (JFFSG’s) draft report entitled Pesticide Use by Large Agribusinesses on Kaua‘i. These
comments were prepared by Center for Food Safety staff scientist Bill Freese.
Earthjustice GMO Free Kaua‘i Sustainable Coastlines Hawaiʻi
Sierra Club Hawaiʻi GMO Free Hawai‘i Island Babes Against Biotech
Hui Aloha ‘Āina Momona Aloha ‘Āina Project ‘Onipaʻa Na Hui Kalo
North Shore O.H.A.N.A ‘Ohana ‘O Kaua‘i SHAKA Movement
Maui United Beach Road Farms Moms on a Mission (MOM) Hui
Hawai‘i Alliance for Progressive Action Hawaiʻi Center for Food Safety
INTRODUCTION
The JFFSG has done an excellent job gathering often difficult-to-access data on the health status of
the Kaua‘i population. The JFFSG’s recommendations are also very well-considered and
comprehensive. Much of the analysis is also very good. However, in places the assessment leaves
out critical information or perspectives, or is unintentionally misleading. In some instances, these
deficits weaken the assessment such that it fails to make a strong case for the recommended
measures. The following comments and recommendations are meant in the spirit of constructive
criticism. Page number references are to the pdf page numbers (not document page numbers, which
are often missing) of the draft report; references to “Appendix” are pdf page numbers of Appendix
II. Center for Food Safety will submit separate, more detailed comments that also provide
documentation for many of the points raised here.
PESTICIDE USAGE
Excessive attention to chlorine and structural fumigants
The JFFSG’s charge is specifically to investigate the potential impacts of pesticides used by seed
companies and other large agribusinesses on human health and the environment on Kaua‘i (p. 13).
Neither chlorine for water treatment nor fumigants used for termite control in buildings are
agricultural pesticides. Discussion of these non-agricultural pesticides (e.g. Figure 3-1 and associated
text, pp. 23, 26, 31-32) is irrelevant to JFFSG’s charge and confusing to readers. We urge that these
sections be cut from the report or at least greatly abbreviated, especially Figure 3-1. This would
open more space for discussion of agricultural pesticides, as outlined below.
Kaua‘i seed corn vs. mainland field corn
The comparison between RUP use on Kaua‘i seed corn and mainland field corn is highly misleading
because no data are provided on acres treated, but rather only rate per treated acre (lbs./acre/year).
Both metrics are required to give an adequate picture of pesticide use. This is why standard
reporting on pesticide usage by USDA (e.g. USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service and
Economic Research Service) employs both metrics, as discussed more fully in separate comments
from Center for Food Safety (CFS). Two examples reveal why reporting rate alone is misleading.
Table 3-3 gives the impression that bifenthrin is the most intensively used RUP on Kaua‘i because it
is applied at 5.36 times the rate that it is used on mainland corn (the highest multiple for any Kaua‘i
RUP). This impression is entirely false, however, because bifenthrin usage is insignificant: only two
2. 2
acre-treatments1
of this RUP were made on Kaua‘i in all of 2014. (In contrast, bifenthrin was
applied to 4% of mainland corn in 2014.) At the other extreme, Table 3-3 suggests that lambda-
cyhalothrin use is only moderately greater (1.46 times, based on rate) on Kaua‘i than on mainland
corn. Once again, this is highly misleading, because fully 3,070 acre-treatments of this RUP were
made on Kaua‘i in 2014, more than for any other RUP, and over 1,500-fold acre-treatments than for
bifenthrin. (In contrast, only 2% of mainland corn was treated with this insecticide.) Center for
Food Safety is providing more detailed discussion of this important issue in separate comments
from our organization.
Data on frequency of pesticide use, including general use pesticides
JFFSG provides no information on usage of general use pesticides because the Hawai‘i Department
of Agriculture does not collect this information (p. 30). However, DuPont-Pioneer released valuable
frequency of use data on all of the pesticides it used on Kaua‘i from 2007 through 2012, and this
information should be included in the report (submitted with these comments as filename: DuPont-
Pioneer Pesticides Kaua‘i 2007-12).
Include section describing spray and vapor drift of various pesticides used on Kaua‘i
Some pesticides are more likely to drift and cause adverse effects than others. The main report lacks
any real discussion of this topic. As explained more fully in separate comments from CFS, JFFSG
should assess pesticides used on Kaua‘i for the drift threat they pose to human health by evaluating:
1) How frequently they have been cited in complaints of pesticide illness in California’s Pesticide
Illness Surveillance Program (see section entitled The California Model below, under Regulation and
Oversight); and 2) How heavily they are used on Kaua‘i, as measured by field area treated. By these
two metrics, chlorpyrifos poses by far the greatest threat to human health from drift of RUPs used
on Kaua‘i, as also suggested by Milton Clark’s assessment of chlorpyrifos drift (Appendix, pp.
106ff). In light of this evidence (see also separate CFS comments), JFFSG is urged to remove the
totally inaccurate statement with respect to chlorpyrifos that “risk of exposure was essentially non-
existent through this means of drift” (Appendix, p. 15).
HUMAN HEALTH
Currently used pesticides on Kaua‘i
Under this section of the report (p. 53), JFFSG should provide the fullest possible list of pesticides
used by the seed companies on Kaua‘i, not merely the RUPs, 2,4-D and glyphosate. The list of
general use pesticides at Appendix II, Attachment 4 is inadequate for two reasons: it does not list
active ingredients, and the title (suggesting formulations used only by DuPont-Pioneer in 2011-2012)
is inconsistent with the note appended at the end by HCIA stating that it represents GUPs used by
all four seed companies as of fall 2015. Instead, we recommend inclusion in the main report of the
pesticide list mentioned above and submitted with these comments: DuPont-Pioneer Pesticides
Kaua‘i 2007-12.
Acute high dose exposure can have long-term impacts
The JFFSG should include a brief section in the main report explaining that acute, high-dose
exposure to pesticides can in certain circumstances have long-term health impacts. This is
documented in the Appendix (pp. 12-13) under the section entitled “Acute, sub-chronic and chronic
pesticide effects,” where it is noted that some acute conditions (e.g. asthma attack) can lead to
1
That is, Good Neighbor Program data for 2014 show that bifenthrin was applied to a field area of just 2 acres.
3. 3
chronic conditions, and some chronic conditions may be the result of repeated acute exposure
episodes. CFS provides a discussion of this topic, with references, in Pesticides in Paradise, Section
6.4. This could perhaps follow the section of the main report entitled “Chronic low dose pesticide
exposure” (p. 54).
Pesticides and children
JFFSG should mention an additional reason for the special vulnerability of fetuses, infants and
children to harms from pesticide exposure (p. 54) – namely, their developing physiological systems
are more susceptible to disruption than the mature systems of adults. This applies particularly to the
unborn, and has the important implication that exposure to the same pesticide at the same low level
can have very different effects depending on the developmental stage at which exposure occurs.
JFFSG for some reason qualified all studies that find associations between pesticide exposure and
childhood disease as “emerging” or “relatively new” or “evolving” research (Table 5-1 on p. 55 and
associated text). This misleadingly suggests to the reader that all research on pesticide exposure in
children is preliminary, subject to change, and hence unreliable. This is certainly not the case with
neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders. There is a broad consensus among scientists, based
on extremely strong studies, that early life exposure to organophosphate insecticides, and in
particular chlorpyrifos, cause serious neurocognitive deficits. EPA first restricted chlorpyrifos use
15 years ago, when its adverse effects were already evident, and recently proposed to ban
chlorpyrifos, an extreme step the Agency never takes without solid (not “evolving”) research. The
evidence associating pesticide exposure with childhood leukemia is also strong and long-standing.
JFFSG should remove weakening qualifiers such as “new,” “emerging” and “evolving” in describing
the neurocognitive and cancer impacts of pesticide exposure in children.
Kaua‘i data
As JFFSG notes: “If pesticide exposure occurs primarily through chemical drift and dust, then only
populations in the immediate surrounding area of spraying or those located in the down-wind areas
from application should be surveyed for exposure. Tabulating all illnesses from the entire area
dilutes the potentially harmful effects of the pesticides studies (Appendix, p. 125).
Yet much of the reporting on disease incidence on Kaua‘i involves extremely large geographic areas,
such as “West Kaua‘i” (e.g. birth defects data) that encompasses nine zip codes including nearly all
of southern Kaua‘i as well; or similarly “Lihue-Waimea” (prostate cancer data). We urge JFFSG,
wherever possible, to report Kaua‘i health data for the smallest units possible centering on Waimea
and surrounding areas where seed companies maintain fields. This would provide the best chance
of discovering potential health effects by mitigating the “dilution” effect noted above.
Birth defects
JFFSG should include in the main report that the U.S. national birth defect rate is 3% (this is already
in the Appendix, p. 113).
Adverse birth outcomes
JFFSG states that the specific pesticides associated with low birth weight seem to be primarily legacy
products such as DDT that are no longer used (p. 58). In fact, a considerable number of studies
have associated in utero exposure to organophosphate insecticides with low birth weight and/or
delivery of small for gestational age (SGA) babies (Perera et al 2003; Wolff et al 2007; Eskenazai et
al. 2004; reviewed in Roberts and Karr 2012). There is also evidence of similar outcomes for in utero
4. 4
exposure to atrazine (Chevrier et al. 2011; Villanueva et al 2005). Thus, JFFSG should not limit the
association of these adverse birth outcomes to primarily legacy pesticides.
Illness episodes at Waimea Canyon Middle School
The critical information that JFFSG does not report but should add to the main report is that
stinkweed “odors” have never been documented to cause the severe symptoms reported by the
Kaua‘i victims (Milton Clark’s report, Appendix, pp. 150-160); while these same reported symptoms
are extremely common side effects of exposure to many different kinds of pesticides (Roberts and
Karr 2012, Table 2). If stinkweed odors at concentrations to be found in the open air do not cause
nausea, vomiting and the other symptoms, then it matters little whether first responders smelled
something like stinkweed or not when they arrived at the school. If one assumes stinkweed odors
were present, they may even have masked the smell of a pesticide that did cause the symptoms.
This section should be rewritten to include the best available information for the number of people
sickened in each episode, broken down by children, teachers, personnel; the number hospitalized; a
thorough description of their symptoms and any treatment (e.g. nebulizer) they received; a full list of
pesticides applied on the days of the two episodes and in the period of time preceding them; and a
description of side effects from inhalation of those pesticides from corresponding labels, Material
Safety Data Sheets, medical literature or other valid sources (e.g. Roberts and Karr 2012, Table 2).
JFFSG should state in the main report that UH monitoring in 2010 found a peak concentration of
stinkweed volatile MITC at Waimea that was 230-fold below California health screening levels
(Milton Clark’s report, Appendix, pp. 159-160); this is needed to balance a similar statement with
regard to the pesticides detected. JFFSG should explicitly acknowledge that even if stinkweed were
established as the cause of an “odor” (and there is dispute on this point), this does not mean that it
caused the severe symptoms. In general, Milton Clark’s fact-based testimony should be better
incorporated into the discussion in this section.
REGULATION AND OVERSIGHT
The California model
JFFSG holds up California’s pesticide regulatory and oversight system as “exemplary” (Appendix, p.
27), and recommends that the Hawai‘i Department of Agriculture and the Pesticide Advisory
Committee consult it in the process of revising Hawai‘i’s regulatory system. Key aspects of
California’s system that Hawai‘i should emulate or exceed are: 1) Mandatory collection of full data
on use of all pesticides, not just RUPs, and full disclosure of same to the public; 2) California’s Air
Monitoring Network;2
and 3) California’s Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program (PISP), which
contains data on complaints of pesticide-induced illness dating back to 1992.3
PISP information is
publicly accessible in an on-line, searchable database, and is supplemented with annual reports. We
urge JFFSG to add an additional recommendation that the Hawai‘i State government establish such
a surveillance program. In addition, California is presently moving towards additional restrictions on
use of pesticides near schools, as well as more comprehensive posting and notification rules for
anyone living near sites of application. JFFSG should investigate and describe these pending actions
in the main report.
2
See http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/airinit/air_network.htm.
3
See http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/whs/pisp.htm.
5. 5
JFFSG should revise and expand the section in the main report that compares the pesticide
regulatory systems of California and Hawai‘i to better reflect the breadth and scope of California’s
system. The color-coded table lacks sufficient information to be comprehensible and is confusing to
readers. JFFSG should specify the Hawai‘i state law or regulation that justifies its coding of Hawai‘i
“online reporting” as “mandatory” for “all known RUP records, reports and forms.”
Inaccurate statements about EPA regulation
The discussion of the saying “the label is the law” gives a greatly exaggerated impression of the
degree of compliance with pesticide label provisions (Appendix, p. 6). JFFSG should note that there
is evidence for frequent label violations in the realm of pesticide use, on Hawai‘i and elsewhere. To
take one example, the Association of American Pesticide Control Officials, an organization of state
pesticide regulators, testified to EPA that it “has experience that supports that there are numerous
pesticide applications made when it is too windy” (i.e. application in violation of label-specified
maximum wind speed) (AAPCO 2002; cited in Pesticides in Paradise, Section 8.1.1).
JFFSG should remove the inaccurate statement that EPA’s pesticide registration process is
“precautionary” based on the statement that “until a pesticide has been sufficiently studied, it
doesn’t warrant registration” (Appendix, pp. 8-9). EPA regulates according to a risk-benefit
standard that weighs economic benefits of a pesticide’s use against proven or potential harms. For
this reason, and because of deficiencies in EPA’s assessment process and the pesticide industry’s
political influence, EPA has a long record of approving hazardous pesticides. The fact that
chlorpyrifos has remained registered for many years despite its demonstrated neurobehavioral harms
to infants and young children is just one example of EPA’s lack of “precaution.”
JFFSG states that “EPA creates toxicity tolerance levels by setting an aggregate, non-occupational
exposure and establishing the cumulative effects from exposure to different pesticides….”
(Appendix, p. 17, emphasis added). In fact, EPA considers cumulative effects from exposure to
different pesticides only in the rare cases when those “different pesticides” belong to a single
pesticide class for which the Agency has made the explicit determination that individual pesticides of
the class share a common mechanism of toxicity, which the Agency has done for only five classes of
pesticide.4
The cumulative effects of “different pesticides” are NOT assessed when they belong to
different pesticide classes; or to a single pesticide class other than those five cited in the footnote.
The EPA gives far too little consideration to the additive and synergistic impacts that can occur
upon exposure to multiple pesticides, an area that merits increased scrutiny and regulation (e.g.
Zaunbrecher et al. 2016). See also Pesticides in Paradise, Section 7.3, for studies demonstrating
cumulative effects of different pesticides not considered by EPA (e.g. atrazine/chlorpyrifos re:
aquatic invertebrates and frogs).
In the section entitled “EPA Drinking Water Regulations” (Appendix, p. 43), we urge JFFSG to
revise the discussion to clearly explain the distinct meanings of MCLG and MCL, as defined in
footnotes to the table on the same page. Suggested language follows:
“The level of a drinking water contaminant below which there is no known or expected health risk is
known as the maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG), and is not legally enforceable. The EPA
sets legally enforceable limits for contaminants, known as maximum contaminant levels (MCLs),
4
See https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/cumulative-assessment-risk-pesticides.
6. 6
that are set as close to MCLGs as feasible using the best available treatment technology and taking
cost into consideration.”
Miscellaneous
JFFSG should remove or revise the paragraph speculating that the endocrine-disrupting impacts of
birth control pills in water may “dwarf” those of atrazine use (Appendix, pp. 13-14). The paper
cited for this statement (Bhandari et al. 2015) explores epigenetic, transgenerational effects of
bisphenol A and ethinylestradiol on medaka (a type of fish), and has not a single word to say about
atrazine, much less the magnitude of its endocrine-disrupting effects relative to estrogen from birth
control pills. Entirely undocumented speculation of this sort has no place in JFFSG’s report.
JFFSG reports that “[t]he Good Neighbor Program includes 2 buffer zone requirements”
(Appendix, pp. 31-32). However, the first “buffer zone” is actually a “notification zone” within the
bounds of which a pesticide is sprayed following notification. Because “buffer zone” is used to
designate “no-spray zone,” JFFSG should re-label this zone a “notification zone” to avoid
confusion.
JFFSG says: “Seed companies have also been implementing voluntary buffer zones. These zones
may vary but 660 feet was stated as an example of typical distances” (Appendix, p. 32, emphasis
added), but also “No existing maps showing the buffer zones were located” (Appendix, p. 31). In
the absence of maps or other solid evidence of the existence and size of any buffer zones that may
be implemented by the seed companies in their various fields, loose talk of “typical” distances that
“may vary” without any geographical reference or documentation is unacceptable. We recommend
that JFFSG remove this section, or alternately to rephrase appropriately, for instance as follows:
“Seed companies report that they implement voluntary buffer zones, however no maps were found
showing where the reported buffer zones were located; and there is also no documented
information on their size.”
Organophosphates put endangered species at risk
The EPA recently found that 97% of more than 1,700 animals and plants protected under the
Endangered Species Act are likely to be harmed by malathion and chlorpyrifos, while another 79%
are likely to be harmed by diazinon (CBD 2016). Given the wealth of threatened and endangered
species in Hawai‘i, and the extremely intensive use of chlorpyrifos, we urge JFFSG to address this
finding in the main report.
RECENT PESTICIDE DEVELOPMENTS
Glyphosate
We recommend that JFFSG balance out its discussion by giving a fuller explanation of IARC’s
determination, and also provide references to IARC’s decision, as has been done for those of the
German pesticide regulator, BfR (three references) and EFSA (one reference). Here is possible
additional language:
“WHO’s International Agency for Research on Cancer categorized glyphosate as a “probable human
carcinogen” (Group 2A) after an exhaustive evaluation of relevant studies. The determination was
based on three classes of evidence: 1) Sufficient evidence that glyphosate causes cancer in animals; 2)
Limited evidence that glyphosate causes non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a cancer, in farmers; and 3)
Strong evidence that glyphosate damages DNA and causes oxidative stress, two pathways to cancer
7. 7
(Guyton et al. 2015). IARC relied in part on a study that the U.S. EPA also regarded as evidence of
glyphosate’s carcinogenic potential in the 1980s (IARC 2015a, 2015b). Ninety-four (94) medical
scientists recently published a peer-reviewed paper defending IARC’s determination that glyphosate
is a probable human carcinogen and criticizing EFSA’s contrary position on glyphosate.”
Glyphosate has not been deemed “safe” by regulators, and this passage should be stricken. EPA
employs a risk-benefit approach to pesticides according to which a pesticide is registered under
federal law (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act) if it is judged not to pose “an
unreasonable adverse effect on the human environment.” Adverse effects on the “human
environment,” which encompasses human (particularly farmer) health, can be “reasonable” if
counterbalanced by putative economic benefits. The fact that EPA registers a pesticide as general
use rather than restricted use is not equivalent to deeming it “safe.”
Under “Studies which show risk,” an important class of evidence (tumors in animals) is missing.
Please add/rephrase first sentence as follows: “…associated with the following: tumors in laboratory
animals, the cancer non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in farmers, cellular DNA damage….”
Chlorpyrifos
JFFSG should provide a fuller discussion of the chlorpyrifos poisoning symptoms suffered by the
Syngenta employees following the episode on Kaua‘i on January 20, 2016. JFFSG maintains that
three of the ten employees were hospitalized overnight “because of symptoms such as headaches,”
but headaches are not normally sufficient reason for hospitalization. No privacy considerations
prevent a full reporting of the symptoms (obtained from the treating physician(s) or the victims), as
long as names are not released. As with the Waimea School episodes, JFFSG needs to do a better
job of reporting the acute effects of known episodes of pesticide exposure. JFFSG should also
describe EPA’s planned investigation of the incident. JFFSG should also provide a summary of
other worker protection standard enforcement actions involving pesticides that have been
undertaken in the recent past.
Enlist Duo
The treatment is inaccurate in places, biased and incomplete. At the end of the first paragraph,
JFFSG should mention that GE crops resistant to many herbicides, including 2,4-D and glyphosate,
have been field-tested in Hawai‘i (see Pesticides in Paradise, Section 3.4, based on USDA data).
JFFSG should also include the following relevant information.
EPA manipulated the science to justify overlooking 2,4-D’s kidney toxicity in laboratory animal
experiments in the context of its Enlist Duo review (Callahan 2015), and a meta-analysis of cancer
epidemiology found that 2,4-D exposure is associated with a higher incidence of non-Hodgkin’s
lymphoma, an immune system cancer, in farmers (Schinasi and Leon 2014).
JFFSG should remove the following entirely speculative and undocumented assertion: “However, it
is sure to create anxiety for the agriculture industry since many weeds have become resistant to
glyphosate, commonly used on genetically modified corn and soybeans.” Actually, farmers burned
by Monsanto’s sales pitch that using glyphosate alone with Roundup Ready crops would NOT lead
to glyphosate-resistant weeds (Hartzler 2003, Hartzler et al. 2004) are proving to be more skeptical
of Dow’s marketing of Enlist crops and Enlist Duo as the “solution” to glyphosate-resistant weeds
(Stecker 2015). Farmers at least seem to have more “anxiety” about exacerbating, with the Enlist
8. 8
system, the resistant weed epidemic that was triggered with Roundup Ready crops than about being
unable to access Enlist Duo.
JFFSG should also objectively report that scientists as well as sustainable farming advocates are
skeptical of and/or opposed to Enlist crops and Enlist Duo (and similar multiple herbicide-resistant
crop systems) because of concerns over impacts to human health, the environment, drift damage,
emergence of 2,4-D resistance in weeds, rising costs for farmers, among other concerns. Even
USDA has conceded that the Enlist system will lead to greater selection pressure for 2,4-D-resistant
weeds;5
this is not merely the “claim” of “critics,” it is a view shared by most weed scientists (e.g.
Mortensen et al. 2012; Harker et al. 2012; Keim 2014a, 2014b).
REFERENCES
AAPCO (2002) Letter from Donnie Dippel, President of Association of American Pesticide Control
Officials, to Jay Ellenberger of EPA, March 25, 2002.
Bhandari, R. K., vom Saal, F. S., & Tillitt, D. E. (2015). Transgenerational effects from early developmental
exposures to bisphenol A or 17(alpha)-ethinylestradiol in medaka, Oryzias latipes. Scientific Reports, 5. doi:
10.1038/srep09303. Available from http://www.nature.com/articles/srep09303
Callahan P (2015). EPA tosses aside safety data, says Dow pesticide for GMOs won’t harm people.
Chicago Tribune, December 8, 2015. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/watchdog/ct-gmo-
crops-pesticide-resistance-met-20151203-story.html.
CBD (2016). EPA Analysis: 97 Percent of Endangered Species Threatened by Two Common
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http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2016/pesticides-04-07-2016.html.
Chevrier C, Limon G, Monfort C, Rouget F, Garlantezec R, Petit C, Durand G, Cordier A (2011)
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Hartzler B (2004). What, Me Worry? Iowa State University Weed Science, May 1, 2003.
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5
See https://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/24d_feis.pdf.
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Hartzler B et al. (2004). Preserving the value of glyphosate. Iowa State University Weed Science,
Feb. 20, 2004. http://www.weeds.iastate.edu/mgmt/2004/preserving.shtml
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25, 2014. http://www.wired.com/2014/09/new-gm-crops/.
Mortensen DA, Egan JF, Maxwell BD, Ryan MR, Smith RG (2012). Navigating a Critical Juncture
for Sustainable Weed Management. Bioscience 62(1): 75-84.
http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/1/75.short.
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D, Dietrich J, Whyatt RM (2003) Effects of transplacental exposure to environmental pollutants on
birth outcomes in a multiethnic population. Environmental Health Perspectives 111(2): 201–205.
Portier CJ et al. (2016). Differences in the carcinogenic evaluation of glyphosate between the
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