Many pesticides that are banned in the EU, China, and Brazil are still being used widely in the U.S., according to a new study. Of the 1.2 billion pounds of pesticides used by the U.S. in 2016, some 322 million pounds were of pesticides banned in the EU. Of the 500 pesticides approved in the U.S., 17 are banned or being phased out in Brazil, and 11 are banned or on their way out in China. In fact, the U.S. has been using more of some of the pesticides banned in at least two of the countries. One reason why the U.S. may be lagging behind is that the U.S. almost exclusively relies on voluntary cancellations by pesticide makers, according to the study, while regulators in the EU, China, and Brazil are responsible for removing harmful pesticides.
Cosmetic Pesticide Bans - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
This document provides a summary of a report prepared for the City of Hamilton on pesticide use on private property. It examines the health concerns related to pesticide use, the legal context, and various policy options for municipal regulation. Key points include:
- There is scientific uncertainty around pesticides' chronic health impacts but evidence they may cause issues like cancer, especially in children.
- Several public health organizations recommend limiting non-essential pesticide use based on precautionary principle given potential harms.
- Canadian court ruled municipalities can regulate private pesticide use under "general welfare" powers, as in Quebec. Applicability in Ontario needs review.
- Report discusses policy options like education, industry standards, notification by
Effect of pesticides treated vegetables on humans healthGhulamQadir32
The document discusses the effects of pesticides on human health. It defines pesticides as chemical or biological agents used to protect crops from pests. It describes different types of pesticides including chemical and biopesticides. The document discusses how pesticide residues can remain in foods after harvesting and the potential health effects of pesticide exposure, including increased risk of asthma, birth defects, neurological effects, cancer, and reduced fertility. Overall, the document examines the use of pesticides on vegetables and various health risks associated with pesticide consumption.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Harmful pesticides and how smallholder women farmers can doDonald ofoegbu
A presentation delivered at the Small-Scale Women Farmers Organization in Nigeria (SWOFON) Annual National Forum 29th - 30th November 2021. Raising awareness on Harmful Pesticides and how smallholder women farmers can protect themselves - shift away
The document summarizes Montgomery County, MD's Bill 52-14, which restricts the use of certain pesticides on private and public lawns. The bill was enacted in 2015 but was invalidated by a court in 2017 before being reinstated in 2019. It bans neonicotinoids and restricts pesticide use to those on the National Organic Standards list. It requires education campaigns, Integrated Pest Management programs, and transitioning county parks to organic maintenance using only approved pesticides.
This document summarizes a study on the environmental impacts of pesticide application with agricultural sprayers in southern Adamawa state, Nigeria. The study found that pesticide use has increased significantly in the region over time, with 84% of farmers purchasing pesticides from open markets with less oversight. Prolonged exposure to pesticides led to 164 cases of illness, 103 poisonings, 101 hospitalizations, and 28 deaths among farmers and workers. The study also found negative environmental impacts, including a decline in fresh water quality (83%), fish and aquatic life (80%), bee populations providing food (15-20%), and some bird species (78%). Only 38% of sprayer operators were properly trained, putting them at risk from exposure
This presentation about legal measures of insect pest management in Nepal. This presentation try to elaborate the mandate of Nepal Government for controlling insect pest .
Cosmetic Pesticide Bans - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
This document provides a summary of a report prepared for the City of Hamilton on pesticide use on private property. It examines the health concerns related to pesticide use, the legal context, and various policy options for municipal regulation. Key points include:
- There is scientific uncertainty around pesticides' chronic health impacts but evidence they may cause issues like cancer, especially in children.
- Several public health organizations recommend limiting non-essential pesticide use based on precautionary principle given potential harms.
- Canadian court ruled municipalities can regulate private pesticide use under "general welfare" powers, as in Quebec. Applicability in Ontario needs review.
- Report discusses policy options like education, industry standards, notification by
Effect of pesticides treated vegetables on humans healthGhulamQadir32
The document discusses the effects of pesticides on human health. It defines pesticides as chemical or biological agents used to protect crops from pests. It describes different types of pesticides including chemical and biopesticides. The document discusses how pesticide residues can remain in foods after harvesting and the potential health effects of pesticide exposure, including increased risk of asthma, birth defects, neurological effects, cancer, and reduced fertility. Overall, the document examines the use of pesticides on vegetables and various health risks associated with pesticide consumption.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Harmful pesticides and how smallholder women farmers can doDonald ofoegbu
A presentation delivered at the Small-Scale Women Farmers Organization in Nigeria (SWOFON) Annual National Forum 29th - 30th November 2021. Raising awareness on Harmful Pesticides and how smallholder women farmers can protect themselves - shift away
The document summarizes Montgomery County, MD's Bill 52-14, which restricts the use of certain pesticides on private and public lawns. The bill was enacted in 2015 but was invalidated by a court in 2017 before being reinstated in 2019. It bans neonicotinoids and restricts pesticide use to those on the National Organic Standards list. It requires education campaigns, Integrated Pest Management programs, and transitioning county parks to organic maintenance using only approved pesticides.
This document summarizes a study on the environmental impacts of pesticide application with agricultural sprayers in southern Adamawa state, Nigeria. The study found that pesticide use has increased significantly in the region over time, with 84% of farmers purchasing pesticides from open markets with less oversight. Prolonged exposure to pesticides led to 164 cases of illness, 103 poisonings, 101 hospitalizations, and 28 deaths among farmers and workers. The study also found negative environmental impacts, including a decline in fresh water quality (83%), fish and aquatic life (80%), bee populations providing food (15-20%), and some bird species (78%). Only 38% of sprayer operators were properly trained, putting them at risk from exposure
This presentation about legal measures of insect pest management in Nepal. This presentation try to elaborate the mandate of Nepal Government for controlling insect pest .
The document critiques the proposed Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI) Bill 2012. It argues that the bill is flawed as it [1] proposes a single window regulatory system that would lower standards and reduce transparency, [2] fails to ensure independence from promoters of biotechnology, and [3] curtails participation of state governments and the public in decision making. Instead of this bill, the document calls for a biosafety protection statute that ensures long term assessment of risks, transparency, public participation, and deterrent liability standards.
This document presents a simplified pest risk assessment procedure developed for the National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) of Zambia. Zambia has limited resources and data for conducting complex pest risk assessments required by international standards. The simplified procedure focuses on key risk elements of entry, establishment, spread and consequences. It uses a closed question "yes or no" approach instead of descriptive ratings. The procedure was tested on case studies and found to produce results consistent with standard approaches, while being easier to apply given Zambia's constraints. The authors conclude the procedure could help Zambia and other developing countries justify phytosanitary regulations in a rapid, straightforward manner.
Bioprospecting involves exploring biological resources for commercially valuable properties. It focuses on extreme environments that are home to extremophiles with unique survival mechanisms. These organisms provide enzymes used in products like detergents. While bioprospecting seeks resources to improve human health and develop drugs, it faces challenges around conservation versus exploitation, lack of legal clarity on benefit sharing, and potential environmental impacts if not properly regulated. A comprehensive bioprospecting policy requires legislation, benefit sharing mechanisms, capacity building, and monitoring.
Bioprospecting involves systematically searching for useful products from biological resources like plants, microorganisms, and animals that can be developed and commercialized for societal benefit. It generally consists of four phases: sample collection, isolation and characterization of compounds, screening for potential uses, and product development and commercialization. Microbes, extremophiles, fungi, algae, and other organisms provide sources for bioprospecting and have led to discoveries like antibiotics, enzymes, bioplastics, and more. While bioprospecting has benefits, issues around benefit-sharing with indigenous groups and biopiracy must be addressed.
Current status of the development, regulation and use of bio-pesticides in Ug...ILRI
Presented by Samuel Kyamanywa, Makerere University, at the Regional Experts Workshop on Development, Regulation and Use of Bio-pesticides in East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 22–23 May 2014
This document discusses pest risk analysis (PRA) which is a process used to evaluate biological evidence to determine if an organism is a pest and what phytosanitary measures should be taken. It outlines the key steps in a PRA including pest risk initiation, pest risk assessment, and pest risk management. Examples are provided of potential pest pathways like cuttings, foliage, and food produce. The document also defines what constitutes pest establishment and spread. Overall, the PRA process determines the risk level and whether measures are needed to make the risk acceptable for market access of agricultural products to other countries.
This document discusses pest risk analysis (PRA), which is the process of evaluating biological evidence to determine if a pest should be regulated and what measures should be taken. It involves three main steps: initiation, risk assessment, and risk management. The risk assessment estimates the likelihood of entry, establishment, and spread of a pest, as well as the potential economic consequences. It considers factors like pest biology and distribution, host availability, and climate. Based on these factors, pests are categorized and their risks are estimated on a matrix. Risk management then identifies potential measures to reduce risks to an acceptable level. PRA is mandatory for importing plants and plant materials according to Indian regulations.
Presented by Doris Wangari, Program for Biosafety Systems (PBS), Kenya, at the Workshop on Animal Genetic Research for Africa (Biosciences for Farming in Africa), Nairobi, 10-11 September 2015
This document provides an outline and overview of pest risk analysis (PRA). It discusses the history and development of PRA through international conventions. The key stages and steps of conducting a PRA are described, including pest categorization, assessing the probability of entry, establishment and spread, evaluating economic consequences, and determining overall risk. The document also reviews various international standards and guidelines for PRA and provides examples of case studies and models used in risk assessment.
Relatório ONU denuncia mito de que pesticidas são essenciais para alimentar o...Carol Daemon
Relatório da ONU denuncia “mito” de que pesticidas são essenciais para alimentar o mundo. “É um mito. Usar pesticidas nada tem a ver com acabar com a fome. De acordo com a Organização das Nações Unidas para a Alimentação e a Agricultura (FAO), já conseguimos alimentar 9 mil milhões de pessoas hoje em dia. A produção está definitivamente a aumentar, mas o problema é a pobreza, a desigualdade e a distribuição”, declarou Hilal Elver, relatora especial da ONU para o direito à comida, acrescentando que muitos pesticidas são usados em plantações de produtos como o óleo de palma e não na comida necessária para acabar com a fome.
7aConsidering the Hazards of pesticides and its Direct impact on h.pdfankkitextailes
7a
Considering the Hazards of pesticides and its Direct impact on humans there will be increased in
demand on complete elimination of use of synthetic pesticides.
Hazards of pesticides: If the credits of pesticides include enhanced economic potential in terms
of increased production of food and fiber, and amelioration of vector-borne diseases, then their
debits have resulted in serious health implications to man and his environment. There is now
overwhelming evidence that some of these chemicals do pose a potential risk to humans and
other life forms and unwanted side effects to the environment. No segment of the population is
completely protected against exposure to pesticides and the potentially serious health effects,
though a disproportionate burden, is shouldered by the people of developing countries and by
high risk groups in each country. The world-wide deaths and chronic diseases due to pesticide
poisoning number about 1 million per year.
The high risk groups exposed to pesticides include production workers, formulators, sprayers,
mixers, loaders and agricultural farm workers. During manufacture and formulation, the
possibility of hazards may be higher because the processes involved are not risk free. In
industrial settings, workers are at increased risk since they handle various toxic chemicals
including pesticides, raw materials, toxic solvents and inert carriers.
Eliminating pesticides
Many alternatives are available to reduce the effects pesticides have on the environment.
Alternatives include manual removal, applying heat, covering weeds with plastic, placing traps
and lures, removing pest breeding sites, maintaining healthy soils that breed healthy, more
resistant plants, cropping native species that are naturally more resistant to native pests and
supporting biocontrol agents such as birds and other pest predators. In the United States,
conventional pesticide use peaked in 1979, and by 2007, had been reduced by 25 percent from
the 1979 peak level, while US agricultural output increased by 43 percent over the same period.
Biological controls such as resistant plant varieties and the use of pheromones, have been
successful and at times permanently resolve a pest problem.Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
employs chemical use only when other alternatives are ineffective. IPM causes less harm to
humans and the environment. The focus is broader than on a specific pest, considering a range of
pest control alternatives. Biotechnology can also be an innovative way to control pests. Strains
can be genetically modified (GM) to increase their resistance to pests. However the same
techniques can be used to increase pesticide resistance and was employed by Monsanto to create
glyphosate-resistant strains of major crops. In 2010, 70% of all the corn that was planted was
resistant to glyphosate; 78% of cotton, and 93% of all soybeans
7b
According to an organic food advocacy group, the Environmental Working Group, buying
certain organic food can .
prioritization of pathogens to guide discovery, research and development of n...Anggisagitasitiqomar1
prioritization of pathogens to guide discovery, research and development of new antibiotics for drug-resistant bacterial infection, including tuberculosis
MEMORANDA SUBMITTED BY THE ALLIANCE FOR ACTION ON PESTICIDE IN NIGERIA (AAPN)...Donald ofoegbu
MEMORANDA SUBMITTED BY THE ALLIANCE FOR ACTION ON PESTICIDE IN NIGERIA (AAPN) At the PUBLIC HEARING ON A Bill for an Act to Provide For Establishment of the Nigerian Pesticide Council; And for Related Matters (HB.1396) in Nigeria.
The Document gives the position of Nigerian CSOs in demand for a more sustainable healthy farm system that protects and guarantees a safe environment for Nigerians and her biodiversity from adverse pesticide usage and dependance. The document is a critic of a proposed Bill that is supposed to ensure safe and responsible pesticide use and regulation in Nigeria... However, the intention and details is doubtful.
MEMORANDA SUBMITTED BY THE ALLIANCE FOR ACTION ON PESTICIDE IN NIGERIA (AAPN)...Donald ofoegbu
MEMORANDA SUBMITTED BY THE ALLIANCE FOR ACTION ON PESTICIDE IN NIGERIA (AAPN) For PUBLIC HEARING ON A Bill for an Act to Provide For Establishment of the Nigerian Pesticide Council; And for Related Matters (HB.1396)
COMMUNIQUE & CALL FOR ACTION: Documentary Screening and Public Discussion on ...Donald ofoegbu
This call to action communique by the Alliance for Action on Pesticide in Nigeria (AAPN) is an outcome of a 1-day documentary screening and panel discussion on pesticide double standards and improving pesticide regulation in Nigeria. The communique presents key observations and a call to action from international governments, specifically in the EU, UK and USA to stop the double standard in the global trade in pesticide-active ingredients that are either banned or not approved in their countries due to health or environmental concerns but are nevertheless exported out of poor and developing countries with lesser pesticide regulation, and poor health capacities.
This hypocritical export of highly hazardous pesticides that are banned in Western counties by international agrochemical corporations with blind eyes from their governments who enjoy tax returns and remittances, should be stopped.
The document while calling for new pesticide legislation for Nigeria that focuses on safety and farmers’ rights, cautions the Nigerian government to be watchful of the wolf-in-sheep clothing lobbyist of these international agro-chemical companies, who are pressing for bills to open the Nigerian agricultural market to a pesticide dumping ground- selling the illusion of pesticide safety.
The communique calls for the support of nature-based sustainable agricultural practices like agroecology, IPM, and a gradual phasing out of pesticides in the category of extremely hazardous and highly hazardous pesticides from Nigeria and West Africa.
11 CHAPTER 2 THE PESTICIDE CONTROVERSY What is the.docxnovabroom
11
CHAPTER 2: THE PESTICIDE CONTROVERSY
What is the pesticide controversy?
Ma W a 95 a b a Na G a a H a .
Fearful the British would poison him, Hitler made sure to only eat food after it was eaten by Margot
and fourteen other girls serving as his official tasters.22 Hitler may have been evil but he was not
stupid. He knew that poisons affect people differently, and knew that any food which harmed one
girl might harm him (then pity what would happen to the cook!).
Every year we spray something akin to poison on our food, and use something akin to H
system of making sure we are not harmed. The motives are polar opposites Hitler cared only for
the preservation of his person, while we seek the safety of all humans. Whether they are synthetic
pesticides a a a , a a
three types of pests: insects, weeds, and pathogens (e.g., fungi and viruses). At some level they could
poison us also. Many contain carcinogens, cause neurological disorders, and the like. Yet, our food
seems safe to most people, and since 1992 cancer incidence rates have even fallen or remained the
same,23 cancer death rates have fallen,24 and life expectancy in the U.S. has been steadily increasing.25
Can we be absolutely sure pesticides are used safely? Not entirely, but like Hitler (and according to
movies, every Roman emperor, Catholic Pope, and Medieval king) we employ testers not in the
form of humans, but animals. All pesticides must be approved by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), where the pesticide under consideration is given to laboratory animals at different
levels. The animals a time and used to gauge the threats to human health a
pesticide may pose. The EPA then determines whether the pesticide should be allowed, and if it is,
the specific instructions on how it should be applied.
Is it cruel to test pesticides on animals? It cer a , b
on animals will cause us to harm humans a notion in which 90% of toxicologists agree.26 Pesticides
decrease the cost of food, and make fruits and vegetables more affordable. Raise the price of these
healthy foods and cancer rates and other health problems in humans will rise.27 Help the lab animals,
and you harm some humans. Modern, democratic societies must make a tradeoff between harm to
ab a a a a a a . I a , , a
the overall harm to animals and humans as low as possible.
Hitler was willing to sacrifice fifteen girls to save himself. The modern world is willing to sacrifice a
small number of laboratory animals to protect millions of humans. Moreover, the EPA continues to
find ways to reduce testing on animals without sacrificing food safety, like recent developments in
molecular and computational sciences, which can sometimes be substituted for animal
experimentation.28
In June of 2013 The Wall Street Journal a ba , W A a B B Ea
a Mostly Organic Diet? a enter on pesticides. It featured one person who answered .
This document discusses the need for a One Health approach to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance. It proposes a framework that integrates surveillance of antibiotic usage and AMR data from humans, animals, food, and the environment. The framework aims to identify drivers of AMR and allow for coordinated analysis and recommendations. Current global, European, and some national surveillance systems are reviewed against this framework. While progress has been made, most systems remain segmented and could be improved through greater integration in line with the One Health approach. A business case is made that the costs of uncoordinated AMR surveillance exceed the costs of implementing a fully integrated One Health system.
On January 1, 2018, the Montgomery County Lawn Care Law will go into effect. This law guides what products/chemicals can be used on lawns in the County.
Acute Pesticide Poisoning: A Major Global Health Problem Z3P
The document discusses acute pesticide poisoning as a major global health problem, particularly in developing countries. It estimates that there are approximately 3 million cases of severe acute pesticide poisoning worldwide each year, resulting in around 220,000 deaths. The main causes are unintentional or occupational exposures as well as suicides using highly toxic pesticides. Agricultural workers in developing nations are at especially high risk, with an estimated 25 million cases of occupational pesticide poisoning annually. Controlling acute pesticide poisoning requires coordinated efforts from governments, the agrochemical industry, international organizations, and other stakeholders to improve safety regulations, education, healthcare access, and development of safer pesticide alternatives.
BIOTECHNOLOGY
AND ITS APPLICATION TO VETERINARY SCIENCE
Carlos G. Borroto
Deputy Director, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba1
A questionnaire was sent to the 29 Member Countries of the OIE Regional Commission
for the Americas and information and comments were received from the Delegates of 21 Member
Countries. The questionnaire covered aspects relating to the application of biotechnology to
animal health, especially prevention-related issues, including: the development and production of
medicinal products and vaccines; the use of metabolic modifiers, probiotics and prebiotics;
advanced veterinary diagnostic methods; immunocastration and other applications. The
questionnaire also covered the aspects of regulations and public perceptions.
The report analyses the situation in the countries of the region in relation to the state of the art in
these technologies worldwide, revealing that modern biotechnology-based technologies offer huge
potential for the production of vaccines, medicinal products and other veterinary products.
The development and use of these technologies is concentrated in a few countries of the region,
while in others they are still not in widespread use. This creates the need to publicise and provide
training in these technologies, for which suitable development conditions exist in a number of
countries in the region. It is also necessary to foster the establishment of a comprehensive and
effective regulatory framework for the safe use of these technologies from the dual standpoint of
biosafety and of the regulations established in the veterinary register. All the countries of the
region consider that it is important for the OIE to issue additional standards for the production of
veterinary products using modern biotechnology.
The document critiques the proposed Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI) Bill 2012. It argues that the bill is flawed as it [1] proposes a single window regulatory system that would lower standards and reduce transparency, [2] fails to ensure independence from promoters of biotechnology, and [3] curtails participation of state governments and the public in decision making. Instead of this bill, the document calls for a biosafety protection statute that ensures long term assessment of risks, transparency, public participation, and deterrent liability standards.
This document presents a simplified pest risk assessment procedure developed for the National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) of Zambia. Zambia has limited resources and data for conducting complex pest risk assessments required by international standards. The simplified procedure focuses on key risk elements of entry, establishment, spread and consequences. It uses a closed question "yes or no" approach instead of descriptive ratings. The procedure was tested on case studies and found to produce results consistent with standard approaches, while being easier to apply given Zambia's constraints. The authors conclude the procedure could help Zambia and other developing countries justify phytosanitary regulations in a rapid, straightforward manner.
Bioprospecting involves exploring biological resources for commercially valuable properties. It focuses on extreme environments that are home to extremophiles with unique survival mechanisms. These organisms provide enzymes used in products like detergents. While bioprospecting seeks resources to improve human health and develop drugs, it faces challenges around conservation versus exploitation, lack of legal clarity on benefit sharing, and potential environmental impacts if not properly regulated. A comprehensive bioprospecting policy requires legislation, benefit sharing mechanisms, capacity building, and monitoring.
Bioprospecting involves systematically searching for useful products from biological resources like plants, microorganisms, and animals that can be developed and commercialized for societal benefit. It generally consists of four phases: sample collection, isolation and characterization of compounds, screening for potential uses, and product development and commercialization. Microbes, extremophiles, fungi, algae, and other organisms provide sources for bioprospecting and have led to discoveries like antibiotics, enzymes, bioplastics, and more. While bioprospecting has benefits, issues around benefit-sharing with indigenous groups and biopiracy must be addressed.
Current status of the development, regulation and use of bio-pesticides in Ug...ILRI
Presented by Samuel Kyamanywa, Makerere University, at the Regional Experts Workshop on Development, Regulation and Use of Bio-pesticides in East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 22–23 May 2014
This document discusses pest risk analysis (PRA) which is a process used to evaluate biological evidence to determine if an organism is a pest and what phytosanitary measures should be taken. It outlines the key steps in a PRA including pest risk initiation, pest risk assessment, and pest risk management. Examples are provided of potential pest pathways like cuttings, foliage, and food produce. The document also defines what constitutes pest establishment and spread. Overall, the PRA process determines the risk level and whether measures are needed to make the risk acceptable for market access of agricultural products to other countries.
This document discusses pest risk analysis (PRA), which is the process of evaluating biological evidence to determine if a pest should be regulated and what measures should be taken. It involves three main steps: initiation, risk assessment, and risk management. The risk assessment estimates the likelihood of entry, establishment, and spread of a pest, as well as the potential economic consequences. It considers factors like pest biology and distribution, host availability, and climate. Based on these factors, pests are categorized and their risks are estimated on a matrix. Risk management then identifies potential measures to reduce risks to an acceptable level. PRA is mandatory for importing plants and plant materials according to Indian regulations.
Presented by Doris Wangari, Program for Biosafety Systems (PBS), Kenya, at the Workshop on Animal Genetic Research for Africa (Biosciences for Farming in Africa), Nairobi, 10-11 September 2015
This document provides an outline and overview of pest risk analysis (PRA). It discusses the history and development of PRA through international conventions. The key stages and steps of conducting a PRA are described, including pest categorization, assessing the probability of entry, establishment and spread, evaluating economic consequences, and determining overall risk. The document also reviews various international standards and guidelines for PRA and provides examples of case studies and models used in risk assessment.
Relatório ONU denuncia mito de que pesticidas são essenciais para alimentar o...Carol Daemon
Relatório da ONU denuncia “mito” de que pesticidas são essenciais para alimentar o mundo. “É um mito. Usar pesticidas nada tem a ver com acabar com a fome. De acordo com a Organização das Nações Unidas para a Alimentação e a Agricultura (FAO), já conseguimos alimentar 9 mil milhões de pessoas hoje em dia. A produção está definitivamente a aumentar, mas o problema é a pobreza, a desigualdade e a distribuição”, declarou Hilal Elver, relatora especial da ONU para o direito à comida, acrescentando que muitos pesticidas são usados em plantações de produtos como o óleo de palma e não na comida necessária para acabar com a fome.
7aConsidering the Hazards of pesticides and its Direct impact on h.pdfankkitextailes
7a
Considering the Hazards of pesticides and its Direct impact on humans there will be increased in
demand on complete elimination of use of synthetic pesticides.
Hazards of pesticides: If the credits of pesticides include enhanced economic potential in terms
of increased production of food and fiber, and amelioration of vector-borne diseases, then their
debits have resulted in serious health implications to man and his environment. There is now
overwhelming evidence that some of these chemicals do pose a potential risk to humans and
other life forms and unwanted side effects to the environment. No segment of the population is
completely protected against exposure to pesticides and the potentially serious health effects,
though a disproportionate burden, is shouldered by the people of developing countries and by
high risk groups in each country. The world-wide deaths and chronic diseases due to pesticide
poisoning number about 1 million per year.
The high risk groups exposed to pesticides include production workers, formulators, sprayers,
mixers, loaders and agricultural farm workers. During manufacture and formulation, the
possibility of hazards may be higher because the processes involved are not risk free. In
industrial settings, workers are at increased risk since they handle various toxic chemicals
including pesticides, raw materials, toxic solvents and inert carriers.
Eliminating pesticides
Many alternatives are available to reduce the effects pesticides have on the environment.
Alternatives include manual removal, applying heat, covering weeds with plastic, placing traps
and lures, removing pest breeding sites, maintaining healthy soils that breed healthy, more
resistant plants, cropping native species that are naturally more resistant to native pests and
supporting biocontrol agents such as birds and other pest predators. In the United States,
conventional pesticide use peaked in 1979, and by 2007, had been reduced by 25 percent from
the 1979 peak level, while US agricultural output increased by 43 percent over the same period.
Biological controls such as resistant plant varieties and the use of pheromones, have been
successful and at times permanently resolve a pest problem.Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
employs chemical use only when other alternatives are ineffective. IPM causes less harm to
humans and the environment. The focus is broader than on a specific pest, considering a range of
pest control alternatives. Biotechnology can also be an innovative way to control pests. Strains
can be genetically modified (GM) to increase their resistance to pests. However the same
techniques can be used to increase pesticide resistance and was employed by Monsanto to create
glyphosate-resistant strains of major crops. In 2010, 70% of all the corn that was planted was
resistant to glyphosate; 78% of cotton, and 93% of all soybeans
7b
According to an organic food advocacy group, the Environmental Working Group, buying
certain organic food can .
prioritization of pathogens to guide discovery, research and development of n...Anggisagitasitiqomar1
prioritization of pathogens to guide discovery, research and development of new antibiotics for drug-resistant bacterial infection, including tuberculosis
MEMORANDA SUBMITTED BY THE ALLIANCE FOR ACTION ON PESTICIDE IN NIGERIA (AAPN)...Donald ofoegbu
MEMORANDA SUBMITTED BY THE ALLIANCE FOR ACTION ON PESTICIDE IN NIGERIA (AAPN) At the PUBLIC HEARING ON A Bill for an Act to Provide For Establishment of the Nigerian Pesticide Council; And for Related Matters (HB.1396) in Nigeria.
The Document gives the position of Nigerian CSOs in demand for a more sustainable healthy farm system that protects and guarantees a safe environment for Nigerians and her biodiversity from adverse pesticide usage and dependance. The document is a critic of a proposed Bill that is supposed to ensure safe and responsible pesticide use and regulation in Nigeria... However, the intention and details is doubtful.
MEMORANDA SUBMITTED BY THE ALLIANCE FOR ACTION ON PESTICIDE IN NIGERIA (AAPN)...Donald ofoegbu
MEMORANDA SUBMITTED BY THE ALLIANCE FOR ACTION ON PESTICIDE IN NIGERIA (AAPN) For PUBLIC HEARING ON A Bill for an Act to Provide For Establishment of the Nigerian Pesticide Council; And for Related Matters (HB.1396)
COMMUNIQUE & CALL FOR ACTION: Documentary Screening and Public Discussion on ...Donald ofoegbu
This call to action communique by the Alliance for Action on Pesticide in Nigeria (AAPN) is an outcome of a 1-day documentary screening and panel discussion on pesticide double standards and improving pesticide regulation in Nigeria. The communique presents key observations and a call to action from international governments, specifically in the EU, UK and USA to stop the double standard in the global trade in pesticide-active ingredients that are either banned or not approved in their countries due to health or environmental concerns but are nevertheless exported out of poor and developing countries with lesser pesticide regulation, and poor health capacities.
This hypocritical export of highly hazardous pesticides that are banned in Western counties by international agrochemical corporations with blind eyes from their governments who enjoy tax returns and remittances, should be stopped.
The document while calling for new pesticide legislation for Nigeria that focuses on safety and farmers’ rights, cautions the Nigerian government to be watchful of the wolf-in-sheep clothing lobbyist of these international agro-chemical companies, who are pressing for bills to open the Nigerian agricultural market to a pesticide dumping ground- selling the illusion of pesticide safety.
The communique calls for the support of nature-based sustainable agricultural practices like agroecology, IPM, and a gradual phasing out of pesticides in the category of extremely hazardous and highly hazardous pesticides from Nigeria and West Africa.
11 CHAPTER 2 THE PESTICIDE CONTROVERSY What is the.docxnovabroom
11
CHAPTER 2: THE PESTICIDE CONTROVERSY
What is the pesticide controversy?
Ma W a 95 a b a Na G a a H a .
Fearful the British would poison him, Hitler made sure to only eat food after it was eaten by Margot
and fourteen other girls serving as his official tasters.22 Hitler may have been evil but he was not
stupid. He knew that poisons affect people differently, and knew that any food which harmed one
girl might harm him (then pity what would happen to the cook!).
Every year we spray something akin to poison on our food, and use something akin to H
system of making sure we are not harmed. The motives are polar opposites Hitler cared only for
the preservation of his person, while we seek the safety of all humans. Whether they are synthetic
pesticides a a a , a a
three types of pests: insects, weeds, and pathogens (e.g., fungi and viruses). At some level they could
poison us also. Many contain carcinogens, cause neurological disorders, and the like. Yet, our food
seems safe to most people, and since 1992 cancer incidence rates have even fallen or remained the
same,23 cancer death rates have fallen,24 and life expectancy in the U.S. has been steadily increasing.25
Can we be absolutely sure pesticides are used safely? Not entirely, but like Hitler (and according to
movies, every Roman emperor, Catholic Pope, and Medieval king) we employ testers not in the
form of humans, but animals. All pesticides must be approved by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), where the pesticide under consideration is given to laboratory animals at different
levels. The animals a time and used to gauge the threats to human health a
pesticide may pose. The EPA then determines whether the pesticide should be allowed, and if it is,
the specific instructions on how it should be applied.
Is it cruel to test pesticides on animals? It cer a , b
on animals will cause us to harm humans a notion in which 90% of toxicologists agree.26 Pesticides
decrease the cost of food, and make fruits and vegetables more affordable. Raise the price of these
healthy foods and cancer rates and other health problems in humans will rise.27 Help the lab animals,
and you harm some humans. Modern, democratic societies must make a tradeoff between harm to
ab a a a a a a . I a , , a
the overall harm to animals and humans as low as possible.
Hitler was willing to sacrifice fifteen girls to save himself. The modern world is willing to sacrifice a
small number of laboratory animals to protect millions of humans. Moreover, the EPA continues to
find ways to reduce testing on animals without sacrificing food safety, like recent developments in
molecular and computational sciences, which can sometimes be substituted for animal
experimentation.28
In June of 2013 The Wall Street Journal a ba , W A a B B Ea
a Mostly Organic Diet? a enter on pesticides. It featured one person who answered .
This document discusses the need for a One Health approach to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance. It proposes a framework that integrates surveillance of antibiotic usage and AMR data from humans, animals, food, and the environment. The framework aims to identify drivers of AMR and allow for coordinated analysis and recommendations. Current global, European, and some national surveillance systems are reviewed against this framework. While progress has been made, most systems remain segmented and could be improved through greater integration in line with the One Health approach. A business case is made that the costs of uncoordinated AMR surveillance exceed the costs of implementing a fully integrated One Health system.
On January 1, 2018, the Montgomery County Lawn Care Law will go into effect. This law guides what products/chemicals can be used on lawns in the County.
Acute Pesticide Poisoning: A Major Global Health Problem Z3P
The document discusses acute pesticide poisoning as a major global health problem, particularly in developing countries. It estimates that there are approximately 3 million cases of severe acute pesticide poisoning worldwide each year, resulting in around 220,000 deaths. The main causes are unintentional or occupational exposures as well as suicides using highly toxic pesticides. Agricultural workers in developing nations are at especially high risk, with an estimated 25 million cases of occupational pesticide poisoning annually. Controlling acute pesticide poisoning requires coordinated efforts from governments, the agrochemical industry, international organizations, and other stakeholders to improve safety regulations, education, healthcare access, and development of safer pesticide alternatives.
BIOTECHNOLOGY
AND ITS APPLICATION TO VETERINARY SCIENCE
Carlos G. Borroto
Deputy Director, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba1
A questionnaire was sent to the 29 Member Countries of the OIE Regional Commission
for the Americas and information and comments were received from the Delegates of 21 Member
Countries. The questionnaire covered aspects relating to the application of biotechnology to
animal health, especially prevention-related issues, including: the development and production of
medicinal products and vaccines; the use of metabolic modifiers, probiotics and prebiotics;
advanced veterinary diagnostic methods; immunocastration and other applications. The
questionnaire also covered the aspects of regulations and public perceptions.
The report analyses the situation in the countries of the region in relation to the state of the art in
these technologies worldwide, revealing that modern biotechnology-based technologies offer huge
potential for the production of vaccines, medicinal products and other veterinary products.
The development and use of these technologies is concentrated in a few countries of the region,
while in others they are still not in widespread use. This creates the need to publicise and provide
training in these technologies, for which suitable development conditions exist in a number of
countries in the region. It is also necessary to foster the establishment of a comprehensive and
effective regulatory framework for the safe use of these technologies from the dual standpoint of
biosafety and of the regulations established in the veterinary register. All the countries of the
region consider that it is important for the OIE to issue additional standards for the production of
veterinary products using modern biotechnology.
The document discusses proper disposal of unused and expired household medications. It notes that improper disposal can lead to childhood poisoning, environmental pollution, impacts on wildlife, and antibiotic resistance. The main reasons people have unused medications are lack of adherence to treatment, storing for future use until expiration, changing treatment plans, obtaining medications from multiple sources, and patient death. Proper disposal through take-back programs protects people and the environment by preventing poisoning, misuse, accidental overdose, and water pollution. Regulations and guidelines around medication disposal vary by country.
In silico Drug Design: Prospective for Drug Lead Discoveryinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESNational Ins.docxwillcoxjanay
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
AND HUMAN SERVICES
National Institutes
of Health
National Cancer Institute
National Institute of Environmental
Health Sciences
CANCER AND THE
ENVIRONMENT
NIH Publication No. 03–2039
Printed August 2003
National Institute
of Environmental
Health Sciences
What You Need to Know
What You Can Do
CANCER AND THE ENVIRONMENT
T
his booklet was created by scientists at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and
the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) in response to
many public requests for information. The content has been guided by responses
from a series of focus groups* that were conducted prior to producing the booklet.
People from local communities throughout the country participated in these groups.
NCI and NIEHS are 2 of the 27 institutes/centers that make up the National Institutes
of Health (NIH), an agency of the Federal Government’s Department of Health and
Human Services supported by your tax dollars. NIH is the major supporter of medical
research in universities and academic centers throughout the country. To date, 102
Nobel Prize winners have been supported by funds from NIH, more than any other
scientific institution in the world. For details, go to the NIH Web site at
http://www.nih.gov.
NCI was established by Congress in 1937 as the Federal Government’s principal
agency for cancer research and training. Research projects include a broad range of
topics: the cellular events in the development of cancer; the role of infectious agents
or other agents in the environment or workplace; the role of genetic and hormonal
factors; the interactions between environmental agents and genetic factors in the
development of cancer; improved imaging techniques and biomarkers in the blood or
urine for the early detection of cancer; and the role of diet and other chemicals in
preventing cancer. Additional activities include tracking cancer trends, coordinating
studies to test new drugs, and supporting new drug and vaccine development. Since
the passage of the National Cancer Act in 1971, which broadened NCI’s
responsibilities, the institute has built an extensive network that includes regional
and community cancer centers, specialized cancer physicians, and cooperative
groups of researchers throughout the country and abroad to test new prevention and
treatment agents. NCI’s mission also includes the collection and dissemination of
health information, programs to promote the incorporation of state-of-the-art cancer
treatments into care of cancer patients, and the continuing care of cancer patients
and their families. For more information, go to NCI’s Web site at
http://www.cancer.gov.
NIEHS was established by Congress in 1966 for the purpose of reducing human
illness caused by hazardous substances in the environment. The National Toxicology
Program, which is headquartered at NIEHS, helps coordinate toxicology studies
among Federal agencies and identifies substances that might cause cancer. NI ...
NRDC ISSUe brIeF
Playing Chicken with Antibiotics:
Previously Undisclosed FDA Documents Show Antibiotic Feed Additives Don’t Meet the Agency’s Own Safety Standards
Dr. James Hughes - Combating Antimicrobial Resistance: The Way ForwardJohn Blue
Combating Antimicrobial Resistance: The Way Forward - Dr. James Hughes, Professor of Medicine and Public Health with Joint Appointments in the School of Medicine and the Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Six Steps to Pesticide Reduction - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ leefmilieu.nl
The world stands to lose close to 10% of total economic value by mid-century if climate change stays on the currently-anticipated trajectory, and the Paris Agreement and 2050 net-zero emissions targets are not met.
Many emerging markets have most to gain if the world is able to rein in temperature gains. For example, action today to get back to the Paris temperature rise scenario would mean economies in southeast Asia could prevent around a quarter of the gross domestic product (GDP) loss by mid-century that they may otherwise suffer. Our analysis in this report is unique in explicitly simulating for the many uncertainties around the impacts of climate change. It shows that those economies most vulnerable to the potential physical risks of climate change stand to benefit most from keeping temperature rises in check. This includes some of the world's most dynamic emerging economies, the engines of global growth in the years to come. The message from the analysis is clear: no action on climate change is not an option.
Promise and peril: How artificial intelligence is transforming health careΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
AI has enormous potential to improve the quality of health care, enable early diagnosis of diseases, and reduce costs. But if implemented incautiously, AI can exacerbate health disparities, endanger patient privacy, and perpetuate bias. STAT, with support from the Commonwealth Fund, explored these possibilities and pitfalls during the past year and a half, illuminating best practices while identifying concerns and regulatory gaps. This report includes many of the articles we published and summarizes our findings, as well as recommendations we heard from caregivers, health care executives, academic experts, patient advocates, and others.
In 2020, Amnesty International recorded the lowest number of executions in over a decade at 483. This was a 26% decrease from 2019. Four countries - Iran, Egypt, Iraq and Saudi Arabia - accounted for 88% of all recorded executions. The global number of known death sentences also decreased by 36% compared to 2019, partly due to disruptions from the Covid-19 pandemic. However, some countries like Egypt more than tripled their executions and the US resumed federal executions after a 17-year hiatus, putting 10 men to death over 5 months. Overall, the report found that the trend towards global abolition of the death penalty continued in 2020, but the pandemic exacerbated the cruelty of capital punishment in some retaining
Aviva’s first How We Live report was published in September 2020 when the world was firmly in the grip of a global pandemic. In the UK the vaccination programme is well underway and the mood of the nation is hopeful. This latest How We Live report looks at the long-term effects of the Coronavirus outbreak and considers its impact on our future behaviours.
We interviewed 4,000 adults across the UK to gather their views on a wide range of lifestyle decisions including property priorities, home-working, green living, career paths, vehicle choices and holiday plans. We also asked whether people had experienced any positive outcomes from the Covid pandemic. This report considers the practical and emotional skills which have been fostered as a result. Since the beginning of 2020, the UK has seen immense change. As we look forward to a sense of “normality” it remains to be seen which aspects of life will return to their previous states, and where we can expect changes to become permanent fixtures.
The life insurance industry provides protection against the financial consequences of the premature death of a family breadwinner, disability, or outliving one’s retirement assets. But how are life insurance products actually designed and priced?
Product committees comprising agents, underwriters, actuaries, and senior management sit and discuss what new products should be offered. The agents have vast experience visiting with policyholders to determine their needs. Underwriters set the guidelines on which policyholders will be accepted and/or rated. Smart actuaries (while most would find this redundant, some would call it an oxymoron) assess the potential risks in these products and set a potential price. Senior management listens to agents, underwriters, and actuaries and helps finalize the product design, the guidelines for accepting risks, and the price. The programmers will also have to be contacted to determine the cost of administering the products. Many iterations of these discussions may take place before a product is ready for sale. The entire process could take up to a year.
Some of these products are quite complex, taking into account long-term interest rates and probabilities of death/survival, disability, and lapse. With this lengthy and rigorous process, one would imagine that few mistakes are made. However, this is not the case. What follows are a few examples of major product mistakes which cost the life insurance industry a lot of time, money, and bad publicity.
The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns forced many insurers to accelerate the transition to digital business models. In many countries, this transition has been remarkably successful, however, the crisis also highlighted the critical role played by national regulatory frameworks in both hindering and facilitating the shift to digitalisation in the insurance industry. COVID-19 lockdowns highlighted the critical role of national regulatory frameworks in both hindering and facilitating the shift to digitalisation in the insurance industry. Digitalisation is not a goal in itself, but provides insurers and their customers with benefits that are particularly useful in situations where in-person interactions cannot take place, played out in its fullest form during the COVID-19-induced lockdowns. Digitalisation drives an increase in speed and efficiency, irrespective of where the customer is located, and promises improved customer service and satisfaction.
The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT) and its implications for insurance. It notes that as more "things" become connected to the internet and collect data, this creates opportunities for new types of insurance products based on device interactions and data-driven risk assessments. However, it also raises issues around data integrity, privacy, security and regulation that must be addressed. The insurance industry could gain over $1 trillion in new premiums if it properly manages risks related to data, cybersecurity, cloud computing and more.
The rapid rise of online political campaigning has made most political financing regulations obsolete, putting transparency and accountability at risk. Seven in 10 countries worldwide do not have any specific limits on online spending on election campaigns, with six out of 10 not having any restrictions on online political advertising at all.
Highlights
• On average, concerns over Innovation was ranked highest, followed by Implications of Covid-19 • Respondents indicated innovation is important, but are mostly in process
• Respondents were mostly confident in implementing their innovation plans.
• Nearly half of respondents indicated their focus was on the customer experience • Most respondents expect some negative impact from Covid-19, with decreased profit indicated most, followed by decreased sales effectiveness, which are likely related
• The most common change in response to the Covid-19 impact were workplace and staffing changes, followed by technology investments
• Of the respondents, 92% indicated cyber security was important or very important.
• Continuous effort was ranked highest, and Mitigating internal threats, Identifying external threats, and Prioritizing identifying cyber risks were ranked next.
• While 95% of respondents indicated emerging threats were important or very important, 28% Indicated they were very good at responding to them
• For resiliency and sustainability, corporate ESG and R&S for internal operations were ranked as the highest priorities
iis the institutes innovation covid-19
What North America’s top finance executives are thinking - and doingΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
Each quarter (since 2Q10), CFO Signals has tracked the thinking and actions of CFOs representing many of North America’s largest and most influential companies. All respondents are CFOs from the US, Canada, and Mexico, and the vast majority are from companies with more than $1 billion in annual revenue. The 1Q 2021 survey was open from February 8-19, 2021. A total of 128 CFOs participated, 69% from public companies and 31% from privately held companies.
Democratic watchdog organization Freedom House has released its annual ranking of the world's most free and most suppressed nations.
The report is a key barometer for global democracy and this year's edition found that global freedom has declined for the 15th straight year. 2020 was a turbulent year with the pandemic, violent conflict and economic and physical insecurity leading to democracy's defenders sustaining heavy losses against authoritarian foes which has resulted in a shift in the internatioal baance in favor of tyranny.
A total of 195 countries and 15 territories were analyzed on their levels of access to political rights and civil liberties with the number experiencing a deterioration in their freedom scores exceeding the number that saw improvement by the widest margin since 2006. In 2020, nearly 75 percent of the world's population lived under a government that saw its democracy score decline in the past year.
Women, Business and the Law 2021 is the seventh in a series of annual studies measuring the laws and regulations that affect women’s economic opportunity in 190 economies. Amidst a global pandemic that threatens progress toward gender equality, the report identifies barriers to women’s economic participation and encourages reform of discriminatory laws. This year, the study also includes important findings on government responses to the COVID-19 crisis and pilot research related to childcare and women’s access to justice.
Strong competition undoubtedly contributes to a country’s productivity and economic growth. The primary objective of a competition policy is to enhance consumer welfare by promoting competition and controlling practices that could restrict it. More competitive markets stimulate innovation and generally lead to lower prices for consumers, increased product variety and quality, more entry and enhanced investment. Overall, greater competition is expected to deliver higher levels of welfare and economic growth.
Long-erm Care and Health Care Insurance in OECD and Other CountriesΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
This report carries out a stocktaking of what systems have in OECD and non-OECD countries for longterm care and health care, as well as the types of insurance products that are made available in these countries. It is part of a broader project that examines the complementarity of the social security network with the private insurance market, which examines how insurance could support the public sector longterm care and health care systems, as well as considering the financing of long-term care and health care.
This tenth edition of Global Insurance Market Trends provides an overview of market trends to better understand the overall performance and health of the insurance market. This monitoring report is compiled using data from the OECD Global Insurance Statistics (GIS) exercise. The OECD has collected and analysed data on insurance in OECD countries, such as the number of insurance companies and employees, insurance premiums and investments by insurance companies, dating back to the 1980s. Over time, the framework of this exercise has expanded and now includes key items of the balance sheet and income statement of direct insurers and reinsurers.
Does AI threaten and undermine human value in the workplace more than any other technology? There have been significant advances in AI, but will their impact really be different this time?
This literature review takes stock of what is known about the impact of artificial intelligence on the labour market, including the impact on employment and wages, how AI will transform jobs and skill needs, and the impact on the work environment. The purpose is to identify gaps in the evidence base and inform future research on AI and the labour market.
The OECD has estimated that 14% of jobs are at high risk of automation.
•Despite this, employment grew in nearly all OECD countries over the period 2012-2019.
•At the country level, a higher risk of automation was associated with higher employment growth over the period. This might be because automation promotes employment growth by increasing productivity, although other factors are also at play.
•At the occupational level, however, employment growth was much lower in occupations at high risk of automation (6%) than in occupations at low risk (18%).
•Low-educated workers were more concentrated in high-risk occupations in 2012 and have become even more concentrated in these occupations since then.
•The low growth in jobs in high risk occupations has not led to a drop in the employment rate of low-educated workers. This is largely because the number of workers with a low education has fallen in line with the demand for these workers.
•Going forward, however, the risk of automation is increasingly falling on low-educated workers and the COVID-19 crisis is likely to accelerate automation, as companies reduce reliance on human labour and contact between workers, or re-shore some production.
Prescription drug prices in U.S. more than 2.5 times higher than in other cou...Δρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
Prescription drugs cost an average of 2.56 times more in the United States than they do in 32 other countries, according to a new report from RAND Corporation.
That disparity is even greater for brand name drugs, with U.S. prices averaging 3.44 times those in comparison nations. The study also found that prices for unbranded generic drugs — which account for 84% of drugs sold in the United States by volume but only 12% of U.S. spending — are slightly lower in the United States than in most other countries.
‘A circular nightmare’: Short-staffed nursing homes spark Covid-19 outbreaks,...Δρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
Nursing homes have suffered grievously in the coronavirus pandemic. Chronically understaffed, that’s getting worse, a new US Pirg Education Fund analysis says. The shortage of direct-care workers rose from 20% of U.S. nursing homes in May to 23% in December. Too few workers raises stress among staff, the authors argue, making them and the residents they care for more vulnerable to Covid-19 infections, reducing staff further in “a circular nightmare.”
This document analyzes the impacts of utility disconnection and eviction moratoria policies on COVID-19 infections and deaths across US counties. It finds that policies limiting evictions reduced COVID-19 infections by 3.8% and deaths by 11%, while moratoria on utility disconnections reduced infections by 4.4% and deaths by 7.4%. Had these policies been adopted nationwide, infections could have been reduced up to 14.2% and deaths up to 40.7% with eviction moratoria, and infections reduced up to 8.7% and deaths up to 14.8% with utility disconnection moratoria. The document provides background on housing precarity and heterogeneity in government COVID-
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
Latest OSHA 10 Test Question and Answers PDF for Construction and General Industry Exam.
Download the full set of 390 MCQ type question and answers - https://www.oyetrade.com/OSHA-10-Answers-2021.php
To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
A Comprehensive Guide on Cable Location Services Detections Method, Tools, an...Aussie Hydro-Vac Services
Explore Aussie Hydrovac's comprehensive cable location services, employing advanced tools like ground-penetrating radar and robotic CCTV crawlers for precise detection. Also offering aerial surveying solutions. Contact for reliable service in Australia.
2. consisting of 28 member states, currently has the most
comprehensive and protective pesticide regulations of
any major agricultural producer. The European Com-
mission oversees pesticide approval, restriction and
cancellation in the EU in accordance with Regulations
1107/2009 and 396/2005, which are designed to “…en-
sure that industry demonstrates that substances or
products produced or placed on the market do not have
any harmful effect on human or animal health or any
unacceptable effects on the environment” and place the
burden of proof on the pesticide industry to demon-
strate that its product can be used in a way that does
not result in harm to humans or the surrounding envir-
onment [8, 9]. The EU prohibits the approval and con-
tinued use of pesticides that the governing body has
recognized as mutagens, carcinogens, reproductive tox-
icants or endocrine disruptors unless exposure to
humans is considered negligible [8].
In the USA, pesticide regulation is largely overseen by
the US EPA, which regulates and enforces pesticide ac-
tions under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
(FFDCA) and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Ro-
denticide Act (FIFRA) [10, 11]. Unlike the safety thresh-
old afforded by the EU, the pesticide industry only has
to demonstrate that its products “will not generally
cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment,”
which is partially defined as “any unreasonable risk to
man or the environment, taking into account the eco-
nomic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of
the use of any pesticide…” [11]. The FFDCA was
amended in 1996 to strengthen the safety threshold in
setting food residue tolerances to a “reasonable certainty
of no harm” for pesticide exposure to humans through
food, water and home uses [12]. However, harm to
plants, animals, the broader environment, and harm to
humans from occupational exposures remains solely a
cost-benefit analysis.
Historically, pesticide regulation in China has suffered
from scattered data, complex laws and lack of transpar-
ency regarding rule implementation and compliance
[13]. Recently, China has passed modest regulations up-
dating certain aspects of pesticide use in the country, in-
cluding establishing licensing requirements for sellers of
pesticides, record keeping requirements for users, and
committees in charge of evaluating pesticide safety [14].
One notable area where China has progressed in recent
years is with banning or phasing out highly hazardous
pesticides. As of 2014 the Chinese Ministry of Agricul-
ture (MOA), the lead pesticide regulatory agency which
upholds the newly revised Pesticide Management Law,
had banned or was in the process of phasing out 50 pes-
ticides and in the process of restricting another 30 [15].
More recent regulations have resulted in the announced
phase out of an additional 12 pesticides by 2022 [16].
Brazil’s pesticide regulations are overseen by three gov-
ernmental agencies, the Brazilian MOA, Brazilian Health
Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) and Ministry of the Envir-
onment (MOE) [17]. Under Brazil’s 1989 pesticide law
No. 7802, the country incorporated a more protective
“hazard assessment” by which it can ban carcinogenic,
teratogenic, mutagenic and hormone disrupting pesti-
cides [18]. However multiple factors have severely lim-
ited the effectiveness of human and environmental
health safeguards in Brazil, including: 1) barriers to how
often pesticides can be reevaluated, 2) the Brazilian
MOA’s aggressive protection of the agrochemical indus-
try, and 3) massive budget and personnel shortfalls [18,
19]. Despite this, ANVISA and the Brazilian MOE have
been effective in getting some hazardous pesticides
banned in the country [20].
While regulatory agencies have many options to in-
crease the safeguards for any given pesticide, including
limiting what crops the pesticide can be used on, requir-
ing safety equipment to be worn by applicators, requir-
ing setbacks from sensitive habitats, and requiring
management practices to minimize off-target movement,
the most effective and reliable option is to ban a pesti-
cide entirely if the potential for dangerous exposure can-
not be feasibly mitigated. As such, one measure of the
effectiveness of a regulatory agency is how it compares
to its peer agencies in banning or eliminating pesticides
that are most dangerous and have the most potential for
harm to humans and the environment.
A recent decision by former US EPA Administrator
Scott Pruitt that reversed a planned ban on the pesticide
chlorpyrifos, as well as the increasing influence of the
agrochemical industry in the operations of US EPA, has
called into question the effectiveness and robustness of
pesticide regulation in the USA [21, 22]. Here, I identi-
fied pesticides that are approved in outdoor agricultural
applications in the USA and compared to those in the
EU, China and Brazil. Many pesticides are still widely
used in the USA that have been banned in these other
nations and the majority of pesticides banned in at least
two of them have not appreciably decreased in use in
the USA over the last 25 years. The number of US
EPA-initiated, non-voluntary cancellations in the USA
has decreased substantially in recent years making pesti-
cide prohibitions largely a result of voluntary cancella-
tions by industry. Finally, I discuss potential influencing
factors, as well as the negative implications for human
health and the environment in the USA.
Methods
Pesticide approval status
A list of more than 500 pesticide active ingredients that
have been used in agriculture in the USA, EU, Brazil and
China was compiled for use in comparing the approval
Donley Environmental Health (2019) 18:44 Page 2 of 12
3. status between nations (Additional file 1 and Add-
itional file 2). Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Inter-
national maintains a list of pesticides that are banned in
various countries [23]. While the PAN database is com-
prehensive and updated regularly, its drawbacks for this
analysis are: 1) it is incomplete with respect to pesticide
status in the USA; 2) the most recent source for pesti-
cide status in China is from 2014; 3) it does not separate
voluntary pesticide cancellation from non-voluntary
cancellation in the USA and EU; and 4) the list does not
separate pesticides used in agriculture from other uses.
Therefore, this analysis was done independently of the
PAN International list; however, many of the same
sources were used.
In order to compare pesticide bans between different
countries, it is imperative to define a pesticide “ban.”
China and Brazil both issue bans to forbid the use of
certain pesticides in agriculture. Therefore, determining
whether these countries have banned a pesticide is a
very straightforward process. The USA and EU do not
technically ban pesticides; they simply revoke the ap-
proval of a pesticide – which acts as a de facto ban be-
cause an unapproved pesticide cannot be used in those
jurisdictions. While bans in China and Brazil are gener-
ally related to pesticide safety, there are multiple reasons
a pesticide approval can be revoked or cancelled in the
EU and USA. These include safety concerns, failure of
the registrant to pay fees or submit required studies, or
the pesticide registrant has voluntarily requested regis-
tration be cancelled for economic or other reasons. For
this study, a pesticide in the USA and EU was consid-
ered “banned” if a decision was made by the regulating
agency to unilaterally prohibit a pesticide from entering
the market, cancel its approval, or notify the Rotterdam
Convention that the pesticide was banned. A pesticide
was considered “not approved” if a pesticide registrant
voluntarily withdrew its application, voluntarily re-
quested that registration be cancelled, the registration
expired or the pesticide has never been approved. This
was done to separate regulatory actions that were taken
to protect human and environmental health (banned)
from those that were taken for economic or other rea-
sons (not approved).
Using the sources identified in Additional file 3: Tables
S6-S9, each agricultural pesticide was designated as “ap-
proved,” “not approved,” “banned” or “in the process of
phase out” in the USA, EU, Brazil, and China (see also
Additional file 1). If a pesticide’s status could not be
identified it was designated as “not in database/
unknown.”
Pesticide use data and trends in the USA
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) National
Water-Quality Assessment Project maintains an online
resource of annual pesticide use estimates for all pesti-
cides used in USA agriculture from 1992 forward [7]. A
description of how these estimates are generated can be
found in Thelin and Stone, 2013 [24]. To obtain total
annual pesticide use, I downloaded 2016 preliminary
pesticide use estimates and separated them by pesticide
in Additional file 4. Use data in all states and counties
were totaled for each pesticide and converted from kilo-
grams to pounds. Upper-end estimates (E-Pest High)
were totaled for all pesticides that are used in the USA
and banned or being phased out in at least one other na-
tion (Additional file 5).
For trends in use over time, pesticide use data were
obtained as described above from 1992 to 2016 for the
following pesticides that are approved in the USA but
banned or being phased out in at least two of the three
compared nations: 2,4-DB, bensulide, chloropicrin,
dichlobenil, dicrotophos, EPTC, norflurazon, oxytetra-
cycline, paraquat, phorate, streptomycin, terbufos, and
tribufos. Data were plotted over the 25-year period and
over the most recent 10 years. To determine if pesticide
use significantly changed over time, a linear regression
was conducted for each pesticide over the 25- and
10-year period in SPSS for Windows version 25.0. To
ensure normal distribution and homoscedasticity of re-
siduals, pesticide use numbers from some pesticide data-
sets were natural logarithm-transformed prior to
statistical analysis. Data were normally distributed for all
datasets as measured by Shapiro-Wilk (p > 0.05), with
the sole exception of oxytetracycline use over a 25-year
period (p = 0.001).
Results
There have been over 500 active pesticide ingredients used
in agricultural applications in the USA since 1970, the
year the US EPA was formed (Additional file 2: Table S5).
A comparison of the approval status of each of these pesti-
cides indicates that 72, 17, and 11 pesticides that are ap-
proved for outdoor agricultural applications in the USA
are banned or in the process of complete phase out in the
EU, Brazil, and China, respectively (Fig. 1 and Additional
file 3: Tables S11-S13). In addition, 85, 13, and two pesti-
cides were identified as being approved in the USA and
banned or in the process of phase out in at least one of
the three, two of the three, or all three agricultural na-
tions, respectively (Fig. 1 and Additional file 3: Tables
S14-S16). This compares with two, three, and two pesti-
cides that have been banned in USA agriculture that are
approved for use in the EU, Brazil and/or China, respect-
ively (Additional file 3: Table S19). Of the 85 pesticides ap-
proved in the USA and banned in at least one of the other
nations, most are herbicides (58%) followed by insecticides
(20%), fungicides/nematicides/bactericides (16%) and
Donley Environmental Health (2019) 18:44 Page 3 of 12
4. those having both insecticide/fungicide activity (6%)
(Additional file 3: Table S18).
Of the 1.2 billion pounds of pesticides used in USA
agriculture in 2016, roughly 322 million pounds were of
pesticides banned in the EU, 40 million were of pesti-
cides banned in China and nearly 26 million were of
pesticides banned in Brazil (Table 1 and Additional file
5: Tables S131-S133). More than 10% of total pesticide
use in the USA in 2016 was from pesticide ingredients
either banned, not approved or of unknown status in all
three agricultural nations (Table 1 and Additional file 5:
Table S137).
Over 45 million pounds of agricultural pesticide use in
the USA comes from the 13 pesticides that are banned
or in the process of phase out in at least two of the three
other agricultural nations (Table 1 and Additional file 5:
Table S135). Paraquat and phorate are the only two
pesticides that are banned or being phased out in all
three places, however 10 of the 13 are either banned, be-
ing phased out, not approved or of unknown status in
all three (Fig. 2).
From 1992 to 2016, the trends in use of the 13 pesti-
cides that are banned in at least two other places and
used in the USA varied by pesticide (Fig. 3). Bensulide,
dichlobenil, EPTC, norflurazon, phorate, and terbufos all
significantly decreased over this 25 year period, with five
of the six showing a very steep decrease in use. Four of
the pesticides – chloropicrin, dicrotophos, oxytetracyc-
line and paraquat – significantly increased over this time
period indicating a greater demand for use concomitant
with no significant additional restrictions. Use of 2,4-DB,
streptomycin and tribufos did not significantly change
over this time period. Many of the pesticides that de-
creased in use over the last 25 years showed a marked
plateau in recent years (Fig. 3). Over the more recent 10
years (2007–2016), only one pesticide, norflurazon, sig-
nificantly decreased in use, while oxytetracycline and
paraquat had significantly increased (Additional file 6).
Of the 508 pesticide active ingredients that have been
used in agriculture in the USA since 1970, 134 have
Fig. 1 The number of pesticides approved for outdoor agricultural
use in the USA that are banned or being phased out in the European
Union (EU), Brazil (BRA), China (CHN), at least one of the three (≥1), at
least two of the three (≥2) or all 3
Table 1 Total Agricultural Pesticides Used in the USA and
Banned in the EU, Brazil or China
Lbs. Pesticides Used
in USA Agriculture
% of Total
Total 1,200,587,514 100
Banned in EU 322,597,233 26.9
Banned in CHN 40,014,277 3.3
Banned in BRA 25,843,457 2.2
Banned in at Least 1 327,817,174 27.3
Banned in at Least 2 45,960,605 3.8
Banned in All 3 14,677,188 1.2
Banned, Not Approved or
Unknown in All 3
133,711,048 11.1
The total pounds (lbs.) of pesticides used in agricultural applications in the
USA in 2016 categorized by where they are banned or being phased out. The
last row indicates pesticides that are banned, not approved or of unknown
status in the European Union (EU), China (CHN) and Brazil (BRA)
Fig. 2 Pesticides Used in the USA and Banned in at Least Two of
Three Other Agricultural Nations. The first column gives the
common pesticide name. The second column indicates whether the
pesticide is on an international list of concern (W=World Health
Organization (WHO) “extremely” or “highly” hazardous pesticide [79];
R2 = Rotterdam Convention Annex III list, Recommended [73]; A =
WHO “critically” or “highly” important antibiotics [53]). Columns 3–6
indicate the pesticide status in the European Union (EU), the United
States of America (USA), China (CHN) or Brazil (BRA). 1 = Banned; 2 =
In process of complete phase out; 3 = Approved; 4 = Not approved/
voluntarily withdrawn; 0 = Not in database/unknown. Red = banned/
phasing out; Green = approved; Orange = Not approved/unknown
Donley Environmental Health (2019) 18:44 Page 4 of 12
5. been cancelled (Additional file 3: Table S9). Of those
134, 97 have been voluntarily cancelled by pesticide reg-
istrants or had a time-limited approval that expired.
That leaves 37 pesticides where the US EPA took unilat-
eral action to prohibit an agricultural pesticide from en-
tering the market or cancel its approval. Many of these
37 are highly persistent, dangerous pollutants that have
triggered massive public outcry in the USA and through-
out the world, such as aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, chlordane,
carbofuran and toxaphene. Broken down by decade, the
bulk of these decisions came before the year 2000, with
only five agricultural pesticides being non-voluntarily
cancelled in the last 18 years (Fig. 4). Cancellations
voluntarily requested by the pesticide registrant have
greatly increased in the last 40 years and currently ac-
count for nearly all agricultural pesticide cancellations in
the USA.
Discussion
As four of the largest agricultural producers, the EU,
China, Brazil and USA have an outsized role in the gener-
ation of agricultural commodities used throughout the
world. Each nation has its own regulations and rules re-
garding the use of pesticides in agriculture. This study
sought to identify the pesticides these different regulatory
Fig. 3 Trends in Use of Pesticides in the USA that are Banned in at Least Two of Three Other Agricultural Nations. a) Total pesticide use in the
USA in pounds (lbs.) was plotted for each year between 1992 and 2016 for each of 13 pesticides that have been banned or are being phased out
in at least two of the following places: the EU, China and Brazil. Each graph contains a linear trend line. b) Results of linear regression analyses
that were conducted for each pesticide over the 25-year period. Data were log-transformed where indicated and the degrees of freedom (df) for
each pesticide dataset equals 24 with the exception of dichlobenil (df = 23; the zero value for 2016 was removed before log transformation). Bold
p-values were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Pesticides highlighted in yellow had a significant downward trend, pesticides highlighted in blue
had a significant upward trend and those that were not highlighted had no significant change over time
Donley Environmental Health (2019) 18:44 Page 5 of 12
6. systems have deemed too dangerous to use at any
level and compare between nations. In addition to be-
ing major agricultural producers, the EU, Brazil and
China are also some of the largest users of agricul-
tural pesticides in the world – making them ideal for
comparison with the USA [5–7].
The main focus of this study was on the 13 pesticides
that are approved in the USA but banned in at least two
other large agricultural nations (Fig. 2). There are a
couple of reasons that could explain why these pesticides
remain in use in the USA, and in some cases are even
increasing, while having been banned by multiple other
peer regulatory agencies. One possibility is that the USA
has unique pest problems that necessitate the use of
these harmful pesticides in agriculture. 2,4-DB, bensu-
lide, dichlobenil, EPTC, norflurazon, and paraquat are
herbicides that are used in the USA to kill problem
weeds in crops that are also grown in China, Europe and
Brazil, like soybeans, corn, fruits and vegetables, nut
trees, cotton, peanuts and wheat. Problem weeds are not
unique to the USA and the US EPA pesticide labels for
each of these herbicides list efficacy against weeds that
are also a common agricultural nuisance in places where
the herbicides are banned [25–28]. Tribufos is not used
to kill pests in the USA but as a defoliant to increase the
harvest efficiency of cotton, a crop that is widely grown
in Brazil and, to a lesser extent, Europe [29]. Dicroto-
phos, also used solely on cotton in the USA, is labelled
as being effective against cotton pests that exist in Brazil
and Europe [30, 31]. Terbufos is used mainly on corn in
the USA and its US EPA label claims efficacy against
multiple agricultural pests that exist in Chinese and
European corn crops [32, 33]. Phorate and chloropicrin
are used on a wide variety of crops in the USA, mainly
commodity crops for the former, and fruits and vegeta-
bles for the latter; both have broad-spectrum pest con-
trol and efficacy against common agricultural pests in
Brazil, China and Europe. Oxytetracycline and strepto-
mycin are approved in the USA to combat fire blight
and bacterial spot in certain fruit trees, diseases which
also have spread in Europe and Brazil [34, 35]. This indi-
cates that these pesticides could have utility in agricul-
ture in these countries were they not found to be too
harmful for human and environmental health.
Since the US EPA will often place use restrictions on
pesticide labels as a way of mitigating harm to humans
and the environment, another possibility could be that
the USA is effectively safeguarding against harm without
having to resort to a complete ban. However, five of the
thirteen pesticides used in the USA that are banned in at
least two of three agricultural nations are neurotoxic
pesticides of the organophosphate (OP) class (bensulide,
dicrotophos, phorate, terbufos, and tribufos). Over 2000
incidents involving OPs were reported to poison control
centers across the USA each year from 2012 to 2016
[36–40]. The vast majority of these poisonings were ac-
cidental in nature and range in severity from minor to,
in some cases, death. Data from the National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health indicate that be-
tween 1998 and 2011, 43% of insecticide related illnesses
in the USA involved cholinesterase inhibitors like OPs
[41]. Paraquat, one of the most acutely lethal pesticides
still in use today, is implicated in around 100 poisoning
incidents in the USA each year, resulting in at least one
death per year since 2012. Of reported poisoning events
in the USA involving paraquat as a single agent from
2012 to 2016, anywhere from 84 to 94% were accidental
(unintentional) in nature [36–40]. The US EPA’s human
Incident Data System identified 27 deaths, 22 high se-
verity incidents and 181 moderate severity incidents in-
volving paraquat from 1990 to 2014 [42]. From 2000 to
2015, agricultural usage of chloropicrin was implicated
in over 1000 pesticide-related illnesses in California
alone [43]. Acute pesticide poisonings in agriculture
also remain severely underreported due to language
barriers, fear of deportation or job loss and the eco-
nomic disadvantage of those most highly exposed, so
these numbers are likely under-representative of the
true impact [44]. Thus, while the US EPA can place
restrictions on pesticide labels, if people have ready
Fig. 4 Number of Agricultural Pesticides Cancelled in the USA by
Decade from 1970 to the Present. a) Table presenting the number
of agricultural pesticides that were non-voluntarily (Non-V) or voluntarily
(V) cancelled in the USA by decade. b) Graphic representation of table
in a.
Donley Environmental Health (2019) 18:44 Page 6 of 12
7. access to extremely toxic pesticides, accidents and mis-
uses are inevitable and can lead to severe consequences
for those involved.
In addition to numerous incidents of acute poison-
ings, multiple states have determined that current US
EPA regulations are not protective enough for some
of these pesticides and have opted to place greater re-
strictions on use than the US EPA requires. California
– the largest agricultural producing state in the USA
by value – has imposed greater restrictions on chloro-
picrin, EPTC and norflurazon, including larger buffer
zones, reduced acreage that can be treated, additional
protective equipment and mitigations to prevent
groundwater contamination [45–48]. The state of
New York has banned phorate in certain counties and
aerial application of the pesticide in the entire state
[49]. Certain counties in Washington state have pro-
hibited aerial spraying of paraquat [50–52].
Furthermore, two of the 13 pesticides, streptomycin
and oxytetracycline, are antibiotics that are recognized
as “critically” and “highly” important for human medi-
cine by the World Health Organization (WHO), respect-
ively [53]. Overuse and abuse of medicines like these can
accelerate the development of antibiotic resistant bac-
teria, which the Centers for Disease Control and Preven-
tion (CDC) estimate infect at least two million people
and result in the deaths of 23,000 people annually [54].
Non-human use of antibiotics in agriculture is known to
be one way that antibiotic resistant bacteria can develop
and spread to humans and, while most antibiotics in
agriculture are used on animals that are kept in confined
spaces, the use of antibiotics directly on crops can result
in a considerable area of land being exposed on a
semi-regular basis [55]. Roughly 80,000 pounds each of
streptomycin and oxytetracycline were used on plants in
the USA in 2016 (Additional file 4: Tables S92, S116).
With the 2018 US EPA approval of oxytetracycline on
citrus crops, use of this antibiotic is expected to increase
to more than 388,000 pounds per year – 130,000 pounds
more than all tetracyclines used annually in human
medicine in the USA [56, 57]. A similar impending in-
crease in streptomycin use, which the US EPA proposed
at the end of 2018, indicates that the use of these antibi-
otics will continue to increase in future years, despite
the risk of resistance genes developing in human patho-
gens [55, 58]. Altogether, it appears that the US EPA has
not taken sufficient action to meaningfully reduce use
of, and risks from, pesticides that are banned in multiple
other nations by simply placing mitigation measures on
the pesticide label.
During this analysis it became clear that the USA uti-
lizes voluntary (industry-initiated) cancellation as the
primary method of prohibiting pesticides, which is
different than the non-voluntary (regulator-initiated)
cancellations/bans that predominate in the EU, Brazil
and China. In fact, it is now almost exclusively the sole
method the US EPA uses to cancel agricultural pesti-
cides (Fig. 4). There are likely several reasons for this.
FIFRA was amended in 1988 to implement annual main-
tenance fees on pesticide registrations and increase data
requirements [59]. It was amended again in 2004 with
the Pesticide Registration Improvement Act that in-
creased registration fees in exchange for accelerated
registration decisions [60]. The passage of these two
amendments correlates with two big jumps in voluntary
cancellations over the last 50 years (Fig. 4). This would
be expected, as the more it costs to comply with
registration requirements the more likely it is that
poor-selling pesticides or those that are no longer effect-
ive due to pest resistance issues will not justify the cost
of maintaining registration in the USA. Furthermore, as
patent protection on pesticides and exclusive use periods
for data protection expire, the registration holder may
be more likely to voluntarily cancel the registration –
particularly if generic products have flooded the market
or if a company wants to shift its resources to a newer
active ingredient that has those protections still in place
[61]. And in a time of intense consolidation in the pesti-
cide industry, lower performing, redundant and compet-
ing products are more likely to be voluntarily cancelled,
indicating that voluntary cancellations due to economic
reasons may be on the rise in the near future. Therefore,
many of these voluntary cancellations are likely business
decisions made by the registrants and can be influenced
by any number of economic factors.
On the other hand, there are also instances when vol-
untary cancellations are used as a negotiating tool by the
US EPA or would not have been requested without some
amount of regulatory pressure. For instance, mevinphos
was voluntarily cancelled in the USA by the registrant
once the US EPA made it clear that it intended to sus-
pend the pesticide due to human health concerns [62].
With aldicarb, the manufacturer agreed to an extended
voluntary phase-out in exchange for the US EPA not ini-
tiating cancellation proceedings [63]. Additionally, of the
20 agricultural OP pesticides that have been voluntarily
cancelled in the USA, 10 were cancelled after the Food
Quality Protection Act (FQPA) amendment to FIFRA
began to be implemented in the early 2000s (Additional
file 3: Table S20) [12]. Nine of those 10 were used on
food crops and the stricter safety requirements of the
FQPA regarding food exposures likely played a role in
the voluntary removal of those pesticide ingredients, as
it is believed to be a contributing factor in decreased OP
use over the last 20 years [64].
Overall, voluntary cancellations in the USA appear to
have played a role in facilitating the removal of some
potentially hazardous pesticides. But while voluntary
Donley Environmental Health (2019) 18:44 Page 7 of 12
8. cancellations have one benefit—that being a certainty
that the cancellation will not be challenged in court by
the pesticide registrant—there are notable downsides to
using this as the primary method of cancelling pesti-
cides. The major one being that it requires at least some
desire on the part of the pesticide registrant. All 10 agri-
cultural OP pesticides that were voluntarily cancelled in
the USA after 2002 had already steeply decreased in use
before they were cancelled, suggesting that the economic
benefits of their continued registration were not as fa-
vorable to the pesticide industry (Additional file 3: Table
S20) [7]. This contrasts with other OPs that have not
been cancelled in the USA and whose uses have
remained high and relatively stable over time, like ace-
phate, bensulide, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate and malathion
[7]. It’s likely that the reason some OPs have been volun-
tarily cancelled while others remain approved in the
USA reflects registrants’ willingness or unwillingness to
voluntarily cancel or negotiate a voluntary cancellation
with the US EPA.
Not only do voluntary cancellations ultimately bias to-
wards pesticides that are easier to cancel because they are
less economically valuable to pesticide makers, but they
can lead to a significantly longer phase out period. For ex-
ample, instead of initiating a notice of intent to cancel
aldicarb for posing unacceptable risks to infants and
young children in 2010, the US EPA entered into a signed
agreement with the registrant to voluntarily cancel the
pesticide [63]. This agreement allowed the registrant to
continue manufacturing the pesticide for four years with a
complete phase out achieved in another four years. This
eight-year phase out contrasts sharply with the typical
one-year phase out for most cancelled pesticides [65].
Under FIFRA, US EPA-initiated cancellation is a
time-consuming process, requiring considerable agency
resources and multiple steps designed to ensure, above
all, that the agricultural sector will not experience undue
hardship. After the US EPA decides to initiate
cancellation, it must notify the US Department of Agri-
culture and the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel of its
decision and respond to any concerns they may have.
Following that, the registrant can request a hearing with
an administrative law judge and that decision can be
appealed to an appeals board where the US EPA “… is
required by FIFRA to consider restricting the use of the
pesticide as an alternative to cancellation while explain-
ing the reasons for the restrictions and taking into ac-
count the effect of such final action on production and
prices of agricultural commodities, retail food prices,
and otherwise on the agricultural economy” [66]. During
the appeal process, the pesticide approval remains in
place and it can continue to be used.
Despite all of this, the US EPA has occasionally been
successful using non-voluntary cancellation to achieve
bans on certain pesticides – even in recent years. After
finding that carbofuran resulted in unacceptable harms
to humans through diet in 2009, the agency was ultim-
ately successful in forcibly cancelling the pesticide –
even after the registrant challenged the decision all the
way to the US Supreme Court [67, 68]. The agency also
succeeded in non-voluntarily cancelling flubendiamide
in 2016 after the registrant reneged on its commitment
to voluntarily cancel the pesticide if the US EPA identified
significant harms after further review [69]. However, the
US EPA has also been unsuccessful in its efforts to cancel
a pesticide when industry does not consent. A 2016 at-
tempt by the US EPA to non-voluntarily cancel uses of
chlorpyrifos on food crops was ultimately reversed when
an industry-friendly administration took control of the
agency before the ban was enacted, reinforcing the diffi-
culty that this agency has in cancelling pesticides without
the consent of the regulated industry [70].
Of the 13 pesticides identified in this study that are
banned in multiple other nations, a few, like dichlobenil
and norflurazon, are easy candidates for voluntary
cancellation because their use has dropped so much in re-
cent years that continued registration in the USA is in-
creasingly losing cost effectiveness. However the majority
are highly used and/or increasing, making a voluntary
cancellation less likely. While the non-voluntary
cancellation process can be lengthy and tense at times, the
US EPA has shown that it can flex its regulatory muscles
and ban harmful pesticides without the blessing of the
pesticide industry. However, FIFRA gives the US EPA sig-
nificant discretion on what pesticides it ultimately decides
to cancel; for example FIFRA requires a cost-benefit ana-
lysis for all harms except those that come from aggregate
exposures to humans through food. Because the costs of
things like reduced pollination services, reduced water
quality, environmental degradation, reduced quality of life
and the benefits of maintaining a rich array of biodiversity
are extremely difficult to accurately quantify, this
cost-benefit analysis largely becomes a qualitative exercise
with a high degree of subjectivity and potential for influ-
ence by the agrochemical industry.
The goal of this study was to identify the pesticides
that different regulatory systems have deemed too harm-
ful for use and compare between nations. It did not seek
to compare the effectiveness or robustness of pesticide
regulations as a whole between nations. As such, the
conclusions here can’t necessarily be generalized to
other aspects of pesticide regulation, such as safeguards
that do not involve the total banning of a pesticide, the
implementation and enforcement of regulations, and
regulation compliance.
While a pesticide ban is the most effective method of
preventing exposure to a single pesticide, one potential
undesirable effect is that it could result in the substitution
Donley Environmental Health (2019) 18:44 Page 8 of 12
9. of another pesticide that has a similar potential for harm
[71]. For instance, a ban on one OP pesticide could trigger
the greater use of a different pesticide in the same class,
resulting in similar risks to humans and many other ani-
mals. Alternatively, while the substitution of a banned OP
pesticide with a neonicotinoid may lower the risk of harm
to humans, it may result in a much higher risk of harm to
pollinators due to the higher exposure potential through
contaminated pollen and nectar. Therefore, bans can
come with tradeoffs and it’s unclear to what extent pesti-
cide bans in these nations have resulted in regrettable sub-
stitutions that end up accomplishing little or trade one
detrimental risk for another.
Removing a pesticide from use, either voluntarily or
non-voluntarily, could have the consequence of disrupt-
ing the management of pesticide resistance. Losing a sin-
gle pesticide may impact the practice of rotating
pesticides with different mechanisms of action to delay
resistance development. However, if other, safer recom-
mended resistance management steps are taken – such
as the halting of prophylactic pesticide use, using
non-chemical pest management, scouting for lack of effi-
cacy and practicing smart crop rotation – the overall im-
pact will likely be minor.
It is possible that a pesticide ban or commitment to
phase out a pesticide in China or Brazil could be re-
versed. For example, the newly elected presidential ad-
ministration in Brazil has been openly hostile to
environmental regulations and will likely try to reverse
pesticide safeguards in the country in the future [72].
Furthermore, pesticide registrants always have the op-
tion to apply for approval of a pesticide that is not cur-
rently approved in the EU or USA. Therefore, this list of
banned and approved pesticides is a snapshot and sub-
ject to change.
What actually constitutes a “ban” is open to interpret-
ation. China and Brazil put in place pesticide bans that,
in theory, prohibit their use in the country indefinitely.
For the EU and USA, this study considered a pesticide
as “banned” if the regulating agency made a unilateral,
non-voluntary decision to cancel a pesticide or not ap-
prove its use. Some of the pesticides defined as “banned”
in the USA and EU were due to failure of the pesticide
registrants to pay necessary fees or submit required
studies, resulting in non-voluntary cancellation. In these
cases, it was impossible to tell whether the studies were
not formally submitted due to harmful effects being
found that would preclude approval or whether it was
an economic decision on the part of the pesticide regis-
trant to not conduct the study or pay fees. Therefore,
some pesticides that were designated as “banned” in the
USA or EU in this study might more appropriately be
designated as “not approved;” however without more
information, further refinement was not possible. In
addition, voluntary cancellation is not always “volun-
tary,” and the underlying decisions of most voluntary
cancellations are not public information. Regulating
agencies can negotiate a voluntary cancellation with
pesticide registrants or an impending regulatory action
can result in a registrant preemptively cancelling a pesti-
cide voluntarily. So some voluntary cancellations might
more appropriately be labeled as “banned” instead of
“not approved,” however a lack of publicly available in-
formation precluded further refinement.
While it’s not surprising that the EU has banned many
pesticides that are still used in the USA, the extent to
which this has occurred is quite remarkable. In 2016 the
USA used more than 320 million pounds of pesticides
that were banned in the EU, accounting for more than a
quarter of all agricultural pesticide use (Table 1 and
Additional file 5: Table S131). Europe is often criticized
by pesticide makers and agricultural interests as being
overly protective with burdensome regulations. While
the EU has less land dedicated to agriculture than China,
its export value of agricultural products is higher than
the USA, China and Brazil combined [1]. Therefore, the
EU remains highly competitive as a major agricultural
power despite having banned many widely-used, poten-
tially hazardous agricultural pesticides.
Of the 25 most commonly used pesticides in the USA,
ten – including chloropicrin and paraquat – are banned
in at least one of these three agricultural nations [64].
Paraquat and phorate are the only two pesticides still
used in the USA that are banned or being phased out in
the EU, China and Brazil. Both have been recommended
for regulation under the Rotterdam Convention, indicat-
ing a growing international concern over their safety
[73]. While this treaty does not mandate the banning of
listed hazardous chemicals, it provides a mechanism by
which countries can essentially “opt-out” from receiving
them through trade [74]. Many hazardous chemicals
listed in the Rotterdam Convention end up getting
banned by countries party to the treaty due to human
and environmental health concerns. The USA is just one
of six countries in the world that has not ratified the
Rotterdam Convention treaty [75].
Conclusions
Total pesticide bans remain the most effective way to
prevent intentional or accidental exposure to highly haz-
ardous pesticides and can catalyze the transition to safer
alternatives [76, 77]. Surprisingly, the USA is lagging
when it comes to banning or phasing out pesticides that
the top agricultural powers have identified as too harm-
ful for use.
This is likely due to deficiencies in pesticide legislation
in the USA. FIFRA gives the US EPA significant discre-
tion on which pesticides it ultimately decides to cancel
Donley Environmental Health (2019) 18:44 Page 9 of 12
10. and makes the US EPA-initiated, non-voluntary
cancellation process particularly onerous and politically
fraught. This, in part, has led to an almost exclusive reli-
ance on industry-initiated, voluntary cancellation of pes-
ticides in the USA.
Without a change in the US EPA’s current reliance on
voluntary mechanisms for pesticide cancellations, the
USA will likely lag behind its peers in banning these
harmful pesticides. Recent mitigation measures finalized
for paraquat by the US EPA, which include warning la-
bels, extra training requirements and safer packaging
standards that are fully supported by the pesticide indus-
try, indicate that voluntary mitigations will likely be used
in lieu of cancellations for at least some of these danger-
ous pesticides in the future [78].
Additional files
Additional file 1: Supplemental methods. (PDF 466 kb)
Additional file 2: Sources used to compile the final list of agricultural
pesticides. (XLSX 39 kb)
Additional file 3: Approval status of agricultural pesticides in the USA,
EU, China and Brazil. (XLSX 133 kb)
Additional file 4: Total pesticide use in the USA in 2016 itemized by
active ingredient. (XLSX 14860 kb)
Additional file 5: Total use of pesticides in the USA in 2016 that are
banned, being phased out or not approved in other agricultural nations.
(XLSX 35 kb)
Additional file 6: Trends in use of pesticides in the USA that are
banned in at least two of three other agricultural nations (2007–2016).
(PDF 578 kb)
Abbreviations
ANVISA: Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária of Brazil; CDC: Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; EU: European Union; FFDCA: Federal Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act; FIFRA: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act; FQPA: Food Quality Protection Act; MOA: Ministry of
Agriculture; MOE: Ministry of the Environment; OP: Organophosphate
Pesticide; PAN: Pesticide Action Network; US EPA: United States
Environmental Protection Agency; USA: United States of America;
USGS: United States Geological Survey; WHO: World Health Organization
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Tara Cornelisse, Brett Hartl, Jonathan Evans
and Lori Ann Burd at the Center for Biological Diversity for review of the
manuscript and thoughtful edits. Tara Cornelisse also provided assistance
with the statistical analysis used in this study. The author would also like to
thank the USGS for compiling annual estimates of agricultural pesticide use
in the USA, which is an incredibly important resource for the scientific
community. The author would also like to acknowledge the work done by
PAN International in identifying sources for pesticide approval status in many
different countries for its “Consolidated List of Banned Pesticides,” as many of
those same sources were used in the present study.
Funding
The author received no specific funding for this work.
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this
published article [and its supplementary information files] or the publicly
available data are cited therein.
Authors’ contributions
ND compiled all relevant information, analyzed all data and drafted the
manuscript. The author read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
ND declares no competing financial interests. ND’s employer, the Center for
Biological Diversity, currently has multiple lawsuits against the US EPA
involving some pesticides in this report for failure to consult under the
Endangered Species Act, failure to release documents pursuant to the
Freedom of Information Act, and failure to comply with FIFRA. ND has
provided scientific support for some of these lawsuits. ND, on behalf of
the Center for Biological Diversity, has publically taken the position that
some of the pesticides analyzed in this study should be banned or restricted in
the USA due to human and/or environmental health concerns.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published
maps and institutional affiliations.
Received: 31 January 2019 Accepted: 30 April 2019
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