The document discusses several key topics in cybersecurity including:
1. The importance of acting ethically and legally when conducting security assessments or penetration testing.
2. Common attack methodologies hackers use including footprinting, scanning, enumeration, and escalation of privilege.
3. Types of reconnaissance hackers perform such as passive information gathering and active techniques like port scanning.
4. The goals attackers try to achieve including maintaining long-term access and covering their tracks.
The recent global cyber attack using WannaCry ransomware reminds us that proper information security hygiene and appropriate back-up management and software patching protocols are critical to attack prevention and loss minimization.
company names mentioned herein are for identification and educational purposes only and are the property of, and may be trademarks of, their respective owners.
Defentect is an advanced CBRN threat detection system marketing by Rapidsoft Systems Inc. (http://www.rapidsoftsystems.com). It is only system of its kind that can save lives by detecting threats before they occur.
The recent global cyber attack using WannaCry ransomware reminds us that proper information security hygiene and appropriate back-up management and software patching protocols are critical to attack prevention and loss minimization.
company names mentioned herein are for identification and educational purposes only and are the property of, and may be trademarks of, their respective owners.
Defentect is an advanced CBRN threat detection system marketing by Rapidsoft Systems Inc. (http://www.rapidsoftsystems.com). It is only system of its kind that can save lives by detecting threats before they occur.
Maximize Computer Security With Limited RessourcesSecunia
Presentation from Stefan Frei on how patches are an effective method to escape the arms race with cybercriminals. The majority of vulnerabilities have patches ready on the day of disclosure, which means that the right patch strategy is evident to maximize risk reduction.
Professional Services :
We offer bespoke penetration services to meet the requirements of our clients. We bring years of global experience and stamina to guide our clients through the ever-evolving cyber security threat landscape
We are driven to understand your security concerns and are committed to delivering high quality security solutions, such as :
-Research Powerhouse
-Client-centric Focus
-Affordable
-Certified Security Experts
-Global Consulting Services
https://redfoxsec.com/
The recent global cyber attack using WannaCry ransomware reminds us that proper information security hygiene and appropriate back-up management and software patching protocols are critical to attack prevention and loss minimization.
Safety, trust and security are core to customer
retention, growth, and the long term
success of every company. While companies
must continually look for new ways to
increase efficiency and productivity, security
of accounts and sensitive customer
information is a top priority. For more info: www.nafcu.org/cyveillance
How to Build and Validate Ransomware Attack Detections (Secure360)Scott Sutherland
Ransomware is a strategy for adversaries to make money – a strategy that’s proven successful. During this presentation, we will cover how ransomware works, ransomware trends to watch, best practices for prevention, and more. At the core of the discussion, Scott will explain how to build detections for common tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) used by ransomware families and how to validate they work, ongoing, as part of the larger security program. Participants will leave this webinar with actionable advice to ensure their organization is more resilient to ever-evolving ransomware attacks.
Maximize Computer Security With Limited RessourcesSecunia
Presentation from Stefan Frei on how patches are an effective method to escape the arms race with cybercriminals. The majority of vulnerabilities have patches ready on the day of disclosure, which means that the right patch strategy is evident to maximize risk reduction.
Professional Services :
We offer bespoke penetration services to meet the requirements of our clients. We bring years of global experience and stamina to guide our clients through the ever-evolving cyber security threat landscape
We are driven to understand your security concerns and are committed to delivering high quality security solutions, such as :
-Research Powerhouse
-Client-centric Focus
-Affordable
-Certified Security Experts
-Global Consulting Services
https://redfoxsec.com/
The recent global cyber attack using WannaCry ransomware reminds us that proper information security hygiene and appropriate back-up management and software patching protocols are critical to attack prevention and loss minimization.
Safety, trust and security are core to customer
retention, growth, and the long term
success of every company. While companies
must continually look for new ways to
increase efficiency and productivity, security
of accounts and sensitive customer
information is a top priority. For more info: www.nafcu.org/cyveillance
How to Build and Validate Ransomware Attack Detections (Secure360)Scott Sutherland
Ransomware is a strategy for adversaries to make money – a strategy that’s proven successful. During this presentation, we will cover how ransomware works, ransomware trends to watch, best practices for prevention, and more. At the core of the discussion, Scott will explain how to build detections for common tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) used by ransomware families and how to validate they work, ongoing, as part of the larger security program. Participants will leave this webinar with actionable advice to ensure their organization is more resilient to ever-evolving ransomware attacks.
The Four Types of Threat Detection and Use Cases in Industrial SecurityDragos, Inc.
Dragos' Sergio Caltagirone and Robert M. Lee discuss the four types of threat detection methods for industrial control systems operations, while providing ICS-specific use cases, to help you determine which detection strategy is most effective for your organization.
The recorded webinar can be found here: hhttps://youtu.be/zqvDu0OaY8k
Aslo check out: Four Types of Threat Detection White Paper: https://dragos.com/blog/FourTypesOfTh...
Part of the Secrets of ICS Cybersecurity webinar series: https://dragos.com/blog/20181017Webin...
More info www.dragos.com
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/drag....
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/dragosinc
This lecture includes detail about ethical hacking profession, there jobs description, responsibilities duties and skills required to excel in their field.
What is a Zero-Day Exploit Understanding the Threat of Unknown Vulnerabilitie...uzair
What is the difference between a zero-day exploit and a regular cyber-attack?
A zero-day exploit takes advantage of a vulnerability that the software developer is unaware of, while a regular cyber-attack exploits a vulnerability that has already been identified and patched.
How are zero-day exploits discovered?
Zero-day exploits are typically discovered by attackers who are actively looking for vulnerabilities in software.
Can zero-day exploits be prevented?
While it is difficult to prevent zero-day exploits completely, measures such as keeping software up-to-date and implementing security measures can reduce the risk of an attack.
Is it ethical to use zero-day exploits for defensive purposes?
The use of zero-day exploits for defensive purposes is a controversial issue. While they can be effective at gathering intelligence or disrupting the activities of hostile organizations, there is a risk that they could be leaked or used against innocent individuals.
What should I do if I suspect that my system has been compromised by a zero-day exploit?
If you suspect that your system has been compromised by a zero-day exploit, you should disconnect it from the internet and seek the assistance of a cybersecurity professional.
What is the difference between a zero-day exploit and a regular cyber-attack?
A zero-day exploit takes advantage of a vulnerability that the software developer is unaware of, while a regular cyber-attack exploits a vulnerability that has already been identified and patched.
How are zero-day exploits discovered?
Zero-day exploits are typically discovered by attackers who are actively looking for vulnerabilities in software.
Can zero-day exploits be prevented?
While it is difficult to prevent zero-day exploits completely, measures such as keeping software up-to-date and implementing security measures can reduce the risk of an attack.
Is it ethical to use zero-day exploits for defensive purposes?
The use of zero-day exploits for defensive purposes is a controversial issue. While they can be effective at gathering intelligence or disrupting the activities of hostile organizations, there is a risk that they could be leaked or used against innocent individuals.
What should I do if I suspect that my system has been compromised by a zero-day exploit?
If you suspect that your system has been compromised by a zero-day exploit, you should disconnect it from the internet and seek the assistance of a cybersecurity professional.
What is the difference between a zero-day exploit and a regular cyber-attack?
A zero-day exploit takes advantage of a vulnerability that the software developer is unaware of, while a regular cyber-attack exploits a vulnerability that has already been identified and patched.
How are zero-day exploits discovered?
Zero-day exploits are typically discovered by attackers who are actively looking for vulnerabilities in software.
Can zero-day exploits be prevented?
While it is difficult to prevent zero-day exploits completely, meas
Cracking the Code: The Role of VAPT in CybersecurityShyamMishra72
In an era dominated by technology, the constant evolution of cyber threats poses a significant challenge to organizations worldwide. Cybersecurity has become a paramount concern, and businesses must fortify their digital fortresses to safeguard sensitive data and maintain the trust of their stakeholders. One crucial component of a robust cybersecurity strategy is Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing (VAPT). In this blog post, we'll delve into the world of VAPT, exploring its importance, methodologies, and the pivotal role it plays in securing the digital landscape.
The changing threat landscape reality and
the frequency, sophistication and targeted
nature of adversaries requires an evolution of
security operational practices to a combination
of prevention, detection and response of
cyber attacks.
Describe two methods for communicating the material in an Informatio.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Describe two methods for communicating the material in an Information Security policy to the
staff of an organization. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each?
Solution
Information security means protecting information (data) and information systems from
unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.
Information Security management is a process of defining the security controls in order to
protect the information assets.
Security Program
The first action of a management program to implement information security is to have a
security program in place. Though some argue the first act would be to gain some real \"proof of
concept\" and \"explainable thru display on the monitor screen\" security knowledge. Start with
maybe understanding where OS passwords are stored within the code inside a file within a
directory. If you don\'t understand Operating Systems at the root directory level maybe you
should seek out advice from somebody who does before even beginning to implement security
program management and objectives.
Security Program Objectives
· Protect the company and its assets.
· Manage Risks by Identifying assets, discovering threats and estimating the risk
· Provide direction for security activities by framing of information security policies,
procedures, standards, guidelines and baselines
· Information Classification
· Security Organization and
· Security Education
Security Management Responsibilities
· Determining objectives, scope, policies,re expected to be accomplished from a security
program
· Evaluate business objectives, security risks, user productivity, and functionality
requirements.
· Define steps to ensure that all the above are accounted for and properly addressed
Approaches to Build a Security Program
· Top-Down Approach
· The initiation, support, and direction comes from the top management and work their way
through middle management and then to staff members.
· Treated as the best approach but seems to based on the I get paid more therefor I must
know more about everything type of mentality.
· Ensures that the senior management who are ultimately responsible for protecting the
company assets is driving the program.
· Bottom-Up Approach
· The lower-end team comes up with a security control or a program without proper
management support and direction.
· It is oft considered less effective and doomed to fail for the same flaw in thinking as
above; I get paid more therefor I must know more about everything.
Since advancement is directly tied to how well you can convince others, who often fall outside of
your of job duties and department, as to your higher value to the company as stated by your own
effective written communication this leads to amazing resume writers and take no blame style of
email responses that seems to definitely lead to the eventual failure of company\'s standards and
actual knowledge. It is often covered up by relationships which form at the power levels within
any gr.
A web application penetration testing service is an ethical hacking service that helps identify security vulnerabilities in web applications. It is also known as a web app pen test or simply a penetration test. The goal is to find all the possible ways that an attacker could gain access to sensitive data or disrupt the normal functioning of the application.
A red team or team red are a group that plays the role of an enemy or competitor to provide security feedback from that perspective.A red-team assessment is similar to a penetration test, but is more targeted.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...
certified ethical_hacker_sample
1.
2. Mega Guide n
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Ethics and Legality
Nothing contained in this Mega Guide is intended to teach or encourage the use of security tools or
methodologies for illegal or unethical purposes. Always act in a responsible manner. Make sure you have
written permission from the proper individuals before you use any of the tools or techniques described in
this study guide. Make time to review the link below to learn what can happen if you don’t!
http://mabuse.de/sources/Intel%20v_%20Randal%20Schwartz%20Why%20Care.htm
What is an Exploit?
According to the Jargon Dictionary, an exploit is defined as, “a vulnerability in software that is used for
breaking security.” Hackers rely on exploits to gain access to, or to escalate their privileged status on,
targeted systems.
The Security Functionality Triangle
The CIA triangle or triad comprises the three fundamental pillars of security. These include:
n Confidentiality – Insures that the information is kept private and is only available to those that
should have legitimate access to it. Threats to confidentiality include network sniffing and inter-
ception of passwords
n Integrity – Insures that information and resources have not been improperly changed or altered.
Threats to integrity include worms and viruses
n Availability – Insures that the resources are available when needed by a legitimate user. Threats
to availability include Denial of Service (DoS) attacks
The Attacker’s Process
Attackers follow a fixed methodology. The steps involved in attacks are shown below and each will be
discussed throughout this study guide.
n Footprinting
n Scanning
n Enumeration
n Penetration – (Individuals that are unsuccessful at this step may opt for a Denial of Service attack)
n Escalation of Privilege
n Cover Tracks
n Backdoors
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Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance is one of the most important steps of the hacking process. Before an actual vulnerability
can be exploited it must be discovered. Discovery of potential vulnerabilities is aided by identification of
the technologies used, operating systems installed, and services/applications that are present. Reconnais-
sance can broadly be classified into two categories: passive and active.
Passive Reconnaissance
This form of information gathering is the most covert as there is little to no way the target organization
can discover the hacker’s activity. An example of passive reconnaissance is that of scanning the help
wanted ads to find out more about what types of technology and equipment the target organization uses.
Active Reconnaissance
This form of information is more overt as there is a chance that the target organization may notice the
hacker’s activities. An example of active reconnaissance is that of running a port scanner or using telnet to
grab banners from the target organization’s computers.
Types of Attacks
There are several ways in which hackers can attack your network. No matter which path of opportunity
they choose, their goal is typically the same: control and use of your network and its resources.
n LAN Attack – This mode of attack is carried out over a Local Area Network
n WAN Attack – This mode of attack is attempted through remote services, i.e., via the Internet
n Physical Entry – This mode of attack is attempted through the lack of physical control of re-
sources. Once a hacker has physical access, there is no remaining security
n Stolen Equipment – This mode of attack occurs when equipment is stolen and data, passwords,
and configurations are recovered by the hacker
n Unsecured Wireless Access – This mode of attack can bypass firewalls and result in LAN access
n Dialup Attack – This mode of attack can be carried out if there are unsecured modems used by em-
ployees or routers that may have dialup capability that can be used for out-of-band management
Categories of Exploits
An exploit is the act of taking advantage of a known vulnerability. When ethical hackers discover new
vulnerabilities, they usually inform the product vendor before going public with their findings. This gives
the vendor some time to develop solutions before the vulnerability can be exploited. Some of the most
common types of exploits involve:
n Program bugs
n Buffer overflows
n Viruses
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n Worms
n Trojan Horses
n Denial of Service
n Social Engineering
Goals Attackers Try to Achieve
While the type of attack may vary, the hacker will typically follow a set methodology. This includes:
1. Reconnaissance - Passive and active
2. Gaining Access – The first phase of actual control
3. Maintaining Access – Planting back doors, cracking all of the systems’ passwords, and
adding accounts
4. Covering Tracks – Attempting to remove all traces of their activity, such as turning off logging
and clearing the log files
Ethical Hackers and Crackers
Historically, the word hacker was not viewed in a negative manner. It was someone that enjoyed explor-
ing the nuances of programs, applications, and operating systems. The term cracker actually refers to a
“criminal hacker.” This is a person that uses his skills for malicious intent.
Hacking for a Cause (Hacktivism)
These are individuals that perform criminal hacks for a cause. Regardless of their stated good intentions
(“self proclaimed ethical hackers”), the act of gaining unauthorized access to someone’s computer or
system is nonetheless a crime.
Categories of Ethical Hackers
Ethical hackers can be separated into several categories:
n White Hat Hackers – These individuals perform ethical hacking to help secure companies and
organizations. Their belief is that you must examine your network in the same fashion a criminal
hacker would to better understand its vulnerabilities
n Reformed Black Hat Hackers – These individuals often claim to have changed their ways and that
they can bring special insight into the ethical hacking methodology
Skills Required for Ethical Hacking
Ethical hackers must possess an in-depth knowledge of networking, operating systems, and technologies
used in the computer field. They also need good written and verbal skills because their findings must
be reported to individuals that range from help desk employees to the CEO. These individuals must also
understand the legal environment in which they operate. This is often referred to as the rules of engage-
ment. These skills help ensure that ethical hackers are successful in their jobs.
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Ethical Hacker Job Duties
Ethical Hackers typically perform penetration tests. These tests may be configured in such way that the
ethical hackers have full knowledge or no knowledge of the target of evaluation.
n White Box Testing – The ethical hacker has full knowledge of the network. This type of penetra-
tion test is the cheapest of the methods listed here
n Black Box Testing – This type of penetration test offers the ethical hacker very little initial infor-
mation. It takes longer to perform, cost more money, but may uncover unknown vulnerabilities
Security Evaluation Plan
The most important step that the ethical hacker must perform is that of obtaining a security evaluation
plan. This needs to be compiled in document form and should clearly define the actions allowed dur-
ing an ethical hack. This document is sometimes referred to as “rules of engagement.” It will clearly state
what actions are allowed and denied. This document needs approval by the proper authorities within the
organization that the security assessment is being performed on. The security assessment will be one of
several common types.
Testing Types
The three most common types of tests are detailed below. These tests may require individuals on the team to
attempt physical entry of the premises or manipulation of targeted employees through social engineering.
n Internal Evaluations – Performed on the internal network to determine what resources and
information employees can access
n External Evaluations – Examination of the external network; i.e., review of web, e-mail, and pub-
licly accessible services to determine their vulnerabilities
n Stolen Equipment Evaluations – This type of assessment is performed to determine what type of
information leakage would result from equipment that was stolen or pilfered
Ethical Hacking Report
There are three parts to the ethical hacking report. These include:
n Preparation – This part of the report outlines the what, when, who, and where of the ethical hack.
What’s important here is that it is clearly stated what is and is not allowed, what the time sched-
ule is and what resources are available to the ethical hacker. The document needs to be signed
by the proper individuals and should be reviewed by the legal department
n Findings – This portion of the report details what was found during the test
n Conclusion – This portion of the report details what corrective actions should take place and the
total cost of these activities
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Computer Crime
The United States Department of Justice defines computer crime as “any violation of criminal law that
involved the knowledge of computer technology for its perpetration, investigation, or prosecution.”
Statistics indicate that computers are used in the commission of a crime as much as 92% of the time. This
means the computer could be used for research, e-mail, planning, or as an aid to avoid capture or detec-
tion. While there are many laws that can be applied to criminal offences, the ones listed below focus on
computer crimes. http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/juvenileArrest.htm
Overview of US Federal Laws
Typically, illegal computer activity breaks federal law when one or more of the following conditions are met:
1. The illegal activity involves a computer owned by a US government department or agency
2. The activity involves national defense or other restricted government information
3. Banking, savings and loan, or other financial institutions have been accessed
4. The activity uses computers located in other states or countries
5. Interstate communication is involved
So, as you can see, it is very easy for a hacker to break federal law if he has used the Internet for any of his
activities. While most computer crime is categorized under 18 U.S.C. 1029 and 1030, there are many other
laws the hacker can run afoul of. These include:
18 U.S.C. 1029 Fraud and related activity in connection with access devices
18 U.S.C. 1030 Fraud and related activity in connection with computers
18 U.S.C. 1343 Fraud by wire, radio, or television
18 U.S.C. 1361 Injury to Government Property
18 U.S.C. 1362 Communication lines, stations or systems
18 U.S.C. 1831 Economic Espionage Act
18 U.S.C. 1832 Trade Secrets Act
Penalties for these laws can range from 5 to 20 years per offense. As these are federal offenses, the total
amount of jail time is typically stacked. This means that two 20 year offenses would result in a 40 year jail
term. The link below offers more information on US federal law, the penalties, and punishment.
http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/fedcode.htm
Cyber Security Enhancement Act of 2002
What is most important to know about the Cyber Security Enhancement Act of 2002 is that is specifies
life sentences for hackers that endanger lives. It also allows the government to gather information, such
as IP addresses, URL’s, and e-mail without a warrant if they believe national security is endangered.
Before 9-11, government agencies were required to obtain a warrant to access an individual’s voicemail,
e-mail, attachments or other electronic data. With the passage of the Cyber Security Enhancement
Act, law enforcement may request the service providers (ISP’s) supply this information upon demand.
Groups concerned with individual freedom have complained about the passage of this law, as no search
warrant is required.
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