The document discusses machine protection systems at CERN, specifically for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It notes that the LHC poses unprecedented technological challenges due to its immense stored energies, far higher than prior particle accelerators. CERN had to develop rigorous machine protection approaches to address risks like magnet quenches or beam losses that could damage the accelerator. The LHC's machine protection system draws inputs from various systems like personnel safety, plant systems, and dedicated sensors to rapidly detect and respond to potential dangers in order to protect the expensive machine. After over ten years of work, CERN has established comprehensive protection functions but continues improving its approaches for operating the high-risk LHC safely.
Signal decompositions using trans-dimensional Bayesian methods: Alireza Rooda...Alireza_Roodaki
These are the slides I have used during the defense of my thesis (see https://sites.google.com/site/alireza4702/publications/phd-thesis for more information).
Overview of unique capabilities of the ADF modeling suite to model properties of organic electronics (charge transport, phosphorescence, light absorbance). Highlighted with examples from the recent literature.
Introductory slides for workshop at George Washington University: ADF for molecular properties, BAND for periodic DFT, DFTB for large electronic structure calculations and ReaxFF for molecular dynamics. Get started with the excellent graphical interface.
Signal decompositions using trans-dimensional Bayesian methods: Alireza Rooda...Alireza_Roodaki
These are the slides I have used during the defense of my thesis (see https://sites.google.com/site/alireza4702/publications/phd-thesis for more information).
Overview of unique capabilities of the ADF modeling suite to model properties of organic electronics (charge transport, phosphorescence, light absorbance). Highlighted with examples from the recent literature.
Introductory slides for workshop at George Washington University: ADF for molecular properties, BAND for periodic DFT, DFTB for large electronic structure calculations and ReaxFF for molecular dynamics. Get started with the excellent graphical interface.
Sensors are becoming ubiquitous in our lives and possible applications are countless. Micro and nanotechnologies are the natural choice for enabling complex sensor nodes, as they are small (thus unobtrusive), cheap and low power. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a perfect example of how nanosystems offer features unachievable with microsystems: their outstanding structural, mechanical and electronic properties have immediately resulted in numerous device demonstrators from transistors, to physical and chemical sensors, and actuators. A key idea of the project is to combine elements from the fundamental knowledge base on the physics of carbon nanotubes, gathered in the past several years, and the fundamental engineering sciences in the area of micro/nano-electromechanical systems, to develop novel devices and processes based on CNTs.
Specificaly, it seeks to demonstrate concepts and devices for ultra-low power, highly miniaturized functional blocks for sensing and electronics. Due to their small mass and high stiffness, doubly clamped CNTs can exhibit huge resonant frequencies. These are carbon nanotube resonators which, as recently demonstrated or predicted theoretically, can reach the multi-GHz range, can be tuned via straining over a wide range of frequency, offer an unprecedented sensitivity to strain or mass loading, exhibit high quality factors, and all these with a very low power consumption.
In this decl from HiPEAC 2018 in Manchester, CERN's Maria Girona outlines computing challenges at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
"The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is one of the largest and most complicated scientific apparata ever constructed. The detectors at the LHC ring see as many as 800 million proton-proton collisions per second. An event in 10 to the 11th power is new physics and there is a hierarchical series of steps to extract a tiny signal from an enormous background. High energy physics (HEP) has long been a driver in managing and processing enormous scientific datasets and the largest scale high throughput computing centers. HEP developed one of the first scientific computing grids that now regularly operates 750k processor cores and half of an exabyte of disk storage located on 5 continents including hundred of connected facilities. In this keynote, I will discuss the challenges of capturing, storing and processing the large volumes of data generated at CERN. I will also discuss how these challenges will evolve towards the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), the upgrade programme scheduled to begin taking data in 2026 and to run into the 2030s, generating some 30 times more data than the LHC has currently produced."
Watch the video: https://wp.me/p3RLHQ-i4s
Learn more: https://www.hipeac.net/2018/manchester/
Sign up for our insideHPC Newsletter: http://insidehpc.com/newsletter
Using Photonics to Prototype the Research Campus Infrastructure of the Future...Larry Smarr
08.02.21
Presentation
Philip Papadopoulos, Larry Smarr, Joseph Ford, Shaya Fainman, and Brian Dunne
University of California, San Diego
Title: Using Photonics to Prototype the Research Campus Infrastructure of the Future: The UCSD Quartzite Project
La Jolla, CA
Key benefits ADF modeling suite
One-stop modeling shop
Excellent software suite for tackling the most challenging problems in materials science and chemistry. Easy set up and analysis with GUI.
Fast computational toolbox
Working with hardware vendors, we optimize our codes for desktop computers and parallel supercomputers. Latest algorithms.
Heavy elements, spectroscopy, organic electronics
High-quality all-electron Slater basis sets for all elements. Accurate relativity. Many spectroscopic properties, from NMR to X-ray.
Unique organic electronics tools: charge transport, phosphorescence.
Understand chemical bonding
Unique insight in chemical bonds with many chemical analysis tools. Balanced charge decomposition schemes and density analysis tools.
Hassle-free installation, free trial
With parallel binaries for all popular platforms, the entire ADF suite installs out of the box. Try out our powerful modeling tools for free: http://www.scm.com/trial
Discuss your science with experts
With decades of experience, our expert support team (PhDs in chemistry & physics) will help you with any queries that may arise.
New release, new website, new trade name (Software for Chemistry & Materials). Short overview of the excellent computational chemistry software package ADF Modeling Suite, comprising molecular and periodic DFT (ADF, BAND), DFTB, ReaxFF, COSMO-RS. All installing from a single file on Mac, Windows or Linux with an excellent integrated graphical interface. Tackle the toughest problems in chemistry & materials science
Tra Trieste e Nova Gorica per lo studio dei fenomeni ultraveloci / Between Trieste and Nova Gorica for the study of ultra-fast phenomena - by Cesare Grazioli
Overlay Opportunistic Clouds in CMS/ATLAS at CERN: The CMSooooooCloud in DetailJose Antonio Coarasa Perez
Overlay opportunistic clouds in CMS/ATLAS at CERN: The CMSooooooCloud in detail
The CMS and ATLAS online clusters consist of more than 3000 computers each. They have been exclusively used for the data acquisition that led to the Higgs particle discovery, handling 100Gbytes/s data flows and archiving 20Tbytes of data per day.
An openstack cloud layer has been deployed on the newest part of the clusters (totalling 1300 hypervisors and more than 13000 cores in CMS alone) as a minimal overlay so as to leave the primary role of the computers untouched while allowing an opportunistic usage of the cluster.
This presentation will show how to share resources with a minimal impact on the existing infrastructure. We will present the architectural choices made to deploy an unusual, as opposed to dedicated, "overlaid cloud infrastructure". These architectural choices ensured a minimal impact on the running cluster configuration while giving a maximal segregation of the overlaid virtual computer infrastructure. The use of openvswitch to avoid changes on the network infrastructure and encapsulate the virtual machines traffic will be illustrated, as well as the networking configuration adopted due to the nature of our private network. The design and performance of the openstack cloud controlling layer will be presented. We will also show the integration carried out to allow the cluster to be used in an opportunistic way while giving full control to the CMS online run control.
Sensors are becoming ubiquitous in our lives and possible applications are countless. Micro and nanotechnologies are the natural choice for enabling complex sensor nodes, as they are small (thus unobtrusive), cheap and low power. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a perfect example of how nanosystems offer features unachievable with microsystems: their outstanding structural, mechanical and electronic properties have immediately resulted in numerous device demonstrators from transistors, to physical and chemical sensors, and actuators. A key idea of the project is to combine elements from the fundamental knowledge base on the physics of carbon nanotubes, gathered in the past several years, and the fundamental engineering sciences in the area of micro/nano-electromechanical systems, to develop novel devices and processes based on CNTs.
Specificaly, it seeks to demonstrate concepts and devices for ultra-low power, highly miniaturized functional blocks for sensing and electronics. Due to their small mass and high stiffness, doubly clamped CNTs can exhibit huge resonant frequencies. These are carbon nanotube resonators which, as recently demonstrated or predicted theoretically, can reach the multi-GHz range, can be tuned via straining over a wide range of frequency, offer an unprecedented sensitivity to strain or mass loading, exhibit high quality factors, and all these with a very low power consumption.
In this decl from HiPEAC 2018 in Manchester, CERN's Maria Girona outlines computing challenges at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
"The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is one of the largest and most complicated scientific apparata ever constructed. The detectors at the LHC ring see as many as 800 million proton-proton collisions per second. An event in 10 to the 11th power is new physics and there is a hierarchical series of steps to extract a tiny signal from an enormous background. High energy physics (HEP) has long been a driver in managing and processing enormous scientific datasets and the largest scale high throughput computing centers. HEP developed one of the first scientific computing grids that now regularly operates 750k processor cores and half of an exabyte of disk storage located on 5 continents including hundred of connected facilities. In this keynote, I will discuss the challenges of capturing, storing and processing the large volumes of data generated at CERN. I will also discuss how these challenges will evolve towards the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), the upgrade programme scheduled to begin taking data in 2026 and to run into the 2030s, generating some 30 times more data than the LHC has currently produced."
Watch the video: https://wp.me/p3RLHQ-i4s
Learn more: https://www.hipeac.net/2018/manchester/
Sign up for our insideHPC Newsletter: http://insidehpc.com/newsletter
Using Photonics to Prototype the Research Campus Infrastructure of the Future...Larry Smarr
08.02.21
Presentation
Philip Papadopoulos, Larry Smarr, Joseph Ford, Shaya Fainman, and Brian Dunne
University of California, San Diego
Title: Using Photonics to Prototype the Research Campus Infrastructure of the Future: The UCSD Quartzite Project
La Jolla, CA
Key benefits ADF modeling suite
One-stop modeling shop
Excellent software suite for tackling the most challenging problems in materials science and chemistry. Easy set up and analysis with GUI.
Fast computational toolbox
Working with hardware vendors, we optimize our codes for desktop computers and parallel supercomputers. Latest algorithms.
Heavy elements, spectroscopy, organic electronics
High-quality all-electron Slater basis sets for all elements. Accurate relativity. Many spectroscopic properties, from NMR to X-ray.
Unique organic electronics tools: charge transport, phosphorescence.
Understand chemical bonding
Unique insight in chemical bonds with many chemical analysis tools. Balanced charge decomposition schemes and density analysis tools.
Hassle-free installation, free trial
With parallel binaries for all popular platforms, the entire ADF suite installs out of the box. Try out our powerful modeling tools for free: http://www.scm.com/trial
Discuss your science with experts
With decades of experience, our expert support team (PhDs in chemistry & physics) will help you with any queries that may arise.
New release, new website, new trade name (Software for Chemistry & Materials). Short overview of the excellent computational chemistry software package ADF Modeling Suite, comprising molecular and periodic DFT (ADF, BAND), DFTB, ReaxFF, COSMO-RS. All installing from a single file on Mac, Windows or Linux with an excellent integrated graphical interface. Tackle the toughest problems in chemistry & materials science
Tra Trieste e Nova Gorica per lo studio dei fenomeni ultraveloci / Between Trieste and Nova Gorica for the study of ultra-fast phenomena - by Cesare Grazioli
Overlay Opportunistic Clouds in CMS/ATLAS at CERN: The CMSooooooCloud in DetailJose Antonio Coarasa Perez
Overlay opportunistic clouds in CMS/ATLAS at CERN: The CMSooooooCloud in detail
The CMS and ATLAS online clusters consist of more than 3000 computers each. They have been exclusively used for the data acquisition that led to the Higgs particle discovery, handling 100Gbytes/s data flows and archiving 20Tbytes of data per day.
An openstack cloud layer has been deployed on the newest part of the clusters (totalling 1300 hypervisors and more than 13000 cores in CMS alone) as a minimal overlay so as to leave the primary role of the computers untouched while allowing an opportunistic usage of the cluster.
This presentation will show how to share resources with a minimal impact on the existing infrastructure. We will present the architectural choices made to deploy an unusual, as opposed to dedicated, "overlaid cloud infrastructure". These architectural choices ensured a minimal impact on the running cluster configuration while giving a maximal segregation of the overlaid virtual computer infrastructure. The use of openvswitch to avoid changes on the network infrastructure and encapsulate the virtual machines traffic will be illustrated, as well as the networking configuration adopted due to the nature of our private network. The design and performance of the openstack cloud controlling layer will be presented. We will also show the integration carried out to allow the cluster to be used in an opportunistic way while giving full control to the CMS online run control.
淺嚐 LHCb 數據分析的滋味 Play around the LHCb Data on Kaggle with SK-Learn and MatPlotLibYuan CHAO
LHC實驗是現今粒子物理實驗的最先端,2012年所發現的希格斯粒子更是物理界的一大盛事。繼Atlas實驗在Kaggle公開Higgs挑戰之後,另一個LHC的LHCb實驗也將實驗數據搬上了Kaggle平台。本講題將簡介背後的實驗,並使用LHCb的數據以SciKit-Learn進行多維度數據分析與使用MatPlotLib視覺化。
Play around the LHCb Data on Kaggle with SK-Learn and MatPlotLib
Project report on LHC " Large Hadron Collider " MachineJyotismat Raul
This is a Project report on "LARGE HADRON COLLIDER MACHINE ". So just have a look and get some knowledge and Few known facts about this Mega new on demand topic.
THANK YOU
Big Fast Data in High-Energy Particle PhysicsAndrew Lowe
Experiments at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) generate colossal amounts of data. Physicists must sift through about 30 petabytes of data produced annually in their search for new particles and interesting physics. The tidal wave of data produced by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN places an unprecedented challenge for experiments' data acquisition systems, and it is the need to select rare physics processes with high efficiency while rejecting high-rate background processes that drives the architectural decisions and technology choices. Although filtering and managing large data sets is of course not exclusive to particle physics, the approach that has been taken is somewhat unique. In this talk, I describe the typical journey taken by data from the readout electronics of one experiment to the results of a physics analysis.
Space Radiation Superconductive Shield (SR2S) is an EU funded FP7 project which is researching new technology to protect astronauts in space from radiation. On 9th April 2014 in Torino, Italy, SR2S held their first conference to give an update on the project so far.
For more information visit:
www.sr2s.eu
Twitter - @SR2SMars
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to Production
CERN: Machine Protection Systems
1.
2. Machine Protection –
A Future Safety System?
B. Todd ISSC 2010 August 2010
Thanks to : TE/MPE/MI, A. Schauf, ISSC, J. Joyce, L, Fabre, et al.
long– 60 minutes – 1v5
3. CERN
CERN
Founded in 1954 20 Member States
Funded by the European Union …most of the EU…
8 Observer States and Organisations
580 Institutes World Wide …Japan, Russia, USA…
2500 Staff
35 Non-Member States
8000 Visiting Scientists …Australia, Canada, New Zealand…
Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire
European Centre for Nuclear Research
Pure Science – Particle Physics
1. Pushing the boundaries of research, physics beyond the standard model.
2. Advancing frontiers of technology.
3. Forming collaborations through science
4. Educating the scientists and engineers of tomorrow
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?
4. CERN
We use the world’s largest and most complex scientific instruments to
study the basic constituents of matter.
These instruments are particle accelerators and detectors.
Accelerators boost beams of particles to high energies before they are
made to collide with each other or with stationary targets.
Detectors observe and record the results of these collisions.
Our flag-ship project is the Large Hadron Collider…
benjamin.todd@cern.ch
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 4
6. CERN
CERN Accelerator Complex CERN
Lake Geneva
Large Hadron Collider
(LHC)
Geneva
Airport
CERN LAB 2 (France)
Super Proton Synchrotron
(SPS)
Proton Synchrotron
27km long (PS)
150m underground CERN LAB 1 (Switzerland)
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?
7. CERN
CERN Accelerator Complex CERN
Lake Geneva
Large Hadron Collider
(LHC)
Geneva
Airport
CERN LAB 2 (France)
Super Proton Synchrotron
(SPS)
Proton Synchrotron
(PS)
CERN LAB 1 (Switzerland)
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?
8. CERN Accelerator Complex
Lake Geneva
Large Hadron Collider
(LHC)
Geneva
Airport
CERN LAB 2 (France)
Super Proton Synchrotron
(SPS)
Proton Synchrotron
(PS)
CERN LAB 1 (Switzerland)
9. CERN
CERN Accelerator Complex CERN
Lake Geneva
Large Hadron Collider
(LHC)
Geneva
Airport
CERN LAB 2 (France)
Super Proton Synchrotron
(SPS)
Proton Synchrotron
Injector complex (PS)
1e12 protons per injection CERN LAB 1 (Switzerland)
2808 injections per beam…
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?
10. CERN
CERN Accelerator Complex
Lake Geneva
Large Hadron Collider
(LHC)
Geneva
Airport
CERN LAB 2 (France)
Super Proton Synchrotron
(SPS)
Proton Synchrotron
(PS)
CERN LAB 1 (Switzerland)
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?
11. CERN
CERN Accelerator Complex CERN
Lake Geneva
Large Hadron Collider
(LHC)
Geneva
Airport
CERN LAB 2 (France)
Super Proton Synchrotron
(SPS)
Proton Synchrotron
(PS)
CERN LAB 1 (Switzerland)
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?
12. CERN
CERN Accelerator Complex CERN
Beam Dumping Systems
Large Hadron Collider
(LHC)
~ 9 km
~ 5.5 miles Beam-2 Transfer Line
(TI8)
Super Proton Synchrotron
(SPS)
Beam-1 Transfer Line (TI2)
100us for one turn,
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection
CERN, the LHC and Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 12 of 23
13. CERN
CERN Accelerator Complex CERN
CMS
LHC-b
ALICE
ATLAS
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?
14. CERN
ATLAS – A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 14
15. CERN
ATLAS – A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 15
17. CERN
Why the LHC?
material costs of the LHC and experiments ≈$4 billion
The Higgs Boson
Gravity is such a weak force – can it be explained?
Dark Matter / Energy
96% of mass in the universe is unaccounted for
Do Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) account for this?
Beyond the Standard Model
String Theory / Super Symmetry / Super String Theory / A Theory of Everything?
We need some clues!
collide two beams…
high intensity = more ‘events’ LHC Beam Intensity = 3 x 1014 p
high energy = more massive particles possible LHC Energy = 7 TeV
[11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 17
18. CERN
Collisions
~109 proton-proton collisions per second
Massive amounts of data generated – all must be processed
new particles are rare – only a few events per day [3]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 18
19. CERN
Technological Challenges
…To see the rarest events…
LHC needs high luminosity of 1034 [cm-2s-1]
Collisions generate
3 x 1014 p per beam
particle fluence near machine PetaBytes of data
demands radiation-tolerant electronics Per year
… to get 7 TeV operation…
LHC needs 8.3 Tesla dipole fields with circumference of 27 kms (16.5 miles)
World’s largest
… to get 8.3 Tesla …
machine
LHC needs super-conducting magnets <2 K (-271 C)
with an operational current of ≈13kA
cooled in super fluid helium 1 ppm
maintained in a vacuum
10x less pressure than
on moon surface
Stored energy per beam is 360 MJ
Stored energy in the magnet circuits is 9 GJ
A magnet will QUENCH
two orders of magnitude with milliJoule
higher than others deposited energy
[11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 19
20. CERN
Technological Challenges
Kinetic Energy of 200m Train at 155 km/h ≈ 360 MJ
Stored energy per beam is 360 MJ
Stored energy in the magnet circuits is 9 GJ
Picture source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alstom_AGV_Cerhenice_img_0365.jpg
[11]
Shared as: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 20
21. CERN
Technological Challenges
Kinetic Energy of 200m Train at 155 km/h ≈ 360 MJ
Stored energy per beam is 360 MJ
Stored energy in the magnet circuits is 9 GJ
Kinetic Energy of Aircraft Carrier at 50 km/h ≈ 9 GJ
Picture source: http://militarytimes.com/blogs/scoopdeck/2010/07/07/the-airstrike-that-never-happened/
[11]
Shared as: public domain
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 21
22. CERN
Technological Challenges
Machine protection – a fundamental requirement to realise LHC
I would argue:
LHC stored energies are game-changing
far above prior machines
machine protection mindset had to rapidly evolve to address the new risks
keeping pace, but only now are we starting to formalise how we tackle challenges like LHC
We’re defining what we’ve done after the fact.
Similar in a way: electronic systems in passenger vehicles?
LHC’s most comparable predecessor / competitor :
The TEVATRON = p+p- accelerator / collider in Fermilab, USA.
[11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 22
23. CERN
Protection Functions
Beam Protection: Beam Energy Beam Dump
100x energy of TEVATRON
0.000005% of beam lost into a magnet = quench
0.005% beam lost into magnet = damage
Failure in protection – complete loss of LHC is possible
Powering Protection: Magnet Energy Emergency Discharge
10-20x energy per magnet of TEVATRON
magnet quenched = hours downtime
many magnets quenched = days downtime
magnet damaged = $1 million, months downtime
many magnets damaged = many millions, many months downtime (few spares)
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 23
24. CERN
Protection Functions
Beam Protection: Beam Energy Beam Dump
100x energy of TEVATRON
0.000005% of beam lost into a magnet = quench
0.005% beam lost into magnet = damage
Failure in protection – complete loss of LHC is possible
Concrete
Beam is ‘painted’
Shielding
diameter 35cm
8m long absorber Graphite
= 800 C
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 24
25. CERN
Protection Functions
Beam Protection: Beam Energy Beam Dump
100x energy of TEVATRON
0.000005% of beam lost into a magnet = quench
0.005% beam lost into magnet = damage
Failure in protection – complete loss of LHC is possible
unacceptable beam dump
danger exists completed
DETECT COMMUNICATE SYNCHRONISE ABORT
>80 us <150 us <90 us 90 us
Plant / Sensor Beam Interlock System Beam Dump
To protect against fastest failure modes ≈ 400 µs over 27km
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 25
26. CERN
Protection Functions
LHC is (just) the first machine with these energy risks
High Energy Physics community is learning to deal with the challenges
I think:
• System-safety ideas, concepts and approaches should be absorbed by CERN
LHC is its own prototype:
• systems involved protection are unique
• certain technologies used have never been tried on this scale before
My mission:
• rigorous development of machine protection as if it were a safety system
• Could our argument-based approach be accepted by system-safety?
I can argue that the MPS is fit for purpose
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 26
27. CERN
Protection Functions
It took more than ten years to address all of the issues for the LHC…
• prior knowledge
• assumptions
• simulations
• failure cases
• solutions for every failure case
• testing
• Implementation
• verification
And we’re still learning…
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 27
28. CERN
LHC Equipment and Control System
Vacuum Example:
• maintain correct pressure
Plant Systems:
Fulfill operational requirements Sensors Plant
Actuators
Vacuum Vacuum Pump
Pressure Speed Control [11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 28
29. CERN
LHC Equipment and Control System
Vacuum Example:
• maintain correct pressure
• bad pressure = close valves
Vacuum Vacuum Valve
Pressure Actuator
Plant Protection: Plant
Ensure plant stays within limits Protection
Plant Systems:
Fulfill operational requirements Sensors Plant
Actuators
Vacuum Vacuum Pump
Pressure Speed Control [11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 29
30. CERN
LHC Equipment and Control System
Vacuum Vacuum Valve
Pressure Actuator
Plant Systems: Plant
Ensure plant stays within limits Protection
Fulfill operational requirements Sensors Actuators
Plant
• Sensors, Actuators and Process may be combined
• No rules regarding combination Vacuum Pump
• Must meet functional requirement Speed Control [11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 30
31. CERN
LHC Equipment and Control System
Personnel Safety System: Access Beam
doors absorbers
People in perimeter – stop machine
personnel safe
• cannot be merged with plants Safety
but machine at risk
• Must meet legal requirement
Plant
Protection
Sensors Actuators
Plant
[11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 31
32. CERN
LHC Equipment and Control System
Safety
Beam
Machine Protection System: Protection
Prevent damage to machine
Prevent undue stress to components Powering
Protection
•No rules regarding implementation
• Must meet functional requirement
Plant
Protection
Sensors Actuators
Plant
[11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 32
33. CERN
LHC Equipment and Control System
Safety
Beam
Machine Protection System: Protection
Prevent damage to machine
Prevent undue stress to components Powering
Protection
•No rules regarding implementation
• Must meet functional requirement Powering powering protection closely
coupled to powering plant
Plant
Protection
Sensors Actuators
Plant
[11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 33
34. CERN
LHC Equipment and Control System
Personnel Safety System:
Sensors Safety
Actuators
Beam
Machine Protection System: Protection
danger exists – extract energy
danger will exist – extract energy Powering
Protection
Powering
Plant Systems: Plant
Protection
Sensors Actuators
Plant
[11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 34
35. CERN
LHC Equipment and Control System
Personnel Safety System:
Sensors Safety
Actuators
Beam
Machine Protection System: Protection
danger exists – extract energy
danger will exist – extract energy Powering
Protection
Beam protection inputs from
• Safety system Powering
• Plant systems
• Dedicated sensors
Plant Systems: Plant
Protection
Sensors Actuators
Plant
[11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 35
36. CERN
The Machine Protection System Today
Control System
Discharge Circuits
Quench Protection System Radio Frequency System
Power Converters Power Essential Controllers
Interlock
Cryogenics Controllers Auxiliary Controllers
General Emergency Stop Warm Magnets
Uninterruptible Supplies Beam Television
Control Room
Powering Protection Collimation System Beam Protection
Experiments
Beam
Vacuum System Interlock Beam Interlock System Beam
System Dumping
Access System Access System System
Beam Position Monitor
Beam Lifetime Monitor Timing
Post Mortem
Fast Magnet Current Changes System
Beam Loss Monitors (Aperture)
I am responsible for BIS and SMP Beam Loss Monitors (Arc)
Software Interlock System
Design and implementation
Injection Systems
Safe Machine Parameters
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 36
37. CERN
The Machine Protection System Today
Control System
Discharge Circuits
Quench Protection System Radio Frequency System
Power Converters Power Essential Controllers
Interlock
Cryogenics Controllers Auxiliary Controllers
General Emergency Stop Warm Magnets
Uninterruptible Supplies Beam Television
Control Room
Collimation System
Experiments
Beam
Vacuum System Interlock Beam Interlock System Beam
System Dumping
Original Access System Access System System
Specification Beam Position Monitor
(2000)
Beam Lifetime Monitor Timing
Post Mortem
Fast Magnet Current Changes System
Current
Specification Beam Loss Monitors (Aperture)
Beam Loss Monitors (Arc)
Software Interlock System
Injection Systems
Safe Machine Parameters
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 37
38. CERN
The Story So Far
1994 2002 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Install
LEP
magnets
CERN approves September 10th
LHC project first circulating beam
September 18th
first lesson learned
An un-considered failure mode of solder connection
2008-9 LHC closed – repair
2012 LHC closed – upgrade
Machine Protection demonstrated to be a real risk
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?
39. CERN
The Story So Far
1994 2002 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Install
LEP
magnets
CERN approves September 10th
LHC project first circulating beam
September 18th
first lesson learned
not all circuits had been commissioned to 5 TeV - Final Main Dipole Circuit Commissioning
• Electrical Fault at 5.2 TeV in dipole bus bar, between quadrupole and dipole
Post-Analysis: R = 220 nΩ, nominal = 0.35nΩ
• Electrical Arc developed and punctured helium enclosure
Post-Analysis: 400 MJ dissipated in cold-mass and arcing
• Helium Release into the insulating vacuum
Post-Analysis: Pressure wave caused most damage
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?
44. CERN
Incident location
Dipole Bus bar
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?
45. CERN
Pressure wave
PT
QV QV SV QV SV QV QV
Q D D D Q D D D Q D D D Q D D D Q
Cold-mass
Vacuum vessel 1. Pressure Wave propagates inside insulation Vacuum enclosure
Line E
Cold support post
Warm Jack 2. Rapid Pressure Rise
Compensator/Bellows
Vacuum barrier Self actuating relief valves could not handle pressure
Design: 2Kg He/s Incident: ~20 kg He/s
3. Forces on the vacuum barriers (every second cell)
Design: 1.5 bar Incident: ~8 bar
• Several Quadrupoles Displaced by ~50 cm
• Cryogenic line connections damaged
• Vacuum to atmospheric pressure
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?
46. CERN
Collateral Damage
Quadrupole-dipole interconnection
Quadrupole support
Main Damage Area: 700m
• 39 dipoles and 14 quadrupoles effected
• moved to surface:
• 37 replaced and 16 repaired
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?
47. CERN
LHC repair and consolidation
14 quadrupole 39 dipole magnets 204 electrical Over 4km of vacuum
magnets replaced replaced interconnections repaired beam tube cleaned
New longitudinal restraining Almost 900 new helium 6500 new detectors and 250km cables
system for 50 quadrupoles pressure release ports for new Quench Protection System to
protect from busbar quenches
Future Damage Limitation
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?
48. CERN
The Story So Far
1994 2002 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Install
LEP 3.5 TeV
magnets
CERN approves September 10th Repair
LHC project first circulating beam
September 18th
first lesson learned November 30th
1.18 TeV
November 23rd
450 GeV
November 20th
second startup
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?
49. CERN
1994 2002 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Install
LEP 3.5 TeV
magnets
CERN approves September 10th Repair
LHC project first circulating beam
September 18th
first lesson learned November 30th
1.18 TeV
November 23rd
450 GeV
November 20th
second startup
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?
50. CERN
The Story So Far
1994 2002 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Install
LEP 3.5 TeV 7.0 TeV
magnets
CERN approves September 10th Repair Upgrade
LHC project first circulating beam
September 18th
first lesson learned November 30th
1.18 TeV
November 23rd
450 GeV
November 20th
second startup
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?
51. CERN
Dump Statistics January-August 2010
increase of beam energy as machine protection is commissioned ≈770 triggers to date
Within this: one mission abort due to
Beam Interlock System fail-safe
Beam Loss
Others Detected
17% 23%
Control Room
16%
Beam Position
Incorrect
12%
Software
Interlock
8% Beam Dump
Self Trigger
Powering
14%
System Fault
10%
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 51
52. CERN
The Future – Linear Accelerators
CLIC – Compact LInear Collider
ILC – International Linear Collider
LHC results = electron / positron collider required for detailed study
CERN is designing CLIC machine protection
Various Institutes designing ILC machine protection
Only one of these likely to be built – depends on what LHC discovers
• logical next step for physics
• specification to be finished circa 2015
• > $10 Billion machines
• 30-50 km long
• beam energy densities 1000x higher than previous e-e+ machines
• beam energy 10000x above component damage limit
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 52
53. CERN
Large Hadron Collider
(LHC)
Compact Linear Collider
(CLIC)
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?
54. CERN
The Future – ITER
ITER – International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
many synergies with LHC challenges
CERN is consulting on the design of the ITER Machine Protection…
• first steps of 50-year plan
• prove / disprove fusion feasibility for commercialisation
• > $10 Billion machine
• > 100 GJ of stored magnetic energy
• 500MW of fusion for 1000 seconds vs state-of-the-art:
16MW of fusion for 1 second (Joint European Torus)
Tritium – Deuterium Fusion
Deuterium Tritium Neutron Helium
+ → + + Energy
[11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 54
55. CERN
The Future – ITER
ITER – International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
many synergies with LHC challenges
CERN is consulting on the design of the ITER Machine Protection…
• first steps of 50-year plan
• prove / disprove fusion feasibility for commercialisation
• > $10 Billion machine
• > 100 GJ of stored magnetic energy
• 500MW of fusion for 1000 seconds vs state-of-the-art:
16MW of fusion for 1 second (Joint European Torus)
Tritium – Deuterium Fusion
Deuterium Tritium Neutron Helium
+ → + + Energy
[11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 55
56. CERN
The Future – ITER
ITER – International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
Safety– prevent Tritium release
Protection– protect the reactor
Plant– protect the sub-systems
Safety
Protection
Plant
Protection
Sensors Actuators
Plant
[11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 56
57. CERN
The Future – ITER
ITER – International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
Safety– prevent Tritium release
Protection– protect the reactor
Plant– protect the sub-systems
Safety
Protection
Plant
Protection
Sensors Actuators
Plant
[11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 57
58. CERN
The Future – ITER
ITER – International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
Safety– prevent Tritium release
Protection– protect the reactor
Plant– protect the sub-systems
Safety
Protection
Plant
Protection
Sensors Actuators
Plant
[11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 58
59. CERN
The Future – ITER
ITER – International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
Safety– prevent Tritium release
Protection– protect the reactor
Plant– protect the sub-systems
Safety
Protection Initial study:
Machine protection
can veto plant protection
Plant
Protection • Shutdown in sequence
Sensors Actuators • Sacrifice one to save another
Plant
[11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 59
60. CERN
The Future – ITER
ITER – International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
Safety– prevent Tritium release
Protection– protect the reactor
Plant– protect the sub-systems
Safety
Protection Initial study:
Machine protection
can veto plant protection
Plant
Protection ΔT • Shutdown in sequence
Sensors Actuators • Sacrifice one to save another
Plant
Or delay plant protection?
[11]
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 60
61. CERN
My Mission
LHC is its own prototype, a unique machine, ≈30 years in the making
• key protection systems involved are one-of-a-kind
• Installations are very large
• Shut down a 27km machine in less than 0.5 milliseconds
• Electronically harsh machine environment (B, E, radiation fields)
• stored energies are far higher than in previous machines
• LHC is the first machine with such massive built-in destruction potential
• cost of failure is extreme
• we have used an argument based approach to address machine protection
Future machines will be bigger, more powerful, more challenging
• protection already critical factor, even in first design drafts
High Energy Physics community is already dealing with the challenges
But technology is ahead of safety: this is formalising what we’ve already done.
My mission:
• rigorous development of machine protection as if it were a safety system.
• Keep the deep-thinking approach, incorporate system-safety techniques
• certification. Wishful thinking?
stake-holders could demand some “compliance” from us to insure their investment.
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 61
62. CERN
“Machine Protection – A Future Safety System?”
an open question to your community
Thank you for your attention
benjamin.todd@cern.ch Machine Protection – A Future Safety System? 62