The document discusses the central dogma of molecular biology - that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein. It describes the key structures of DNA including the sugar deoxyribose, nitrogenous bases, and complementary base pairing according to Chargaff's rule. The structures of RNA and the different types of RNA are also outlined. The processes of transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to amino acids using tRNA and the genetic code are explained in detail.

1. THE CONQUEST TO THE
CENTRAL DOGMA OF
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
By:
AAAAAA
Subject Teacher, Biotechnology

2. THE CONQUEST TO THE
CENTRAL DOGMA OF
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
By:
AAAAAA
Subject Teacher, Biotechnology

3. THE CONQUEST TO THE
CENTRAL DOGMA OF
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
By:
AAAAAA
Subject Teacher, Biotechnology

4. THE CONQUEST TO THE
CENTRAL DOGMA OF
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
By:
AAAAAA
Subject Teacher, Biotechnology

5. THE CONQUEST TO THE
CENTRAL DOGMA OF
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
By:
AAAAAA
Subject Teacher, Biotechnology

6. THE CONQUEST TO THE
CENTRAL DOGMA OF
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
By:
AAAAAA
Subject Teacher, Biotechnology

7. THE CONQUEST TO THE
CENTRAL DOGMA OF
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
By:
AAAAAA
Subject Teacher, Biotechnology

8. THE CONQUEST TO THE
CENTRAL DOGMA OF
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
By:
AAAAAA
Subject Teacher, Biotechnology

9. THE CONQUEST TO THE
CENTRAL DOGMA OF
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
By:
AAAAAA
Subject Teacher, Biotechnology

10. THE CONQUEST TO THE
CENTRAL DOGMA OF
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
By:
AAAAAA
Subject Teacher, Biotechnology

11. Terminal Objectives
Identify the key structural features of DNA and
RNA
Differentiate DNA and RNA by revisiting their
structures and functions
Determine how DNA is transcribed into RNA
Translate genetic information from RNA to amino
acid
Create amino acid sequence based on
information present in mRNA

12. The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
DNA ---------→ RNA---------→Protein.
TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION
But first let us take into consideration the key structural features of the
Nucleic acids, the DNA and the RNA

13. Understanding the
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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15. Key Structural features of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
or DNA
a double helix
formed by base pairs
attached to a sugar-
phosphate
backbone.
The blueprint of life

16. Key Structural features of DNA
Nucleotide
consists of a sugar
molecule (either ribose
in RNA or deoxyribose
in DNA) attached to a
phosphate group and a
nitrogen-containing
base.

17. Key Structural features of DNA
Nucleotide in a
DNA sequence
Nucleotide is the
building block of
nucleic acids

18. Key Structural features of DNA
Deoxyribose is
the five-carbon
sugar molecule t
hat helps form
the phosphate
backbone of
DNA molecules.

19. Key Structural features of DNA
Nitrogenous Bases or nitrogen-
containing base, is an organic
molecule with a nitrogen atom that
has the chemical properties of a
base.
The main biological function of a
nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic
acids together.

20. Key Structural features of DNA
 Nitrogenous Bases are divided into 2
groups the Pyrimidines and the
Purines
Pyrimidines are composed of Cytosine
(C) and Thymine (T) (Uricil is present
only in RNA replacing Thymine)
Purines are composed of Adenine (A)
and Guanine (G)
The Nitrogenous Base Pairing is
governed by the Chargaff’s Rule

21. Key Structural features of DNA
Nitrogenous Base Pairing
Chargaff’s rule: The rule that
in DNA there is always equality in
quantity between the bases A
and T and between the bases G
and C. (A is adenine, T is thymine,
G is guanine, and C is cytosine.)
Adenine (A) can only be
paired with Thymine (T)
while Guanine (G) can only
be paired with Cytosine (C)
and vice versa

22. How does Chagaff’s Rule work in DNA?
Remember that DNA is a double helix (2 stranded
molecule) wherein A is paired with T, and G is paired
with C and vice versa. Try to determine the
complementary base pair of the given 1st strand of
DNA
ATC GCA ACC TGC
___ ___ ___ ___
ACG
TGG
CGT
TAG
1ST STRAND
2ND STRAND

23. Significance of complementary base
pairing
The importance of such complementary base pairing is
that each strand of DNA can act as template to direct
the synthesis of other strand similar to its
complementary one.
Thus nucleic acids are uniquely capable of directing
their own self replication.
The information carried by DNA and RNA direct the
synthesis of specific proteins which control most
cellular activities.

24. Key Structural features of RNA
Ribonucleic acid or RNA
It is formed of linear
polynucleotide
It is generally single stranded
molecule
The pentose sugar is Ribose
Uracile (U) replaces Thymine
(T) in the pyrimidine bases.

25. Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA):
Transfer RNA (tRNA):
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA):

26. Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA):
Carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a
series of 3-base code, each of which specifies a particular
amino acid.
Messenger RNA Carries Information from DNA in a Three-
Letter Genetic Code (CODON)
How mRNA is transcribed from the
DNA?
1. Always follow the Chargaff’s Rule
2. Note that there is no thymine in
RNA
3. Thymine is replaced by Uracil
DNA 1ST STRAND
ATG GGA ATC
2ND STRAND TAC CCT TAG
mRNA AUG
DNA 1ST STRAND
ATG GGA ATC
2ND STRAND TAC CCT TAG
mRNA AUG GGA AUC

27. Types of RNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA):
It is the key that read the code on the mRNA.
Each amino acid has its own tRNA, which binds to it and carries
it to the growing end of a polypeptide chain.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA):
Associated with a set of proteins to form the ribosomes.
These complex structures, which physically move along the
mRNA molecule, catalyze the assembly of amino acids into
protein chain.
They also bind tRNAs that have the specific amino acids
according to the code.

28. DIFFERENCES OF DNA AND RNA
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
(DNA)
 DOUBLE HELIX
 SUGAR=DEOXYRIBOSE (NO
HYDROXYL (OH) GROUP ON
THE SECOND CARBON OF
PENTOSE RING
 NITROGENOUS BASE PAIR
ADENINE-THYMINE; CYTOSINE-
GUANINE
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
 SINGLE HELIX/SINGLE
STRAND
 SUGAR=RIBOSE (WITH
HYDROXYL (OH) GROUP
ON THE SECOND
CAROBON OF PENTOSE
RING
 NITROGENOUS BASE PAIR
ADENINE-URACIL; CYTOSINE-
GUANINE

30. CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
DNA ---------→ RNA---------→Protein.
 This unidirectional flow equation represents the Central
Dogma (fundamental law) of molecular biology.
 This is the mechanism whereby inherited information is
used to create actual objects, namely enzymes and
structural proteins.
 An exception to the central dogma is that certain viruses
(retroviruses) make DNA from RNA using the enzyme
reverse transcriptase.
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
TRANSLATION
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
TRANSLATION

31. STEPS IN TRANSLATING GENITIC CODE TO
AMINO ACID
 In the first step, the information in DNA is transferred to a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule by way of a process
called transcription.

32. DNA
1ST
STRAND
ATA ATG GGA ATC TAA
2ND
STRAND
TAT TAC CCA TAG ATT
mRNA ATA AUG CCA AUC UAA
Within all cells,
the translation
machinery
resides within a
specialized
organelle called
the ribosome.
mRNA (CODON) serves as the template in
creating amino acid

33. TRANSLATION
 During translation, which
is the second major step
in gene expression, the
mRNA is "read"
according to the genetic
code, which relates the
DNA sequence to
the amino acid sequence
in proteins
DNA
1ST
STRAN
D
ATA ATG GGA ATC TAA
2ND
STRAN
D
TAT TAC CCA TAG ATT
mRNA ATA AUG CCA AUC UAA
AMINO ACID MET LEU ILU STOP

34. TRANSLATION
DNA
1ST
STRAND
ATA ATG GGA ATC TAA
2ND
STRAND
TAT TAC CCA TAG ATT
mRNA ATA AUG CCA AUC UAA
AMINO ACID MET LEU ILU STOP
USE THE AMINO ACID TABLE TO DETERMINE THE
AMINO ACID OF A GIVEN CODON.
IN TRANSLATING mRNA into amino
acid always begin with the start
codon (AUG) that will yield
Methionine and translation will end
at stop codon. ATA is not a start
codon, so it is not translated.

36. ANTICODON
ANTICODON is a
trinucleotide sequence
complementary to that
of a corresponding
codon in a messenger
RNA (mRNA) sequence.
-three nucleotide
sequence of tRNA
DNA
1ST
STRAND
ATA ATG GGA ATC TAA
2ND
STRAND
TAT TAC CCA TAG ATT
mRNA ATA AUG CCA AUC UAA
AMINO ACID MET LEU ILU STOP
tRNA UAC GGU UAG
Each amino acid has its own tRNA, which binds to it and
carries it to the growing end of a polypeptide chain.

37. TERMINATION OF TRANSLATION
There are three termination codons that are employed
at the end of a protein-coding sequence in mRNA:
UAA, UAG, and UGA. No tRNAs recognize these
codons. Thus, in the place of these tRNAs, one of
several proteins, called release factors, binds and
facilitates release of the mRNA from the ribosome and
subsequent dissociation of the ribosome.

38. SUMMARY

39. Practice
 Complete the table by supplying the DNA complementary base pairs, mRNA,
amino acids, and tRNA
DNA
1ST
STRAND
ATG AAG CAA TAG TAA
2ND
STRAND
mRNA
AMINO ACID
tRNA

40. ANSWER
 Complete the table by supplying the DNA complementary base pairs, mRNA,
amino acids, and tRNA
DNA
1ST
STRAND
ATG AAG CAA TAC TAA
2ND
STRAND
TAC TTC GTT ATG ATT
mRNA AUG AAG CAA UAC UAA
AMINO ACID Met Lys Gln Tyr STOP
tRNA UAC UUC GUU AUC

41.  https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/dna
 https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Nucleotide
 https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/tg/en/illustration/nucleotide.jpg
 https://biologydictionary.net/deoxyribose/
 https://socratic.org/questions/561a8dec11ef6b598845f269
 https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/translation-dna-to-mrna-to-protein-
393/