Forensic science is essential in the Indian criminal justice system for crime prevention and detection, providing critical analysis of physical evidence. The police organization in India operates under a quasi-federal structure, with powers defined by the constitution, including various ranks and specialized departments, such as the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). Central and state police organizations collaborate to maintain law and order, with distinct roles outlined for civil and armed police forces.

1. POLICE ORGANIZATION
AT
CENTRAL & STATE LEVEL

2. Forensic science plays a crucial role in crime prevention and
detection
Forensic science plays a significant role in the criminal justice system by providing
scientifically based information through the analysis of physical evidence, determining the
perpetrator's identity through personal clues such as fingerprints, footprints, blood drops or
hair, mobile phones, or other gadgets, vehicles, and weapons
The Committees on Criminal Justice Reform have underlined that
technology in crime detection can help the system run more
efficiently
CORRECTION
COURT POLICE
CJS
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

3. POLICE ORGANIZATION IN INDIA
Article 246 of the Constitution of India places the police, public order, courts, prisons, reformatories, borstal and
other allied institutions in the State List
STATE LIST
Includes subjects in
respect of which
the State legislature
has exclusive powers
to make laws
UNION LIST
Union List - includes
subjects in respect of
which
the Parliament has the
sole power to make
laws.
CUNCURRENT LIST
Consisting of subjects on
which
both the Parliament and the
State Legislatures have
concurrent powers to make
laws
Understanding the criminal justice system is a prelude to understanding the
police.
Article 246 of the Constitution distributes the legislative powers between the
Parliament and the State Legislative Assemblies. It refers to three lists of subjects
given in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution:

4. The police is a state subject and its
organisation and working are governed by
rules and regulations framed by the state
governments
These rules and regulations are outlined
in the Police Manuals of the state police
forces.
Each State/Union Territory has its
separate police force. Despite the
diversity of police forces, there is a good
deal that is common amongst them
The structure and working of the State Police Forces are
governed by the Police Act of 1861, which is applicable in
most parts of the country, or by the State
Police Acts modeled mostly on the 1861 legislation.
Major criminal laws, like the Indian Penal Code, the
Code of Criminal Procedure, the Indian Evidence Act
etc are uniformly applicable to almost all parts of the
country.
The Indian Police Service (IPS) is an All India Service, which
is recruited, trained and managed by the Central Government
and which provides the bulk of senior officers to the State
Police Forces.
POLICE
The quasi-federal character of the Indian polity, with specific
provisions in the Constitution, allows a coordinating and
counseling role for the Centre in police matters and even
authorizes it to set up certain central police organisations.

5. 3
1
2
4
EVOLUTION OF POLICE
In ancient India governance was
based on Dharma and Danda.
Dandaneeti i.e., the law of punishing
the evil-doer, was an important
character of statecraft.
During Mauryan and Gupta periods, policing was
undertaken systematically. Kautilya’s
‘Arthasastra’ describes the nature of police
organisation and their functions. Moghul period saw the growth of
Fauzdari System, where Kotwals and
Thanedars were controlling law and order.
The period of British rule witnessed the emergence of a
centralised police force, which enforced a large number
of penal laws and also maintained the might and
authority of government.

6. DUTIES OF POLICE
DUTIES
RESPOSIBILITY
Obey and execute all orders and warrants
lawfully issued by any competent authority;
Collect and communicate
intelligence affecting the public
peace
Prevent commission of offences and public
nuisances
Detect and bring offenders to justice
Apprehend all persons whom he is legally
authorized to apprehend and for whose
apprehension sufficient ground exists.
Promote and preserve public order

7. Investigate crimes, apprehend the offenders where
appropriate and participate in subsequent legal
proceedings connected therewith;
Identify problems and situations that are likely to
result in commission of crimes;
Reduce the opportunities for the commission of
crimes through preventive patrol and other prescribed
police measures;
Aid and co-operate with other relevant agencies in
implementing the prescribed measures for prevention
of crimes;
Aid individuals who are in danger of physical harm
Create and maintain a feeling of security in the
community
Facilitate orderly movement of people and vehicles
Counsel and resolve conflicts and promote amity
Provide necessary services and afford relief to people
in distress situations

8. PROTECTION
LOYAL
EFFICIENT
OBEDIENT
THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Superintendence over the police force in the state is
exercised by the State Government.
DGP is responsible to the state government for the
administration of the police force in the state and for
advising the government on police matters
The head of the police force in the state is the Director
General of Police
The police station is the basic unit of police
administration

9. State
Zone
Range
District
Sub-division
Circle
P S
A group of districts form a range, which is
looked after by an officer of the rank of
Deputy Inspector General of Police.
Every district is divided into sub-divisions. A sub-
division is under the charge of an officer of the rank of
ASP/ Dy.S.P.
Every sub-division is further divided into a
number of police stations, depending on its
area, population and volume of crime.
Some states have zones comprising two or more
ranges, under the charge of an officer of the rank of an
Inspector General of Police.
The officer in charge of a police station is an Inspector
of Police, particularly in cities and metropolitan areas.
States are divided territorially into
administrative units known as
districts.
FIELD ESTABLISHMENT

10. Director General of Police (DGP)
{In-charge of the State Police Force}
Additional Director General of Police
(Addl. DGP)
Inspector General of Police (IGP)
{In-charge of a zone,which comprises few ranges}
Deputy Inspector General of Police (Dy. IGP)
{In-charge of a range which comprise a group of districts}
Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)
{In-charge of the bigger District
Superintendent of police (SP)
{In-charge of the District}
Additional Superintendent of Police (Addl. SP)
Assistant/ Deputy Superintendent of Police
(ASP/Dy. SP) {In-charge of a Sub-division in the district}
Inspector of Police
{In-charge of a Police Station}
Sub-Inspector of Police (SI)
{In-charge of a smaller Police Station}
Assistant Sub-Inspector of Police (ASI)
{Staff of the Police Station}
Police Head Constable (HC)
{Staff of the Police Station}
Police Constable
HIERARCHY

11. POLICE RANKS AND BADGES

12. Criminal Investigation Departments or CIDs, as they are popularly known, are specialized branches of the police
force.
CRIME INVESTIGATION
DEPARTMENT
They have two main components - the Crime Branch and the Special Branch
The officer in charge of the CID generally supervises the work of both
branches, though some states appoint a separate officer in charge of the
Special Branch.
It investigates certain specialized crimes like counterfeiting of currency,
professional cheating, activities of criminal gangs, crimes with interdistrict or
inter-state ramifications etc
The Special Branch, on the other hand, collects, collates and disseminates
intelligence from the security point of view.

13. STATE POLICE FORCE
STATE POLICE FORCE
ARMED AND CIVIL
POLICE
ARMED POLICE
CIVIL POLICE
A state police force has
two main components-the
civil police and the armed
police. The primary
function of the
civil police is to control
crime, while the armed
police mainly deal with
law and order situations.
The civil police include
mainly the district police
The civil police include mainly the district police
forces, supervisory structures at the range, zone and
state police headquarters and specialised branches to
deal with crime, intelligence and training problems.
The armed police is in the form of
battalions, which are used as striking
reserves to deal with emergency situations

14. STATE ARMED POLICE
A state armed police battalion is
divided into companies. Generally,
there are six service companies in a
battalion.
A company is further sub-divided into
platoons and platoons into sections.
Ordinarily, three sections constitute
a platoon and three platoons a
company

15. Women police now form a part of the police force of all
states Some states/cities have experimented with setting
up police stations managed and run exclusively by
women police personnel.
India has
10.3% women
in police force
WOMEN POLICE
Women police are utilised mostly in performing
specialized tasks of dealing with women and children.
In this context, the National Police Commission (NPC)
has stated that women police have not been given an
equal share in various areas of police work and
recommended that they be more actively and directly
involved in police
investigations.

16. Policing on the railways is done by the Government
Railway Police (GRP)
Controlling crime on the railways is their main responsibility.
Though the GRP is a part of the state police force, expenditure
on this establishment is shared by the State Government and the
Railways.
An officer of
the rank of Addl.
DG or IGP
supervises the
work of GRP.
GRP should not be
confused with
Railway Protection
Force (RPF)
RAILWAY POLICE

17. CENTRAL
POLICE ORGANISATIONS

18. CPMF BPRD
CENTRAL POLICE
ORGANIZATIONS
NSG/SSB
The Central Government has established a number of
police organisations known as the Central Police
Organisations (CPOs). The CPOs, which function under
the control of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government
of India can be broadly divided into following groups
Armed police organisations, also known as Central Para-
Military Forces (CPMFs), like the Assam Rifles, Border
Security Force, Central Industrial Security Force, Central
Reserve Police Force, Indo-Tibetan Border Police and the
National Security Guards.

19. ASSAM RIFLES
Assam Rifles is the oldest of the Central Para Military Forces. Presently, it is headed by a
Director General, who is an officer of the rank of Lt. General from the Army.
The Assam Rifles Act,1941, presently governs the Force.
Maintaining security of the North Eastern sector of
the international border
Helping states in the North East to maintain law and
order and other states as and when needed
Taking counter insurgency measures in states of the
North East.
DUTIES
 1835
 1917

20. BORDER SECURITY FORCE
The 1965 war led the government of India to recognize the need to setup a specialised force to maintain security on
the Indo-Pak international border. This led to the establishment of the BSF on December 1, 1965.
THE BORDER SECURITY FORCE ACT, 1968
The BSF has a peace as well as war- time role.
Peace time
• To prevent trans-border crimes, unauthorized entry into
or exit from the territory of India;
• To prevent smuggling and related illegal activities;
• To promote a sense of security amongst the people
living in the border areas; and
• To help civil administration in maintenance of public
order.
War Time
• To hold ground in less threatened sectors so long as
the main attack does not develop in a particular sector.
• To protect vital installations against enemy commandos
and para-troop raids.

21. The Force is also deployed in States/ Union Territories to help them maintain
public order.
CENTRAL INDUSTRIAL SECURITY
FORCE-CISF
The CISF was set up through an Act of Parliament (Central Industrial Force Act, 1968) to
provide security to public sector undertakings.
It was made an armed force of the Union subsequently in 1983.
The concerned public sector undertakings bear the expenses of the CISF
personnel deployed for their security.

22. CENTRAL RESERVE POLICE FORCE-
CRPF
This Force was formed in 1939 and was known at that
time as the Crown Representative Police and was utilised
to maintain law and order in the then princely states of the
central India.
The Central Reserve Police Force Act, 1949.
Its main role is to help
the States/ Union
Territories in
maintaining law and
order
. The Sectors have
Group Centres
under
them. Five to seven
battalions are
attached to each
Group
Centre.
The head of a
Group Centre is a
Dy. IG.
The Force is
divided into
Sectors, each
headed by an
Inspector General

23. INDO-TIBETAN BORDER POLICE-
ITBP
The ITBP was formed in the wake of Chinese aggression in 1962 to police the Indo-
Tibetan border covering a vast expanse of 2115 Kms.
Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force Act, 1992
The main role of this Force is
to maintain vigil on northern
borders, detect and prevent
border violations, and promote
a sense of security among the
local populace
Check illegal immigration,
trans-border smuggling and
Crimes, provide security to
sensitive installations, banks
and protected persons; and
restore and preserve order in
any area in the event of
disturbance
The ITBP mans forward border posts at altitudes ranging from 9000 to
18000 feet. While the primary role of the ITBP continues to be that of
policing the Indo-Tibetan border, the force is also deployed on internal
security duties.

24. NATIONAL SECURITY GUARD-NSG
SPECIALACTION GROUP (SAG)
The two main components of NSG
SPECIAL RANGERS GROUP
The National Security Guards was
established in the aftermath of the ‘Blue Star’
operation in 1984
Established to deal with the problem of
terrorism in its various forms, like hostage
taking, hijacking of aircraft, kidnapping etc.

25. FORMED 28 AUGUST 1970
Federal agency India
Governing body Govt of India
Headquarters New Delhi
Parent agency
Ministry of Home
Affairs
Divisions 5
BPRD
Bureau of Police Research and
Development
The Government of India vied Resolution No.8/136/68-P.I
(Pers.I) dated 28.08.1970 formally established the Bureau of
Police Research and Development (BPR&D), under the Ministry
of Home Affairs giving a new orientation to then existing Police
Research and Advisory Council (1966) for the following reasons
and with the primary objective of modernization of police force:
To take direct and active interest in the issues
To promote a speedy and systematic study of the police
problems
To apply science and technology in the methods used by police.

26. DEVELOPMENT
DIVISION
RESEARCH
DIVISION
BPRD DIVISIONS
Analysis and study of crime and problems of
general nature affecting the police
Assistance of Police Research programmes
Participation in social defence and crime
prevention programmes
Review of the performance of various
types of equipment used by the police
forces
Liaison with the National laboratories,
various scientific organisations and
institutions and public and private sector
undertakings
Application of computer technology in
various fields of police work

27. TRAINING DIVISION
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION
BPRD DIVISIONS
• All personnel matters of Officers and
staff in the HQrs and outlying units;
• All financial powers/matters being
exercised by the Head of the
Department are processed in admin
division;
• All accounts/budgets related matters
• Administrative matters of the Central
Detective Training Schools,
Chandigarh, Kolkata and Hyderabad;
• Procurement of equipment and
financial sanctions of all the Divisions
of BPR&D and outlying units, which
are sanctioned under the powers of the
Head of Department
• To supervise the working of three
central detective training schools,
situated at Chandigarh, Kolkata and
Hyderabad.
• To evaluate training programmes
• To help devise new refresher,
promotion, specialist and orientation
courses considered necessary for the
different grades and kinds of police
officers.
• To help in the development of
libraries in the Central and State
Police training institutions

28. 01
03
02
The Central Detective Training Institute,
Chandigarh was set up in 1973
There are five CDTI’s in India located at Chandigarh,
Hyderabad, Kolkata Jaipur and Ghaziabad functioning under
Bureau of Police Research & Development, Ministry of Home
Affairs
The objective of the CDTI is to provide
training to inservice police personal upto the
rank of Dy. Ss.P.
C D T I
CDTI
Central Detective Training
Institute

29. 01
02
03
CBI
The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), functioning under
Dept. of Personnel, Ministry of Personnel, Pension & Public
Grievances, Government of India, is the premier investigating
police agency in India.
It is an elite force playing a major role in preservation of values
in public life and in ensuring the health of the national
economy. It is also the nodal police agency in India, which
coordinates investigation on behalf of Interpol Member
countries
Uphold the Constitution of India and law of the land through in-
depth investigation and successful prosecution of offences; to
provide leadership and direction to Police Forces and to act as
the Nodal Agency for enhancing interstate and international
cooperation in law enforcement.
Special Police Establishment
The Bureau of Investigation traces its origins to the Special Police Establishment (SPE), a Central Government Police
force, which was set up in 1941 by the Government of India to investigate bribery and corruption in transactions with
the War and Supply Department of India.
Established in 1963

30. CBI
CBI
Based on its motto, mission and the need to develop professionalism, transparency, adaptability to change and use of
science and technology in its working, the CBI will focus on:
Combating corruption in public life, curb
economic and violent crimes through
meticulous investigation and prosecution
Evolve effective systems and procedures
for successful investigation and
prosecution of cases in various law
courts.
Help fight cyber and high technology crime
•Create a healthy work environment that encourages
team-building, free communication and mutual trust
Play a lead role in the war against national
and transnational organized crime
Uphold Human Rights, protect the
environment, arts, antiques and heritage of
our civilization

32. INTERPOL
INTERPOL
INTERPOL
INTERPOL
International Criminal Police
Organization
Inter-governmental organization.
Have 195 member countries, and
help police in all of them to work
together to make the world a safer
place.
To do this, we enable them to share
and access data on crimes and
criminals, and we offer a range of
technical and operational support
INTERPOL

33. WHO MAKES UP INTERPOL?
The General secretariat coordinates the day-to-day
activities to fight a range of crimes.
In each country, an INTERPOL-National Central
Bureau (NCB) provides the central point of contact
for the General Secretariat and other NCBs
Run by the Secretary General, it is staffed by both
police and civilians and comprises a headquarters in
Lyon, a global complex for innovation in Singapore
and several satellite offices in different regions.

34. ROLE OF INTERPOL

36. HISTORY
• 1914 - First International Criminal Police
Congress held in Monaco. Police officers,
lawyers and magistrates from 14 countries
meet to discuss arrest procedures, identification
techniques, centralized international criminal
records and extradition proceedings.
• 1923 - Creation of the International Criminal
Police Commission (ICPC) with headquarters
in Vienna, Austria, on the initiative of Dr
Johannes Schober, resident of the Vienna
Police.

37. INTERPOL
• World’s largest International Police Organization (ICPO)
• 195 member countries
• General Secretariat (IPSG) in Lyon, France.
• Four official languages: Arabic; English; French; and
Spanish
• One National Central Bureau (NCB) in each member
country

38. INTERPOL - DATABASE
NOMINAL DATA
STOLEN MOTOR
VEHICLES
WANTED
DNA
PASSPORTS
FINGERPRINTS

39. NCB – INDIA- HISTORY
•India became a member of Interpol in 1949
•The work of NCB-India is looked after by
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) since 17-
10-1966.
•Earlier it was with Intelligence Bureau, Ministry
of Home Affairs.
•Director CBI is the ex-officio Head of NCB-
India.

40. 1. RED NOTICES
2. BLUE NOTICES
3. YELLOW NOTICES
4. GREEN NOTICES
5. ORANGE NOTICES
6. BLACK NOTICES
7. PURPLE NOTICES
8. UN INTERPOL SPECIAL NOTICES
INTERPOL NOTICES

41. Red Notice
 To seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted
persons with a view to extradition
 Red Notices are published at the request of NCB or
an International Entity with powers of investigation
and prosecution in criminal matters.
 Purpose of Red Notice is to seek the location of a
wanted person and his/her detention, arrest or
restriction of moment for the purpose of extradition,
surrender or similar lawful action.
OBJECTIVES OF INTERPOL NOTICES

42. IO of CLEAs *
Investigation
Officer
ALERT
messages
to all member
Countries
Does it
meet
Interpol
criteria
End
INTERPOL Liaison
Officer (ILOs)
NCB - INDIA Diffusion
One or all INTERPOL
member countries
INTERPOL
headquarters Lyons,
France
No
No
Yes
PROCESS FOR CREATING A RED NOTICE
* CLEAs : Central Law Enforcement Agencies

43. OFFENCES FOR WHICH RED NOTICE NOT ISSUED
• First Category: Prostitution
• Second Category – Offences related to family /
private matters
• Adultery, Bigamy / Polygamy, Homosexual Acts
• Leaving home without parental permission
• Dowry related cases
• Abortion,
• Euthanasia
• Third Category : CHEQUE BOUNCE (<$50,000)

44. Blue Notice
 To collect additional information, to locate, or to identify a
person of interest in a criminal investigation.
 The subject of this Notice can be a convict/ charged, a
suspect , witness or a victim.
OBJECTIVES OF INTERPOL NOTICES

45. OBJECTIVES OF INTERPOL NOTICES
CONTD..
Yellow Notice
To help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help
identify persons who are unable to identify themselves.
Green Notice
To provide warnings and criminal intelligence about
person who have committed criminal offences and are
likely to repeat these crimes in other countries

46. Black Notice
To seek information on unidentified bodies.
Orange Notice
Orange notices are published to warn of an
event, a person, an object, a process or a modus
operandi representing an imminent threat to
public safety and likely to cause serious damage
to property or injury to persons.
Silver Notice
Recently introduced – for identification of criminal
proceeds
OBJECTIVES OF INTERPOL NOTICES CONTD..

47. Purple Notice
To provide information on modus operandi, procedures,
objects devices and hiding places used by criminals .
Interpol – United Nations Special Notice
INTERPOL-United Nations Security Council Special
Notices are published in order to inform INTERPOL’s
Members that an individual or an entity is subject to UN
Security Council Sanctions.
OBJECTIVES OF INTERPOL NOTICES

48. National
Central
Bureau
- India
INTERPOL
Other
National
Central
Bureaus
Foreign
Law
Enforcement
Agencies
India’s
Law
Enforcement
Agencies
Central
States
OVERVIEW OF THE INTERPOL
DATA FLOW PROCESS