This document discusses cell-mediated immunity and T-cell mediated diseases. It begins with an overview of the immune system and outlines cell-mediated immunity and the role of T-cells. It describes how T-cells recognize antigens via T-cell receptors and discusses the development and roles of different T-cell types. It then explains how T-cells are involved in hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and organ transplant rejection.
Tolerance & autoimmunity and organ specific autoimmune diseasesdr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
This document provides an overview of basic immunology. It begins with an introduction to immunity, the immune system, and immunology. It then discusses the history of immunology, types of immunity including innate and acquired immunity. It describes the tissues and cells involved in immunity. It covers basic aspects like antigens, antibodies, antigen-antibody reactions, and the complement system. It also discusses major histocompatibility complex, cytokines, immune disorders, and immune responses in periodontal pathogenesis.
There are two main types of immunity: innate and adaptive. Innate immunity provides initial defense through barriers, phagocytes, and proteins. Adaptive immunity has cellular and humoral components, mediated by T and B lymphocytes, which provide stronger, antigen-specific responses. Hypersensitivity reactions are caused by immune responses against harmless antigens, and include four types. Type I is immediate and antibody-mediated. Type II involves antibody and complement attack of cells. Type III occurs when immune complexes deposit in tissues. Type IV is delayed and cell-mediated. Disorders can also result from immune deficiencies or reactions against self.
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
1. Autoimmune diseases tend to be chronic conditions characterized by immune reactions against self antigens. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease involving almost any organ, characterized by a variety of autoantibodies and immune complex deposition causing tissue injury.
2. SLE commonly presents in women in their 20s and 30s, showing a variety of clinical manifestations including arthritis, renal disease, rashes and hematological abnormalities. The disease has a variable presentation and is defined by a set of clinical criteria established by the American College of Rheumatology.
3. The etiology of SLE involves genetic susceptibility factors like certain HLA alleles, environmental triggers like infections, and failures of immunological
The immune system has both innate and acquired responses. The innate response is non-specific and provides immediate protection against infection. The acquired response is antigen-specific and develops over time through exposure to pathogens. It provides long-lasting immunity through immunological memory. The two main cell types of the acquired response are B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies while T cells help activate other immune cells. Together they provide a highly targeted defense against pathogens.
Tolerance & autoimmunity and organ specific autoimmune diseasesdr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
This document provides an overview of basic immunology. It begins with an introduction to immunity, the immune system, and immunology. It then discusses the history of immunology, types of immunity including innate and acquired immunity. It describes the tissues and cells involved in immunity. It covers basic aspects like antigens, antibodies, antigen-antibody reactions, and the complement system. It also discusses major histocompatibility complex, cytokines, immune disorders, and immune responses in periodontal pathogenesis.
There are two main types of immunity: innate and adaptive. Innate immunity provides initial defense through barriers, phagocytes, and proteins. Adaptive immunity has cellular and humoral components, mediated by T and B lymphocytes, which provide stronger, antigen-specific responses. Hypersensitivity reactions are caused by immune responses against harmless antigens, and include four types. Type I is immediate and antibody-mediated. Type II involves antibody and complement attack of cells. Type III occurs when immune complexes deposit in tissues. Type IV is delayed and cell-mediated. Disorders can also result from immune deficiencies or reactions against self.
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
1. Autoimmune diseases tend to be chronic conditions characterized by immune reactions against self antigens. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease involving almost any organ, characterized by a variety of autoantibodies and immune complex deposition causing tissue injury.
2. SLE commonly presents in women in their 20s and 30s, showing a variety of clinical manifestations including arthritis, renal disease, rashes and hematological abnormalities. The disease has a variable presentation and is defined by a set of clinical criteria established by the American College of Rheumatology.
3. The etiology of SLE involves genetic susceptibility factors like certain HLA alleles, environmental triggers like infections, and failures of immunological
The immune system has both innate and acquired responses. The innate response is non-specific and provides immediate protection against infection. The acquired response is antigen-specific and develops over time through exposure to pathogens. It provides long-lasting immunity through immunological memory. The two main cell types of the acquired response are B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies while T cells help activate other immune cells. Together they provide a highly targeted defense against pathogens.
Cell mediated immunity also known as T cell immunity. it is developed by cell mediated responses and it does not involve any antibodies. Cell mediated immunity is offered by T lymphocytes and it starts developing when T cells come in contact with the antigens. In the Cell mediated immunity T cell plays one of the important role for the process of crosstalk with other immune system as well as to signal B cells to produce the antibody mediated immune response. Primary function of cell mediated response-
1) Eliminate intracellular pathogens.
2)Eliminate tumor cells.
T cells regulate proliferation and activity of other cells of the immune system : B cells, macrophages, neutrophil, etc.
Immunity and its cells, HLA and transplant rejectionJuliya Susan Reji
Immunity can be innate/natural or adaptive/specific. Innate immunity provides non-specific protection as the first line of defense. Adaptive immunity provides antigen-specific protection through humoral immunity involving antibodies and cellular immunity involving T cells. Organs of the immune system include primary lymphoid organs like the thymus and bone marrow, and secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes and spleen. Key immune cells are T and B lymphocytes which develop in the thymus and bone marrow respectively. T cells mediate cellular immunity and B cells mediate humoral immunity through antibody production. The HLA system regulates immune responses and is important for organ transplantation matching. Transplant rejection can be hyperacute, acute or chronic depending on
The document provides information on basic immunology concepts. It discusses the two means of acquiring immunity: active immunity where an individual makes their own antibodies after encountering an antigen, and passive immunity where preformed antibodies are transferred. It also describes the two main types of immune responses: the innate immune response individuals are born with, and the adaptive/acquired response that develops with exposure over time involving antibodies and T cells. Key cells of the immune system involved in these responses are also outlined, including lymphocytes, phagocytes, and the roles of cellular and humoral immunity.
Nursing care for patients with immune disorders.pptxEstibelMengist
The document provides information on nursing care for patients with immune disorders. It discusses the body's immune response, types of immunity including innate and acquired, cells involved in immunity like T cells, B cells, and macrophages. It covers topics like HIV/AIDS, immune system assessment, diagnostic tests done to evaluate the immune system, immunodeficiencies, hypersensitivities, autoimmune diseases, and more. The document is a comprehensive guide on the immune system and nursing considerations for patients with immune disorders.
This document provides an overview of Tajuddin's presentation on adaptive immunity. It discusses the cells and organs involved in adaptive immunity, including B cells and T cells that mature in the bone marrow and thymus respectively. It describes humoral and cell-mediated immunity and the roles of antibodies and T cells. Key topics covered include antigen receptors, cytokines, active and passive immunity, immunoglobulin classes, complement activation, and the differences between T-dependent and T-independent antigens.
The document summarizes basic concepts of immunology and immunity. It discusses the types of immunity including innate, adaptive, and passive immunity. It describes the cells and tissues involved in the immune system response including B cells, T cells, antibodies, and cytokines. It explains the mechanisms of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. It also discusses immunization through active or passive immunization methods and provides examples of common vaccines.
The adaptive immune system provides tailored and specific responses to pathogens through lymphocytes like T and B cells. It overcomes limitations of innate immunity by being non-specific, having poor regulation and amplification, and lacking self-discrimination. The adaptive response recognizes specific antigens through antigen receptors on lymphocytes. This leads to clonal expansion of effector and memory cells that provide rapid responses upon re-exposure. Adaptive immunity involves cell-mediated responses by T cells and humoral responses by antibody-producing B cells. It provides immunological memory for long-term protection against pathogens.
This is a powerpoint presentation on the Topic of Diseases of the immune system, part 1 - Chapter 6, based on Robbin's textbook of pathology. Prepared by Dr. Ashish Jawarkar, who is Assistant professor at Parul institute of medical sciences and research, Vadodara. Please subscribe to our youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwjkzK-YnJ-ra4HMOqq3Fkw . Our facebook page: facebook.com/pathologybasics. Instagram handle @pathologybasics
Central and peripheral tolerance are mechanisms that establish immunological tolerance to self-antigens. Central tolerance involves deletion of self-reactive T and B cells in the thymus and bone marrow during maturation. Peripheral tolerance uses additional mechanisms like clonal deletion, clonal anergy, and suppression to silence self-reactive cells that escape central tolerance. Failure of tolerance mechanisms can lead to autoimmune diseases where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.
The immune system consists of several basic components:
(1) Macrophages and dendritic cells that phagocytose foreign substances and present antigens;
(2) Neutrophils that are attracted to sites of infection and also phagocytose;
(3) NK cells that can kill virally infected cells;
(4) Antibodies produced by B cells that target specific antigens;
(5) T cells that recognize antigens in the context of MHC molecules and carry out cellular immune responses including cytotoxic killing of infected cells.
The document discusses the history and mechanisms of immunological tolerance. It describes how Owen first observed that sharing a blood system in utero led to tolerance between non-identical twins. Burnet then postulated that there is a window during immune system immaturity where antigens can induce tolerance. Medawar found lifelong tolerance could be induced by transferring cells in early life but not later. The document also discusses the "danger hypothesis" and controlled cell death in preventing autoimmunity.
IMMUNODEFICIENCIES lecture for bach.pptxssuser504dda
There are two categories of immunodeficiencies: primary and secondary. Primary immunodeficiencies are inherited and involve genetic defects affecting parts of the immune system like T cells, B cells, or phagocytes. Secondary immunodeficiencies are acquired and can result from infections, medications, malignancies, or organ transplants. Both types increase risk of infections and tumors due to a compromised immune system. The immune system normally defends against tumors through effector cells like T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, but tumors can evade detection through mechanisms like suppression of immune responses.
Studying the Adaptive Immune Response - Tools for T & B Cell Research: Host D...QIAGEN
Adaptive immunity, powered by T cells and B cells, provides specific, long-lasting protection of the host from harmful invaders. This slidedeck provides an overview of T cells and B cells and their role in cell-mediated immune responses and antibody responses, respectively, against pathogens. There is also information on tools that enable analysis of T and B cell gene expression and regulation, genotyping and signal transduction pathway activation.
Humoral and cell mediated immunity, Educational Platform.pptxnoorhadia494
The document summarizes the key components of the humoral and cell-mediated immune response. It describes the nonspecific first and second lines of defense, including physical and chemical barriers. The third line of specific defense involves humoral immunity mediated by B cells and antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity carried out by T cells. It details the roles of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, B cells, plasma cells, and memory cells in the adaptive immune response during primary and secondary infections.
Autoimmunity disorders occur when the immune system mounts an attack against the body's own tissues and organs. They are difficult to diagnose due to nonspecific initial symptoms, fluctuating symptoms, and the potential for multiple autoimmune conditions. Diagnostic methods include initial laboratory tests of inflammatory markers and autoantibodies, immunological studies, flow cytometry to analyze immune cells, cytokine studies, and examination of major histocompatibility complex genes associated with autoimmunity. A variety of autoantibodies against nuclear, cytoplasmic, and other cellular components can indicate autoimmune disease patterns and targets.
The immune system protects the body from pathogens and other foreign substances. It has both innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate protection through barriers, chemicals, and cells. Acquired immunity develops from exposure through antibodies and lymphocytes. The components that work together in the immune response include lymphocytes like B and T cells, antibodies, lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues. Antigens are recognized by these immune cells, triggering a response to eliminate the pathogen.
HYPERSENSITIVITY 204. and the immune systempetshelter54
This document summarizes hypersensitivity reactions, which are harmful immune reactions caused by an excessive or improper response to antigens. There are four main types of hypersensitivity reactions:
1. Type I reactions are antibody-mediated and involve IgE, mast cells, and basophils. They cause immediate allergic reactions.
2. Type II reactions are also antibody-mediated and involve IgG/IgM binding to cell surfaces, leading to cell destruction.
3. Type III reactions involve immune complex deposition in tissues, activating the complement system and causing inflammation.
4. Type IV reactions are cell-mediated and involve T cells/cytokines, causing delayed hypersensitivity reactions like contact dermatitis.
The document discusses adaptive immunity and the immune response. It describes the four phases of the adaptive immune response as encounter, activation, attack, and memory. Acquired immunity develops over one's lifetime from vaccines, infections, or antibodies from others. The adaptive immune response involves B cells, helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. It also discusses the specificity, adaptiveness, discrimination between self and non-self, and memory properties of the adaptive immune response. The major cell types involved are T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, T memory cells, and regulatory T cells. The roles and mechanisms of these cell types are described in detail.
The document discusses adaptive immunity and the immune response. It describes the four phases of the adaptive immune response as encounter, activation, attack, and memory. Acquired immunity develops over one's lifetime from vaccines, infections, or antibodies from others. The adaptive immune response involves B cells, helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. It also discusses the specificity, adaptiveness, discrimination between self and non-self, and memory properties of the adaptive immune response. The major cell types involved are T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, T memory cells, and regulatory T cells. The roles and mechanisms of these cell types are described in detail.
Cell mediated immunity also known as T cell immunity. it is developed by cell mediated responses and it does not involve any antibodies. Cell mediated immunity is offered by T lymphocytes and it starts developing when T cells come in contact with the antigens. In the Cell mediated immunity T cell plays one of the important role for the process of crosstalk with other immune system as well as to signal B cells to produce the antibody mediated immune response. Primary function of cell mediated response-
1) Eliminate intracellular pathogens.
2)Eliminate tumor cells.
T cells regulate proliferation and activity of other cells of the immune system : B cells, macrophages, neutrophil, etc.
Immunity and its cells, HLA and transplant rejectionJuliya Susan Reji
Immunity can be innate/natural or adaptive/specific. Innate immunity provides non-specific protection as the first line of defense. Adaptive immunity provides antigen-specific protection through humoral immunity involving antibodies and cellular immunity involving T cells. Organs of the immune system include primary lymphoid organs like the thymus and bone marrow, and secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes and spleen. Key immune cells are T and B lymphocytes which develop in the thymus and bone marrow respectively. T cells mediate cellular immunity and B cells mediate humoral immunity through antibody production. The HLA system regulates immune responses and is important for organ transplantation matching. Transplant rejection can be hyperacute, acute or chronic depending on
The document provides information on basic immunology concepts. It discusses the two means of acquiring immunity: active immunity where an individual makes their own antibodies after encountering an antigen, and passive immunity where preformed antibodies are transferred. It also describes the two main types of immune responses: the innate immune response individuals are born with, and the adaptive/acquired response that develops with exposure over time involving antibodies and T cells. Key cells of the immune system involved in these responses are also outlined, including lymphocytes, phagocytes, and the roles of cellular and humoral immunity.
Nursing care for patients with immune disorders.pptxEstibelMengist
The document provides information on nursing care for patients with immune disorders. It discusses the body's immune response, types of immunity including innate and acquired, cells involved in immunity like T cells, B cells, and macrophages. It covers topics like HIV/AIDS, immune system assessment, diagnostic tests done to evaluate the immune system, immunodeficiencies, hypersensitivities, autoimmune diseases, and more. The document is a comprehensive guide on the immune system and nursing considerations for patients with immune disorders.
This document provides an overview of Tajuddin's presentation on adaptive immunity. It discusses the cells and organs involved in adaptive immunity, including B cells and T cells that mature in the bone marrow and thymus respectively. It describes humoral and cell-mediated immunity and the roles of antibodies and T cells. Key topics covered include antigen receptors, cytokines, active and passive immunity, immunoglobulin classes, complement activation, and the differences between T-dependent and T-independent antigens.
The document summarizes basic concepts of immunology and immunity. It discusses the types of immunity including innate, adaptive, and passive immunity. It describes the cells and tissues involved in the immune system response including B cells, T cells, antibodies, and cytokines. It explains the mechanisms of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. It also discusses immunization through active or passive immunization methods and provides examples of common vaccines.
The adaptive immune system provides tailored and specific responses to pathogens through lymphocytes like T and B cells. It overcomes limitations of innate immunity by being non-specific, having poor regulation and amplification, and lacking self-discrimination. The adaptive response recognizes specific antigens through antigen receptors on lymphocytes. This leads to clonal expansion of effector and memory cells that provide rapid responses upon re-exposure. Adaptive immunity involves cell-mediated responses by T cells and humoral responses by antibody-producing B cells. It provides immunological memory for long-term protection against pathogens.
This is a powerpoint presentation on the Topic of Diseases of the immune system, part 1 - Chapter 6, based on Robbin's textbook of pathology. Prepared by Dr. Ashish Jawarkar, who is Assistant professor at Parul institute of medical sciences and research, Vadodara. Please subscribe to our youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwjkzK-YnJ-ra4HMOqq3Fkw . Our facebook page: facebook.com/pathologybasics. Instagram handle @pathologybasics
Central and peripheral tolerance are mechanisms that establish immunological tolerance to self-antigens. Central tolerance involves deletion of self-reactive T and B cells in the thymus and bone marrow during maturation. Peripheral tolerance uses additional mechanisms like clonal deletion, clonal anergy, and suppression to silence self-reactive cells that escape central tolerance. Failure of tolerance mechanisms can lead to autoimmune diseases where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.
The immune system consists of several basic components:
(1) Macrophages and dendritic cells that phagocytose foreign substances and present antigens;
(2) Neutrophils that are attracted to sites of infection and also phagocytose;
(3) NK cells that can kill virally infected cells;
(4) Antibodies produced by B cells that target specific antigens;
(5) T cells that recognize antigens in the context of MHC molecules and carry out cellular immune responses including cytotoxic killing of infected cells.
The document discusses the history and mechanisms of immunological tolerance. It describes how Owen first observed that sharing a blood system in utero led to tolerance between non-identical twins. Burnet then postulated that there is a window during immune system immaturity where antigens can induce tolerance. Medawar found lifelong tolerance could be induced by transferring cells in early life but not later. The document also discusses the "danger hypothesis" and controlled cell death in preventing autoimmunity.
IMMUNODEFICIENCIES lecture for bach.pptxssuser504dda
There are two categories of immunodeficiencies: primary and secondary. Primary immunodeficiencies are inherited and involve genetic defects affecting parts of the immune system like T cells, B cells, or phagocytes. Secondary immunodeficiencies are acquired and can result from infections, medications, malignancies, or organ transplants. Both types increase risk of infections and tumors due to a compromised immune system. The immune system normally defends against tumors through effector cells like T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, but tumors can evade detection through mechanisms like suppression of immune responses.
Studying the Adaptive Immune Response - Tools for T & B Cell Research: Host D...QIAGEN
Adaptive immunity, powered by T cells and B cells, provides specific, long-lasting protection of the host from harmful invaders. This slidedeck provides an overview of T cells and B cells and their role in cell-mediated immune responses and antibody responses, respectively, against pathogens. There is also information on tools that enable analysis of T and B cell gene expression and regulation, genotyping and signal transduction pathway activation.
Humoral and cell mediated immunity, Educational Platform.pptxnoorhadia494
The document summarizes the key components of the humoral and cell-mediated immune response. It describes the nonspecific first and second lines of defense, including physical and chemical barriers. The third line of specific defense involves humoral immunity mediated by B cells and antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity carried out by T cells. It details the roles of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, B cells, plasma cells, and memory cells in the adaptive immune response during primary and secondary infections.
Autoimmunity disorders occur when the immune system mounts an attack against the body's own tissues and organs. They are difficult to diagnose due to nonspecific initial symptoms, fluctuating symptoms, and the potential for multiple autoimmune conditions. Diagnostic methods include initial laboratory tests of inflammatory markers and autoantibodies, immunological studies, flow cytometry to analyze immune cells, cytokine studies, and examination of major histocompatibility complex genes associated with autoimmunity. A variety of autoantibodies against nuclear, cytoplasmic, and other cellular components can indicate autoimmune disease patterns and targets.
The immune system protects the body from pathogens and other foreign substances. It has both innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate protection through barriers, chemicals, and cells. Acquired immunity develops from exposure through antibodies and lymphocytes. The components that work together in the immune response include lymphocytes like B and T cells, antibodies, lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues. Antigens are recognized by these immune cells, triggering a response to eliminate the pathogen.
HYPERSENSITIVITY 204. and the immune systempetshelter54
This document summarizes hypersensitivity reactions, which are harmful immune reactions caused by an excessive or improper response to antigens. There are four main types of hypersensitivity reactions:
1. Type I reactions are antibody-mediated and involve IgE, mast cells, and basophils. They cause immediate allergic reactions.
2. Type II reactions are also antibody-mediated and involve IgG/IgM binding to cell surfaces, leading to cell destruction.
3. Type III reactions involve immune complex deposition in tissues, activating the complement system and causing inflammation.
4. Type IV reactions are cell-mediated and involve T cells/cytokines, causing delayed hypersensitivity reactions like contact dermatitis.
The document discusses adaptive immunity and the immune response. It describes the four phases of the adaptive immune response as encounter, activation, attack, and memory. Acquired immunity develops over one's lifetime from vaccines, infections, or antibodies from others. The adaptive immune response involves B cells, helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. It also discusses the specificity, adaptiveness, discrimination between self and non-self, and memory properties of the adaptive immune response. The major cell types involved are T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, T memory cells, and regulatory T cells. The roles and mechanisms of these cell types are described in detail.
The document discusses adaptive immunity and the immune response. It describes the four phases of the adaptive immune response as encounter, activation, attack, and memory. Acquired immunity develops over one's lifetime from vaccines, infections, or antibodies from others. The adaptive immune response involves B cells, helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. It also discusses the specificity, adaptiveness, discrimination between self and non-self, and memory properties of the adaptive immune response. The major cell types involved are T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, T memory cells, and regulatory T cells. The roles and mechanisms of these cell types are described in detail.
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
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In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
4. ROLE OF THE
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Abbas, A. K., Lichtman, A. H., & Pillai, S. (2016). Basic Immunology:
Functions and Disorders of the Immune System.
4
5. CATEGORIES OF IMMUNITY
1. Innate (native) immunity
a. It is nonspecific and present from birth.
b. Encompasses protective factors present in an individual independent of antigenic
stimulus.
c. It is an initial, rapid recognition system for detection of pathogens.
2. Adaptive (acquired) immunity
a. It is specific. Humoral vs. Cell-mediated Immunity.
b. It is acquired actively by infection or vaccination.
c. It is acquired passively by placental transfer or injection of specific antibody. 5
6. ADAPTIVE (ACQUIRED) IMMUNITY
1.Humoral Immunity
a. Mediated by antibodies.
b. Neutralizes microorganisms and toxins.
c. Removes antigens in the body fluids by amplifying phagocytosis or lysis by
complement.
2.★Cell-mediated Immunity★
a. Mediated mainly by T-cytotoxic cells, Natural Killer (NK) cells and activated
macrophages.
b. Responsible for eradicating microorganisms residing within body cells.
6
8. CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY PROTECTS THE BODY BY:
1. Activating antigen-specific
cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs).
2. Activating macrophages and NK
cells.
3. Stimulating cells to secrete a
variety of cytokines.
8
9. ORGANS INVOLVED IN CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
1.Central lymphoid organs
a. Immunocompetent cells develop here.
b. Comprised of the thymus, bone marrow and fetal liver.
2.Peripheral lymphoid organs
a. Immunocompetency is expressed here.
b. Includes the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and intestinal Peyer’s
patches.
9
10. CELLS INVOLVED IN CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
1.T Lymphocytes
a. Helper T Lymphocyte (TH cell)
b. Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (TC cell)
2. Natural Killer (NK) Cells
3. Activated Macrophages
10
11. T-CELL DEVELOPMENT
T-cells originate from lymphoid progenitor
cells in the bone marrow and mature in the
thymus.
• Positive selection of T-cells
• Ensures that the thymus produces functional T-
cells.
• Location: thymic cortex.
• Negative Selection of T-cells
• Ensures that the thymus does not produce self-
reacting T-cells.
11
12. T-CELL RECEPTORS (TCRS)
• Complex of proteins of the
immunoglobulin superfamily.
• Each T-cell expresses a TCR variant that
binds to one specific antigen.
• The antigen fragment has to be presented
by a major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) molecule of an antigen-presenting
cell in order to be recognized by the TCR.
• Important for positive and negative
selection during T-cell development.
12
14. TCR COMPARED TO IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Similarities
• Both have a specific antigen-binding region created by the variable regions of two
polypeptide chains.
• Both display great potential for diversity via genetic recombination at the genome
level.
Differences
• A TCR is monovalent. An immunoglobulin is bivalent.
• The TCR has no secreted form. It is always membrane-bound.
• The TCR does not recognize free antigen. Antigen must be presented to a T cell on
an MHC molecule.
• There is no class switching for the TCR. Once made, the TCR does not change. 14
15. T-CELLS AND MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC)
• TCRs only recognize antigens
combined with MHC proteins
on the surface of cells.
• MHC Class I: Found on all cells.
• MHC Class II: Found on
phagocytes.
• Clonal selection increases
number of T cells recognizing a
specific antigen.
15
17. T-HELPER (TH) CELLS
• Central role in immune response.
• They are CD4+ (TH1 or TH2)
• Recognize antigen associated with MHCII on
the surface of antigen presenting cells.
• Induce formation of cytotoxic T-cells
• TH1 activates macrophages.
• TH2 stimulates B-cells to produce antibodies.
17
18. T-CYTOTOXIC (TC) CELLS
• Destroy target cells.
• They are CD8+ (and CD4-).
• Recognize antigens associated with MHC I on the surface of all cells:
• Kill host cells that are infected with viruses or bacteria.
• Recognize and kill cancer cells.
• Recognize and destroy transplanted tissue.
• Release protein called perforin which forms a pore in target cell, causing
lysis of infected cells.
• Undergo apoptosis when stimulating antigen is gone.
18
21. NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS
• Lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected and
tumor cells.
• Not specific.
• Do not require antigen stimulation.
• Not MHC restricted.
• Not phagocytic, but must contact cell in
order to lyse it.
21
22. • They are stimulated phagocytes.
• Stimulated by ingestion of antigen or
by cytokines.
• Larger and more effective phagocytes.
• Enhanced ability to eliminate
intracellular bacteria, virus-infected
and cancerous cells.
ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES
22
23. T-CELLS AND CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
• Recognize foreign antigens on the surface of cells, organisms, or
tissues.
• Regulate proliferation and activity of other cells of the immune
system.
• Provide defense against:
• Bacteria and viruses that are inside host cells and are inaccessible to
antibodies.
• Fungi, protozoa, and helminths
• Cancer cells
• Involved in harmful effects of hypersensitivity reaction type 4, graft
or transplant rejections, skin tests, and granuloma formation.
23
24. HYPERSENSITIVITY
• Hypersensitivity reactions are:
• Injurious, or pathologic immune reactions.
• A reflection of excessive or aberrant immune
responses.
• They may occur in two situations:
• Foreign antigens may cause tissue injury.
• Immune responses may be directed against
self (autologous) antigens, due to failure of
self-tolerance.
24
27. AETIOLOGY OF TYPE IV HYPERSENSITIVITY
Major causes of T cell–mediated hypersensitivity reactions include:
1. Autoimmunity
• Usually directed against cellular antigens with restricted tissue distribution.
• Tend to be limited to a few organs and usually are not systemic.
2. Exaggerated or persistent responses to environmental antigens
• e.g. T cell–mediated immune response develops against protein antigens of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
o Response becomes chronic because the infection is difficult to eradicate.
o Resultant granulomatous inflammation causes injury to normal tissues at the site of
infection.
27
28. T-CELLS AND CYTOKINES
• Cytokines produced by TH1 cells
inhibit TH2 cells; and, vice versa.
• An immune response is often
dominated by a cell-mediated
response or an antibody response.
• Some pathogens have evolved
strategies to shift the immune
response toward the less effective
type for that pathogen.
TH0
TH2
TH1
IL-2
IL-4
IFN-
IL-2
IFN-
IL-4
IL-5
IL-10
28
29. CELL-MEDIATED
IMMUNITY
AND
SUPERANTIGENS
Toxins are called superantigens
stimulate large numbers of T cells.
bind to invariant parts of T cell
receptors on many different clones of T
cells regardless of antigen specificity.
Production of large amounts of inflammatory
cytokines, causing a syndrome similar to
septic shock.
Excessive polyclonal T cell activation by
certain microbial toxins produced by some
bacteria and viruses
29
32. CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
Organ-Specific Systemic
Diseases Mediated by Antibodies
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Systemic lupus erythematosus
Autoimmune thrombocytopenia
Autoimmune atrophic gastritis of pernicious anemia
Myasthenia gravis
Graves disease
Goodpasture syndrome
Diseases Mediated by T Cells
Type 1 diabetes mellitus Rheumatoid arthritis
Multiple sclerosis Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
Sjögren’s syndrome
Diseases Postulated to be Autoimmune
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn’s Disease and
Ulcerative Colitis
Primary biliary cirrhosis Polyarteritis nodosa
Autoimmune (chronic active) hepatitis Inflammatory myopathies
32
33. TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS & T-CELLS
• Ultimately, auto-aggressive T-cells invade
pancreatic islets focusing destructive force
on the beta cells that produce insulin.
• The initial insult may be solely inflammation
but nonetheless results in loss of insulin
production.
• Insulitis is only present in islets with beta
cells, which implies that the islet infiltration
is a beta-cell driven process.
• Immunosuppressive drugs (e.g. Cyclosporin
A) have been shown to delay the disease
progress.
Insulitis. Inflammation of the pancreatic islets
with mononuclear cells including T-cells is
the hallmark of Type 1 diabetes (courtesy A.
van Halteren) 33
35. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS & T-CELLS
• T-cells infiltrate into the synovial
membrane where they initiate and
maintain activation of macrophages and
synovial fibroblasts, transforming them
into tissue-destructive effector cells. Later,
formation of pannus.
• Abatacept [Orencia®] (soluble cytotoxic-
T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4–
immunoglobulin), which binds with high
affinity to CD80/CD86 and effectively
suppresses inflammatory activity in RA.
35
37. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS & T-CELLS
• MS is a cell-mediated
autoimmune disease directed
against CNS myelin antigens that
involves both CD4+ and CD8+
cells leading to myelin sheath
destruction.
• Peripherally activated T cells cross
the blood-brain barrier into the
central nervous system, where
they are re-activated and secrete
cytokines to exert their effector
functions.
37
38. SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS & T-CELLS
• T cells show signs of antigen-induced activation; T
cells of TH2 type are increased and produce pro-
fibrotic cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and IL-
31.
• CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes are increased in
skin lesions, and cause fibrosis and endothelial cell
apoptosis.
• Circulating T follicular helper (TFH) cells are
increased in SSc, produce IL-21 and promote
plasmablast antibody production.
• On the other hand, regulatory T cells are impaired.
38
40. T-CELLS AND TRANSPLANT (GRAFT) REJECTION
• Transplantation is the most effective
treatment for end-stage organ failure.
• Organ survival is limited by immune
rejection and the side effects of
immunosuppressive regimens.
• T cells are central to the process of
transplant rejection through:
• Allorecognition of foreign antigens leading to
their activation.
• Orchestration of an effector response that results
in organ damage.
40
44. REFERENCES
• Abbas, A. K., Lichtman, A. H., & Pillai, S. (2016). Basic Immunology: Functions and Disorders of the Immune System.
• Beacher, C. et. al., (2018). Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Immunotherapy. Neuron Review. Cell Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.021
• Cabrera, M., Rigby, S., Raghavendra, M. (2012). Targeting Regulatory T Cells In The Treatment Of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
Current molecular medicine. 12. 10.2174/156652412803833634
• Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York:
Garland Science; 2001. Chapter 8, T Cell-Mediated Immunity. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10762/ (Accessed: December 18, 2022)
• Kaiser, G. (2022) 14.1: Cell-mediated immunity - an overview, Biology LibreTexts. Libretexts. Available at:
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_6%3A_Adaptive_Immunity/14%3A_Cell-
Mediated_Immunity/14.1%3A_Cell-Mediated_Immunity_-_An_Overview (Accessed: January 10, 2023).
• Maehara, T. et al. (2020) Cytotoxic CD4+ T lymphocytes may induce endothelial cell apoptosis in systemic sclerosis, The Journal
of Clinical Investigation. American Society for Clinical Investigation. Available at: https://www.jci.org/articles/view/131700
(Accessed: January 5, 2023).
• Sakkas LI, Bogdanos DP. The Role of T Cells in Systemic Sclerosis: An Update. Immuno. 2022; 2(3):534-547.
https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno2030034 (Accessed: January 8, 2023)
• Tarke, A., et al., Comprehensive analysis of T cell immunodominance and immunoprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in COVID-
19 cases. Cell Rep Med 2, 100204 (2021).
• Wagner, D. (2011). The Role of T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Type 1 Diabetes - Pathogenesis, Genetics and Immunotherapy. doi:
10.5772/22040 44
(e.g., skin, mucous membranes, sebaceous secretions, pinocytosis, or phagocytosis).
Most T cells recognize only protein antigens, whereas B cells and antibodies are able to recognize many different types of molecules, including proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids
Activating antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) that are able to destroy body cells displaying epitopes of foreign antigen on their surface, such as virus-infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, and cancer cells displaying tumor antigens;
Activating macrophages and NK cells, enabling them to destroy intracellular pathogens; and,
3. Stimulating cells to secrete a variety of cytokines that influence the function of other cells involved in adaptive and innate immune responses.
- Cytokines are chemical messengers of immune cells
T Lymphocytes are the main coordinators and effectors of cell-mediated immunity
Non-specific components: NK Cells and Activated Macrophages
Hence “T” cells
Thymic cortical cells express MHC class 1 and MHC class 2 antigens
In positive selection: it tests if T-cell receptors can bind to MHC appropriately (not too strongly or too weakly).
In negative selection: it tests if T-cells bind to tissue-restricted self-antigens presented on MHC by thymic medullary cells
Dysfunctional T-cells or those that do not bind to antigen, undergo apoptosis.
Binding of a TCR to its specific antigen initiated T cell activation.
The cells of the acquired immune system (B cells, T cells) are activated upon antigen recognition.
Monovalent, i.e. has one binding site.
Bivalent, i.e. has two binding sites.
In addition, T-cells bind with their cluster of differentiation (CD)
CD4 binds to MHC 2
CD8 binds to MHC 1
T Cells are largely divided into Cytotoxic T-Cells (CD8+), T-Helper cells (CD4+) and Regulatory T Cells
Other subtypes include memory T cells, suppressor T cells and Natural killer T Cells
(e.g.: macrophage, dendritic cells, and B cells).
Non-specific cellular component involved in cell-mediated immunity: NK Cells
Regulate; such as B- Cells, macrophages and neutrophils
i.e. intracellular pathogens
Cytokines are the chemical messengers of immune cells; and, they stimulate and/or regulate immune responses.
Interleukins: communication between WBCs
Interferons: protect against viral infections
Chemokines: Attract WBC to affected areas
T-cell dependent immune-mediated disease in which the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells are destroyed.
Pannus: late, inactive and irreversible manifestation of RA.
Peripherally activated T cells cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the central nervous system (CNS), where they are re-activated and secrete cytokines to exert their effector functions. T helper (Th)-1 cells produce their lineage-defining cytokine, IFNg, as well as TNFa, while Th17 cells secrete their defining cytokine IL-17, as well as IL-21 and IL-22, and can also express IFNg, which contributes to their pathogenicity. CD8+ effector T cells (Teffs) can also be a source of IL-17 and IFNg. This cytokine secretion leads to the activation of CNS-resident immune cells (such as microglia, astrocytes, and macrophages), as well as to the production of cytokines, increased antigen-presenting cell (APC) function, and the enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). CD8 T cells can also release cytolytic granules causing axonal dissection. Effector T cells can be regulated in the periphery or in the CNS by FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and by Tr1 cells, CD8 Tregs, natural killer cells (NK cells), and regulatory B (Breg) cells.
SSc is a chronic disease characterized by microvasculopathy, autoantibodies, and fibrosis.
Graft antigens that are expressed on donor dendritic cells or captured by recipient dendritic cells are transported to peripheral lymphoid organs where alloantigen-specific T cells are activated (the sensitization step). The T cells migrate back into the graft and destroy graft cells (rejection). Antibodies are also produced against graft antigens and can contribute to rejection (not shown). The example shown is that of a kidney graft, but the same general principles apply to all organ grafts.
A representative histologic appearance of each type of rejection is shown on the right. A, In hyperacute rejection, preformed antibodies react with alloantigens on the vascular endothelium of the graft, activate complement, and trigger rapid intravascular thrombosis and necrosis of the vessel wall. B, In acute rejection, CD8+ T lymphocytes reactive with alloantigens on graft endothelial cells and parenchymal cells or antibodies reactive with endothelial cells cause damage to these cell types. Inflammation of the endothelium is called endothelialitis. The histology shows acute cellular rejection in i and humoral (antibody-mediated) rejection in ii. C, In chronic rejection with graft arteriosclerosis, T cells reactive with graft alloantigens may produce cytokines that induce inflammation and proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cells, leading to luminal occlusion.