The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) utilizes a detailed microsimulation model to project long-term social security outcomes based on demographic and economic data. Key components of this model include a demographic model, microsimulation model, long-term budget model, and policy growth model, all informed by various historical and forecast sources. Projections are sensitive to inputs like population changes and earnings subject to social security taxes, with significant differences arising from these factors compared to Social Security trustees' projections.

1. Congressional Budget Office
2019 Technical Panel on Assumptions and Methods
Washington, D.C.
November 16, 2018
Julie Topoleski
Health, Retirement, and Long-Term Analysis Division
CBO’s Long-Term Social Security Projections

2. 1
CBO
CBO’s long-term Social Security projections are based
on a detailed microsimulation model that starts with
data about individuals from a representative sample of
the population and projects economic and demographic
outcomes for that sample through time.

3. 2
CBO
CBO’s Long-Term Model (CBOLT) has four components:
The demographic model projects the population by age and
sex, using annual projections of the number of births, deaths,
immigrants, and emigrants.
The microsimulation model projects year-to-year changes in
demographic characteristics and economic outcomes for
individuals in a representative sample of the population.
The long-term budget model projects federal outlays,
revenues, deficits, and debt beyond CBO’s standard 10-year
budget window.
The policy growth model simulates how demographics, fiscal
policy, and economic factors affect the U.S. economy and, in
turn, the federal budget.

4. 3
CBO
Projections of economic and demographic variables
are key inputs into that model.

5. 4
CBO
CBO consults a variety of sources—including its own
analysis of historical data, forecasts made by other
government agencies, panels of advisers, and
academic literature—when creating its projections.
CBO regularly reviews its projections, sometimes in
light of revised and recent data and sometimes in light
of recent analyses.

6. 5
CBO
Economic projections are extensions of CBO’s 10-year
economic forecast, which underlies the agency’s budget
projections.
Those projections reflect not just historical averages but
also trends that many economic forecasters expect will
continue.

7. 6
CBO
Demographic variables that underlie CBO’s extended
baseline:
Fertility Rate
Immigration Rate
Mortality Rate

8. 7
CBO
Economic variables that underlie CBO’s extended
baseline:
Labor Force Participation Rate
Unemployment Rate
Growth of Total Factor Productivity
Growth of Average Hours Worked
Share of Earnings Below the Taxable Maximum
Inflation
Interest Rates

9. 8
CBO
Although long-term projections of any variable are
uncertain, projections of Social Security finances
are more sensitive to changes in some inputs than
others.

10. 9
CBO
One way to illustrate the effect that different
projections of underlying factors have on Social
Security projections is to compare CBO’s projections
with the Social Security Trustees’ projections.

11. 10
CBO
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Social Security Trustees.
CBO’s and the Social Security Trustees’ Projections
of Social Security Tax Revenues and Outlays
Series 2
Series 1
0
25
50
75
100
73-74 75-76 77-78 79-80 81-82 83-84 85-86 87-88
Thousands

12. 11
CBO
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Social Security Trustees.
Distribution of the Differences Between CBO’s
and the Social Security Trustees’ Projections
Series 2
Series 1
0
25
50
75
100
73-74 75-76 77-78 79-80 81-82 83-84 85-86 87-88
Thousands
Differences in
projections of
four major
factors account
for four-fifths of
the difference.

13. 12
CBO
The largest effects are from differences in population
and differences in earnings subject to Social Security
taxes.
Underlying population estimates are projections of
fertility, mortality, and immigration.
Earnings subject to Social Security taxes depend on
the share of earnings above and below the taxable
maximum, the share of total compensation paid as
earnings, and total compensation as a share of GDP.