Disequilibrium in a country's balance of payments can be caused by several factors: 1) Trade cycles, huge development programs, changing export demand, population growth, and external borrowings can all produce deficits. 2) Disequilibrium may be short-term or long-term depending on the country and causes. 3) Causes include trade cycles, large development programs in developing countries, declining demand for exports from developing countries, population growth increasing import needs, external borrowing, inflation, demonstration effects of Western goods, and terms of trade differences between countries.

1. Causes producing disequilibrium in the balance of payments
of a country are: 1. Trade Cycles 2. Huge Developmental and Investment
Programmes 3. Changing Export Demand 4. Population Growth 5.
Huge External Borrowings 6. Inflation 7. Demonstration Effect 8.
Reciprocal Demands!
Disequilibrium in a country’s balance of payments position may arise
either for a short period or for a long period.
Any disequilibrium in the balance of payments arises owing to a large
number of causes or factors operating simultaneously. Types of
disequilibrium differ from country to country, while the different kinds
of disequilibrium and their causes in the same country will differ at
different times.
However, following are the important causes producing
disequilibrium in the balance of payments of a country:
1. Trade Cycles:
Cyclical fluctuations, their phases and amplitudes, differences in
different countries, generally produce cyclical disequilibrium.
2. Huge Developmental and Investment Programmes:
Huge development and investment programmes in the developing
economies are the root causes of the disequilibrium in the balance of
payments of these countries. Their propensity to import goes on
increasing for want of capital for rapid industrialisation; while exports
may not be boosted up to that extent as these is the primary producing
countries.

2. Moreover, their exports quantum of primary commodities may decline
as newly-created domestic industries may require them. Thus, there
will be structural changes in the balance of payments and structural
disequilibrium will result.
3. Changing Export Demand:
A vast increase in the domestic production of foodstuffs, raw materials,
substitute goods, etc. in advanced countries has decreased their need
for import from the agrarian underdeveloped countries. Thus, export
demand has considerably changed, resulting in structural
disequilibrium in these countries.
Similarly, advanced countries also will suffer in their exports as a result
of loss of their markets in developing countries owing to the tendency
of the poor nations for self-reliance and their ways and means of
curtailing their imports. But disequilibrium (deficit) in balance of
payments seems to be more persistent in the underdeveloped or
developing nations than in the advanced rich nations.
4. Population Growth:
High population growth in poor countries also had adversely affected
their balance of payments position. It is easy to see that an increase in
population increases the needs of these countries for imports and
decreases the capacity to export.
5. Huge External Borrowings:
Another reason for a surplus or deficit in the balance of payments arises
out of international borrowing and investment. A country may tend to
have an adverse balance of payments when it borrows heavily from

3. another country, while the lending country will tend to have a
favourable balance and the receiving country will have a deficit balance
of payments.
6. Inflation:
Owing to rapid economic development, the resulting income and price
effects will adversely affect the balance of payments position of a
developing country. With an income, the marginal propensity to import
being high in these countries, their demand for imported articles will
rise.
Since marginal propensity to consume is also high in these countries,
people’s demand for domestic goods also will rise, and hence less may
be spared for export. Moreover, a huge investment in heavy industries
in the developing countries may have an inflationary impact, as the
output of these industries will not be forthcoming immediately,
whereas money income will have been already expanded.
Thus, there will be an excess of monetary demand for goods and
services in general which will push up the price levels. A rise in the
comparative price level certainly encourages imports and discourages
exports, resulting in a deficit balance of payments.
7. Demonstration Effect:
Demonstration effect is another most important factor causing deficit
in the balance of payments of a country — especially of an
underdeveloped country. When people of underdeveloped nations
come into contact with those of advanced countries through economic,
political or social relations, there will be a demonstration effect on the

4. consumption pattern of these people and they will desire to have
western style goods and pattern of consumption so that their propensity
to import increases, whereas their export quantum may remain the
same or may even decline with the increase i in income, thus causing an
adverse balance of payments for the country.
8. Reciprocal Demands:
Since intensity of reciprocal demand for products of different countries
differs, terms of trade of a country may be set differently with different
countries under multi-trade transactions which may lead to
disequilibrium in a way.