Categories of Frontotemporal Dementia
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Dr. Antonio Bullon serves as an attending psychiatrist at Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In this role, Dr. Antonio Bullon cares for a geriatric population diagnosed with dementia and other neuropsychiatric illnesses.
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Symptoms of Lewy Body Dementia
As a psychiatrist at Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Dr. Antonio Bullon treats patients with dementia and other neuropsychiatric illnesses. Focused on geriatric care since 2012, Dr. Antonio Bullon draws on an in-depth knowledge of Lewy body dementia.
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What Is Lewy Body Dementia
Lewy body dementia (LBD), also known as dementia with Lewy bodies, is the second most common type of progressive dementia after Alzheimer's disease. LBD is caused by the accumulation of abnormal protein deposits called Lewy bodies in brain cells. These Lewy bodies can affect thinking, movement, behavior, and mood. A definitive diagnosis of LBD can only be made through a brain autopsy, but clinical diagnosis is based on a set of characteristic symptoms that include fluctuating cognition, visual hallucinations, and parkinsonism. The Lewy Body Dementia Association provides resources and support for those affected by LBD.
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This document provides an overview of memory loss, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. It defines key terms, describes symptoms at different stages of dementia, and discusses a person-centered approach to care. The main points are:
1) Dementia is not a specific disease but a general term for symptoms caused by various brain disorders, while Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of progressive dementia.
2) Early stage dementia symptoms include memory loss, impaired judgment, and difficulty completing tasks, while middle and late stage symptoms involve greater impairment and dependence on others for care.
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Dementia is a general term used to describe a group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking, and social abilities severely enough to interfere with daily functioning. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia and results in progressive loss of memory, thinking, and language skills. The first case of Alzheimer's was identified in 1906 by Dr. Alois Alzheimer in a patient with an unusual brain disorder.
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Symptoms of Lewy Body Dementia
As a psychiatrist at Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Dr. Antonio Bullon treats patients with dementia and other neuropsychiatric illnesses. Focused on geriatric care since 2012, Dr. Antonio Bullon draws on an in-depth knowledge of Lewy body dementia.
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Lewy body dementia (LBD), also known as dementia with Lewy bodies, is the second most common type of progressive dementia after Alzheimer's disease. LBD is caused by the accumulation of abnormal protein deposits called Lewy bodies in brain cells. These Lewy bodies can affect thinking, movement, behavior, and mood. A definitive diagnosis of LBD can only be made through a brain autopsy, but clinical diagnosis is based on a set of characteristic symptoms that include fluctuating cognition, visual hallucinations, and parkinsonism. The Lewy Body Dementia Association provides resources and support for those affected by LBD.
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1) Dementia is not a specific disease but a general term for symptoms caused by various brain disorders, while Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of progressive dementia.
2) Early stage dementia symptoms include memory loss, impaired judgment, and difficulty completing tasks, while middle and late stage symptoms involve greater impairment and dependence on others for care.
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Alziemer disease
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive mental deterioration that causes generalized brain degeneration and is the most common cause of premature senility. It was first detected by Alois Alzheimer in the early 20th century. Approximately 5.8 million Americans over 65 have Alzheimer's, with 80% being over 75 years old. The disease causes severe memory impairment and loss of ability to perform daily tasks as it progresses. Medications can temporarily improve or slow symptoms to help maximize independence. Memory loss, difficulty finding words, repeating questions, forgetting conversations and events, and misplacing items are signs. It also impacts judgment, decision making, mood, sleep, wandering, and causes delusions.
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Dementia is defined as the acquired progressive decline in multiple cognitive functions affecting daily life. It involves memory impairment plus one other cognitive deficit. The incidence of dementia doubles every 5 years after age 60, reaching 50% at age 80, with 60% of cases being Alzheimer's disease and 30% vascular dementia. Dementia can be reversible, caused by conditions like normal pressure hydrocephalus or subdural hematoma, or irreversible, caused by neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, vascular dementia, or Lewy body disease. Common signs of dementia include recent memory loss, problems performing tasks, changes in mood and personality, and loss of initiative. Diagnosis involves neuropsychological testing, blood tests and imaging to identify causes.
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Neuroleptic
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2. Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, emotion, behavior, and difficulties forming interpersonal relationships. It has a lifetime prevalence of around 1% and typically onset in late adolescence/early adulthood.
3. Common antipsychotic drugs that are effective at treating schizophrenia include haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and newer atypical antipsychotics like clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone which
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- Symptoms include memory loss, problems with language, disorientation, and changes in mood/behavior. The disease progresses through mild, moderate and severe stages.
- Diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions and may include cognitive tests and brain imaging. Currently there is no cure but medications can temporarily improve symptoms. Maintaining brain and body health may help prevent Alzheimer's.
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Pick's Disease (coursera)
Pick's disease is a rare form of dementia that affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. It causes symptoms like abnormal behavior, thinking, judgment, and memory loss. The disease is caused by abnormal tau proteins that clump together to form Pick bodies, which damage brain cells. Currently there is no cure for Pick's disease, which progressively worsens over 8-10 years as it shuts down more brain functions. Though terrifying, it remains an extremely uncommon condition.
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Dementia is defined as the acquired progressive decline in multiple cognitive functions affecting daily life. It involves memory impairment plus one other cognitive deficit. The incidence of dementia doubles every 5 years after age 60, reaching 50% at age 80, with 60% of cases being Alzheimer's disease and 30% vascular dementia. Dementia can be reversible, caused by conditions like normal pressure hydrocephalus or subdural hematoma, or irreversible, caused by neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, vascular dementia, or Lewy body disease. Common signs of dementia include recent memory loss, problems performing tasks, changes in mood and personality, and loss of initiative. Diagnosis involves neuropsychological testing, blood tests and imaging to identify causes.
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1. Neuroleptic/antipsychotic drugs are used to treat psychotic disorders like schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. This helps reduce positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions.
2. Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, emotion, behavior, and difficulties forming interpersonal relationships. It has a lifetime prevalence of around 1% and typically onset in late adolescence/early adulthood.
3. Common antipsychotic drugs that are effective at treating schizophrenia include haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and newer atypical antipsychotics like clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone which
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- Alzheimer's is caused by death of neurons and the buildup of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
- Symptoms include memory loss, problems with language, disorientation, and changes in mood/behavior. The disease progresses through mild, moderate and severe stages.
- Diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions and may include cognitive tests and brain imaging. Currently there is no cure but medications can temporarily improve symptoms. Maintaining brain and body health may help prevent Alzheimer's.
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The document discusses several chromosomal abnormalities that can cause intellectual disability, including Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Trisomy 18, and Trisomy 13. Down syndrome results from a trisomy of chromosome 21 and is the most common chromosomal cause of intellectual disability. It can cause distinctive facial features and health issues. Fragile X syndrome is an inherited condition linked to the X chromosome and is characterized by developmental delays and autism-like features. Trisomy 18 and 13 involve an extra chromosome 18 or 13, respectively, and often result in growth problems and death in infancy.
Shayla's project on Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking skills. It starts with mild memory loss and worsens over time. The film Still Alice shows the progression of the main character Alice's early-onset Alzheimer's through its stages - early stage symptoms include memory lapses; middle stage brings dementia symptoms and mood changes; late stage leaves her unable to communicate and needing full care. The disease is caused by buildup of tau protein that damages brain cells, leading to tissue shrinkage and enlarged ventricles. It typically lasts 8-10 years from diagnosis but can range up to 20 years.
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This document summarizes different types of dementia and how nuclear medicine can help distinguish between them. It discusses 7 common types of dementia, but focuses on Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, and Parkinson's disease. For each, it describes the clinical symptoms and affected brain areas, and how nuclear imaging techniques like PET scans using FDG or DaTSCAN can detect decreased activity in those regions, aiding diagnosis. New radiopharmaceuticals hold promise for more accurately distinguishing between dementias which have overlapping symptoms.
Pick's Disease (coursera)
Pick's disease is a rare form of dementia that affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. It causes symptoms like abnormal behavior, thinking, judgment, and memory loss. The disease is caused by abnormal tau proteins that clump together to form Pick bodies, which damage brain cells. Currently there is no cure for Pick's disease, which progressively worsens over 8-10 years as it shuts down more brain functions. Though terrifying, it remains an extremely uncommon condition.
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Psychological disorders
Dyslexia is a learning disability that impairs reading fluency and comprehension accuracy. It is characterized by difficulties with phonological awareness, phonological decoding, orthographic coding, auditory short-term memory, or rapid naming. Dyslexia is not caused by poor vision, hearing, or instruction, but there may be genetic or early childhood hearing factors that contribute. Symptoms include delays in speech and word learning, difficulty with rhyming, and letter reversals. While there is no cure, early intervention and accommodations can help dyslexic individuals learn to read and write.
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Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that causes abnormalities in thought, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It is a chronic condition that begins early in life. Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, catatonia, and negative symptoms. It is diagnosed based on signs and symptoms, and is treated through a combination of antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies like family therapy and social skills training. The causes are thought to involve genetic and environmental factors like prenatal infections, drug use, and brain abnormalities.
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Language disorders involve problems processing linguistic information and can affect grammar, semantics, comprehension, production, or a combination. Receptive language disorders impair comprehension while expressive disorders affect language production. Symptoms vary but can include not listening, lack of interest in stories, inability to understand complex sentences, and language skills below age level. Communication disorders also impact ability to communicate through speech, writing, or sign language. Specific disorders discussed include dyslexia, dysgraphia, stuttering, Down syndrome, autism, and ADHD.
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Delirium
Delirium is an acute mental status change characterized by abnormal and fluctuating attention and reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain, and shift attention. It impairs cognition. It has an acute onset, fluctuating course, and is often caused by a medical condition. The diagnosis involves assessing attention, awareness, cognition, and determining if it is caused by an underlying medical condition based on criteria in the DSM-V. Predisposing factors include older age, dementia, visual impairment and severity of illness. Precipitating factors include medications, physical restraints and infections. It is diagnosed using mental status exams and scales like the CAM.
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Categories of Frontotemporal Dementia
- 1. Antonio Bullon Categories of Frontotemporal Dementia
- 2. Introduction Dr. Antonio Bullon serves as an attending psychiatrist at Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In this role, Dr. Antonio Bullon cares for a geriatric population diagnosed with dementia and other neuropsychiatric illnesses. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), also known as frontotemporal lobar degeneration, is an umbrella term for a collection of conditions, all of which involve increasing nerve cell loss in the frontal or temporal lobes of the brain. This cell death leads to a progressive loss of function and decline in personality, behavior, language use, and/or motor functions. Cases typically fall into one of three categories, each defined by its unique symptomatology. Behavior variant frontotemporal dementia, or bvFTD, most often develops in one's 50s or 60s and features changes in relationship behavior and personality. It develops due to nerve cell degeneration in areas responsible for conduct, empathy, judgment, and other social behaviors. These processes lead to a broad range of antisocial or asocial symptoms, which include emotional apathy, lack of inhibition, and loss of interpersonal skills, as well as declining personal hygiene and changes in eating behaviors.
- 3. Frontotemporal Dementia While bvFTD affects behavior, primary progressive aphasia (PPA) affects one's ability to speak, write, or comprehend language. It also occurs in midlife and appears in two variants, the first of which is the semantic and takes away one's ability to speak or understand a coherent sentence. Patients with the agrammatic/nonfluent form of the disorder, by contrast, demonstrate speech that is coherent but is non-grammatical or appears labored. The third form of FTD affects motor and muscle function, but does not necessarily include behavior or language symptoms. This category includes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a condition of muscle weakness more commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease. It also includes progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), which features muscle symptoms and problems with posture or walking, as well as corticobasal syndrome, which leads to limb stiffness and coordination challenges.