A categorical proposition is a statement relating two classes, consisting of a subject term, predicate term, and a copula linking them. It can be categorized as universal or particular, affirmative or negative, affecting the logical relationships between the classes. John Venn contributed tools for visualizing these relationships in the 19th century.

1. WHAT IS CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION?
• ELEMENTS OF A CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION
• STANDARD FORM

2. Categorical Proposition:
- any statement which relates two
classes or categories of entities.

3. CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION
• A categorical proposition is a statement consisting of the
following elements:
- Subject Term- category or class of things
- Predicate Term- what is said of the subject.
Example:
1. Cats are mammals
(subject) (predicate)
2. Opossums are marsupials.
(subject) (predicate)
3. Astronomical objects do not have fur.
(subject) (predicate)

4. Copula
• The grammatical link ( verb) between subject and
predicate terms:
- “is “
- “ are”
• The copula is either negated, or not (or we can
think of there being two copulas, an affirmative
and a negative):
- Some cats are not Maine Coons.
- Some cats are Maine Coons.

5. QUANTIFIERS
Words that specify the Quantity and
Quality of the subject and predicate terms.
• Universal-
a) Affirmative- ‘all ‘( includes all of a class)
b) Negative – ‘no’ (excludes all of a class)
• Particular –’ some’( includes part of a
class)

6. The Categorical Propositions
Universal Affirmative and Negative
• All members of the Subject class are members of the Predicate
(All S are P.)
• No members of the Subject class are members of the Predicate
(No S are P.)
Particular Affirmative and Negative
• At least one member of the Subject class is a member of the
Predicate class.
(Some S are P.)
• At least one member of the Subject class is not a member of the
Predicate class.
(Some S are not P.)

7. • John Venn 1834- 1923
• English Philosopher
• Introduce a handy little tool that allows us to
visualize the logical relationships that exists
between the terms of categorical
propositions.

14. THAT’S ALL THANK
YOU!!!