Cataracts, characterized by cloudiness in the eye's lens, lead to decreased vision and are commonly linked to aging, with various types including nuclear sclerotic, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataracts. They can result in symptoms such as blurred vision, sensitivity to light, and changes in color perception, and are associated with factors like smoking and diabetes. Diagnosis involves eye examinations, while treatment primarily includes surgical lens replacement as the effective method to restore vision.

2. -Definition of Cataract
- Epidemiology
-Etiology
-Pathophysiology
-Sign & Symptoms
-Diagnosis
-Prevention
-Complication
-Treatment

3. Cataract" is derived from the Latin cataracta,
meaning "waterfall“ Early in the development
of age-related cataract the power of the lens
may be increased, causing near-sightedness
(myopia), and the gradual yellowing and
opacification of the lens may reduce the
perception of blue colors

4. A cataract is a cloudy area in the lens of
the eye that leads to a decrease in
vision. Cataracts often develop slowly
and can affect one or both eyes.

6. 1-Nuclear Sclerotic Cataract: A nuclear
sclerotic cataract refers to the
hardening of the nucleus, the center, of
the lens of the eye. In the early stages
of this condition, the lens becomes
cloudy and yellow before eventually
hardening (sclerosis is the medical term
for hardening).

7. 1-Nuclear Sclerotic Cataract: A nuclear
sclerotic cataract refers to the
hardening of the nucleus, the center, of
the lens of the eye. In the early stages
of this condition, the lens becomes
cloudy and yellow before eventually
hardening (sclerosis is the medical term
for hardening).

8.  2-Cortical Cataract: A cortical cataract is a
condition in which areas of white cloudiness
will develop in the outer edges of the lens
called the cortex spreading inward and
having the appearance of a spoke wheel or a
star pattern.
 3-Posterior Subcapsular Cataract: Posterior
subcapsular cataracts begin as a small,
cloudy or opaque area on the back (posterior)
of the lens. It is called subcapsular because it
develops on the underside or beneath the
lens capsule.

9.  Age-related cataracts are responsible for 51%
of world blindness, about 20 million people
Globally, cataracts cause moderate to severe
disability in 53.8 million (2004), 52.2 million
of whom are in low and middle income
countries.

10. There are several underlying causes of cataracts.
These include:
 an overproduction of oxidants, which are oxygen
molecules that have been chemically altered due to
normal daily life
 smoking
 ultraviolet radiation
 the long-term use of steroids and other
medications
 certain diseases, such as diabetes
 trauma
 radiation therapy

11. It is not fully understood. There are three
metabolic pathways which convert glucose in
energy (ATP) and other relevant metabolic
molecules. These are:
1. Glycolysis
2. The Pentose Phosphate Shunt
3. The Polyol Route

12. • . 1. GLYCOLYSIS :Aging Decrease in
Hexokinase concentration Drop in ATP level
Poor control of electrolyte balance Massive
influx of water into the lens Disorganization
of structured proteins in the lens
Aggregation and precipitation of protein
CATARACT
• 2. HMP PATHWAY: Metabolization of 14%
glucose NADPH + H+ synthesis by glucose-
6-phosphate
• 3. POLYOL PATHWAY: High glucose level in
blood Polyol Pathway GlucoseSorbitol
Accumulation of sorbitol in lens Hyper
osmotic effect - Influx of excess water
through aquaporin channels CATARACT
Aldose Reductase Polyol dehydrogenase has
low Km for sorbitol

13.  Cataracts are a common part of the eye’s
aging process. Eventually, they can cause:
 Vision that’s cloudy, blurry, foggy or filmy.
 Sensitivity to bright sunlight, lamps or
headlights.
 Glare (seeing a halo around lights), especially
when you drive at night with oncoming
headlights.

14.  Prescription changes in glasses, including
sudden nearsightedness.
 Double vision.
 Need for brighter light to read.
 Difficulty seeing at night (poor night vision).
 Changes in the way you see color.

15.  Visual acuity test. This is a fancy way of
saying "eye chart exam." Your doctor will ask
you to read letters from a distance to find out
how sharp your vision is. First you'll try it with
one eye and then the other.
 Slit-lamp exam. This uses a special
microscope with a bright light that lets your
doctor check different parts of your eye.

16.  Retinal exam. Your doctor puts drops in your
eyes to widen your pupils, the dark spots in
the middle that control how much light gets
in. This lets them get a good look at the
retina -- the tissue around the back of your
eyes -- and a better view of the cataract.

17.  Have regular eye examinations. Eye
examinations can help detect cataracts and
other eye problems at their earliest stages.
...
 Quit smoking. ...
 Manage other health problems. ...
 Choose a healthy diet that includes plenty
of fruits and vegetables. ...
 Wear sunglasses. ...
 Reduce alcohol use.

18.  Inflammation.
 Infection.
 Bleeding.
 Swelling.
 Drooping eyelid.
 Dislocation of artificial lens.
 Retinal detachment.
 Glaucoma.

19.  The three most common types of medicated
eye drops for cataracts are antibiotics,
corticosteroids and anti-inflammatories.
Surgery is currently the only method of
cataract treatment that can successfully
restore vision for someone who suffers from
cataracts.

20.  Aspirin: The drug decreases the substances
that cause pain and inflammation.
 Diclofenac Sodium Ophthalmic Solution :
Diclofenac Sodium Ophthalmic Solution is a
topical, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug,
prescribed for the treatment of postoperative
inflammation in patients who have undergone
cataract extraction.

21.  Nepafenac Ophthalmic: Nepafenac
Ophthalmic is a non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drug (NSAID), prescribed for
eye pain, redness, and swelling in
patients who are recovering from cataract
surgery

22.  Lens replacement. There are three lens
replacement options:
 Phacoemulsification. A portion of the anterior
capsule is removed, allowing extraction of the
lens nucleus and cortex while the posterior
capsule and zonular support are left intact.

23.  Aphakic glasses. In aphakic glasses, objects are
magnified by 25%, making them appear closer
than they actually are.
 Contact lenses. Contact lenses provide patients
with almost normal vision, but because contact
lenses need to be removed occasionally, the
patient also needs a pair pf aphakic glasses.
 IOL implants. The most common IOL is the single
focus lens or monofocal IOL that cannot alter the
visual shape; multifocal IOLs reduce the need for
eyeglasses; accommodative IOLS mimic the
accommodative response of the eye.

24.  Recent medication intake. It is a common
practice to withhold any anticoagulant
therapy to reduce the risk of retrobulbar
hemorrhage.
 Preoperative tests. The standard battery of
preoperative tests such as complete blood
count, electrocardiogram, and urinalysis are
prescribed only if they are indicated by the
patient’s medical history.

25.  Vital signs. Stable vital signs are needed
before the patient is subjected to surgery.
 Visual acuity test results. Test results from
Snellen’s and other visual acuity tests are
assessed.
 Patient’s medical history. The nurse assesses
the patient’s medical history to determine the
preoperative tests to be required.

26.  The major goals for the patient include:
 Regaining of usual level of cognition.
 Recognizing awareness of sensory needs.
 Be free of injury.
 Identifying potential risk factors in the
environment.
 Appearing relaxed and reporting anxiety is
reduced at manageable level.

27.  Verbalizing feelings of anxiety.
 Identifying healthy ways to deal with and
express anxiety.

28.  Care for a patient with cataract includes:
 Providing preoperative care. Use of
anticoagulants is withheld to reduce the
risk of retrobulbar hemorrhage.
 Providing postoperative care. Before
discharge, the patient receives verbal and
written instructions about how to protect
the eye, administer medications, recognize
signs of complications, and obtain
emergency care.

29.  Regained usual level of cognition.
 Recognized awareness of sensory needs.
 Free of injury.
 Identified potential risk factors in the
environment.
 Appeared relaxed and reporting anxiety is
reduced ti a manageable level.
 Verbalized feelings of anxiety.
 Identified healthy ways to deal with and
express anxiety.

30.  1.Bobrow JC Breadsley TL Jick SL et al.
 Lens and cataract.
 American Academy of Ophthalmology, San
Francisco2015–16
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