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A cataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye. As a cataract develops, your eyesight may become cloudy, blurry, or unclear. You may experience halos around lights, multiple vision, and poor night vision. Colors may seem faded.Most cataracts happen because of normal changes in your eyes as you get older. When you're young, the lens in your eye is clear. Around age 40, the proteins in the lens of your eye start to break down and clump together. This clump makes a cloudy area on your lens — known as a cataract.
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To classify drugs used for treatment of Bipolar Disorders
To describe mechanism of action of drugs used for treatment of Bipolar Disorders
To enlist side effects of drugs used for treatment of Bipolar Disorders.
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To describe the synthesis, degradation and reuptake mechanism of 5HT
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To enlist side effects of Antidepressants.
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Learning Objectives:
After completing the topic, the student will be able to:
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• Describe the process that leads to platelet aggregation.
• Classify anti-platelets drugs and the mechanism by which they inhibit platelet
aggregation.
• Describe indications, contraindications, drug interactions & adverse effects of anti-
platelets drugs.
• Describe treatment recommendations for antiplatelet agents
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• Irreversibly inhibits COX1 and, in higher doses, COX2.
• COX1 inhibition (main antithrombotic mechanism); the formation of prostaglandin H2 is blocked, thus
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Drug interactions
• Co-administration of non-selective COX1 inhibitors may impair its efficacy.
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Define Angina pectoris, its type and causes
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D) In collecting duct, sodium enters through sodium channels & transferred into interstitial fluid by sodium pump, while potassium is pumped in opposite direction and moves through potassium channels into tubular fluid. Aldosterone stimulates these processes by increasing synthesis of messenger RNA that encodes for sodium channel and sodium pump proteins. The potassium-sparing diuretics exert their effects via two mechanisms: amiloride and triamterene inhibit the entrance of sodium into the principal cells, whereas spironolactone blocks the mineralocorticoid receptor and thereby inhibits sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
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To be able to describe:
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The FDA has authorized another drug called molnupiravir to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 in adults who are at higher risk of serious illness and who aren't able to take other treatment options. The medication is taken by mouth as a pill.
The FDA has authorized the rheumatoid arthritis drug baricitinib (Olumiant) to treat COVID-19 in some cases. Baricitinib is a pill that seems to work against COVID-19 by reducing inflammation and having antiviral activity. Baricitinib may be used in people who are hospitalized with COVID-19 who are on mechanical ventilators or need supplemental oxygen.
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Pain relievers (ibuprofen or acetaminophen)
Cough syrup or medication
Rest
Fluid intake.
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At the end of the lecture, students should be able to:
▶ Classify Antihistamines
Define mechanism of action and uses of Antihistamines
Enlisting the adverse effects of Antihistamines.
Describe the Pharmacology of Expectorants and Mucolytics
Explain the mechanism of action ,clinical uses and toxicity of cough suppressants
▶ Histamine is a chemical messenger mostly generated
in mast cell that mediates a wide range of cellular responses, Including;
-Allergic and inflammatory reactions,
-Gastric acid secretion
- Neurotransmission in parts of the brain
▶ Histamine has no clinical application but antihistamines have important therapeutic applications.
Describe The Adverse Effects Of Anti-cancer Drugs.pptx
Adverse effects are a significant issue in the treatment of both cytotoxic drugs and newer targeted therapies, leading to dose reductions, dose delays, and treatment discontinuation.
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pharmacodynamics-III.pptx
DEFINE INTRACELLULAR/NUCLEAR RECEPTOR
DESCRIBE ROLE OF INTRACELLULAR AND INTRANUCLEAR RECEPTOR IN THE FACILITATION OF ACTION STEROID NATURE DRUGS
Type I (Ion Channel-Linked receptors)
Type II (G-Protein coupled receptors)
Type III (Enzyme-Linked receptors)
Type IV (Receptors linked to gene transcription)
Pharmacodynamics-II.pptx
G-protein (Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins)
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G proteins belong to the larger group of enzymes called GTPases.
Regaulate guanine nucleotides GDP, GTP.
They bind and hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to guanosine diphosphate (GDP).
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Define the drug receptor, types, location and
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Enlist the transmembrane signaling methods by which drug receptor interactions exert their effects.
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• Explain why the intensity of the pharmacologic response increases with
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• Describe relationship of dose to pharmacologic effect
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
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The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
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and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
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cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
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9
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