Case Study
Students will read chapter 1 of the Edward Alden text, The Closing of the American Border.
Upon completion of the weekly Alden chapter reading assignment, students will then submit a one-page summation, outlining the chapter. The summations should concentrate on thepolitical, cultural, ethnic and religious implications of this effort. The summation should also cover the student's personal observations of successes and/or failures of America's efforts to secure its border pre & post 9/11.
The weekly summation will not require formatting or references, but points will be taken off for lack of content, grammatical errors and/or for a late submission. The weekly chapter summation will be worth 25 points each week, for a total of 175 points (the final chapter of the Alden book will be included in the final exam). Note that on week 8 of the course, students will use information from their submissions from The Closing of the American Border case studies as building points for their final exam.
Chapter One
One of the most well known examples of how borders are formed and how they can affect the lives of people occurred during and after World War II. From 1940 to 1944 Germany and Italy invaded the European mainland, to which a large portion of the free world (allied forces) united to drive the invaders out. When World War II ended, the U.S., the U.K. and the Soviet Union divided the occupied lands up, creating defined formal borders. These borders were agreed upon by and were to be maintained by the three countries, however over time the politics of borders and who could and could not cross them became an issue an Germany eventually became a divided country; the East (Russia) and the West (the Free World). This resulted in the Berlin Wall which was a border fence built to keep people in (the East) and those in the West out. What were originally boundaries between occupation forces became barriers to human and commercial traffic and ultimately morphed into a formal border between two, politically and economically divergent countries. The fence between East and West Germany became a physical border, protected with mine fields, wire fence that could only be cut with a torch, guard towers, lights, and armed forces with orders to shoot-to-kill people trying to “leave” rather than potential invading forces. Eventually, in 1989 the Berlin Wall was taken down uniting Germany into one country; the Federal Republic of Germany.
The separation between East and West Germany was a political and economic barrier that has left remnants of “otherness” in some people’s minds. A physical, political, and economic wall had separated people of the same ethnicity, language, and culture for nearly fifty years. Twenty years after that barrier came down there are still political, social, and cultural repercussions.
Our text outlines the difference between barriers, boundaries, and borders. Each has separate and unique functions while all are com ...
Chapter OneOne of the most well known examples of how borders are .docxchristinemaritza
Chapter One
One of the most well known examples of how borders are formed and how they can affect the lives of people occurred during and after World War II. From 1940 to 1944 Germany and Italy invaded the European mainland, to which a large portion of the free world (allied forces) united to drive the invaders out. When World War II ended, the U.S., the U.K. and the Soviet Union divided the occupied lands up, creating defined formal borders. These borders were agreed upon by and were to be maintained by the three countries, however over time the politics of borders and who could and could not cross them became an issue an Germany eventually became a divided country; the East (Russia) and the West (the Free World). This resulted in the Berlin Wall which was a border fence built to keep people in (the East) and those in the West out. What were originally boundaries between occupation forces became barriers to human and commercial traffic and ultimately morphed into a formal border between two, politically and economically divergent countries. The fence between East and West Germany became a physical border, protected with mine fields, wire fence that could only be cut with a torch, guard towers, lights, and armed forces with orders to shoot-to-kill people trying to “leave” rather than potential invading forces. Eventually, in 1989 the Berlin Wall was taken down uniting Germany into one country; the Federal Republic of Germany.
The separation between East and West Germany was a political and economic barrier that has left remnants of “otherness” in some people’s minds. A physical, political, and economic wall had separated people of the same ethnicity, language, and culture for nearly fifty years. Twenty years after that barrier came down there are still political, social, and cultural repercussions.
Our text outlines the difference between barriers, boundaries, and borders. Each has separate and unique functions while all are common components of the modern political and economic lines that separate countries, states, and counties. Natural barriers and boundaries make some of the best borders because of the inherent difficulties in crossing them. Geography is the best example of a natural barrier and therefore natural borders.Barrier is a material object that is intended to the block passage of people and/or property. Barriers can include solid walls, electric fences and mine fields.Boundary is line (imaginary or physical) that fixes a limit. Boundaries can be political, economic, legal, physical or mental.Border is an outer edge, perimeter, periphery, or rim and are commonly used to delineate national and political boundaries.
Geography, such as a mountain range has long been a barrier to movement and in much of the world it still is. Many mountain ranges have acted as natural barriers, boundaries, and borders. An example of this type of border would be the Andes mountains which is a continual mountain range that runs along t ...
Chapter OneOne of the most well known examples of how borders ar.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter One
One of the most well known examples of how borders are formed and how they can affect the lives of people occurred during and after World War II. From 1940 to 1944 Germany and Italy invaded the European mainland, to which a large portion of the free world (allied forces) united to drive the invaders out. When World War II ended, the U.S., the U.K. and the Soviet Union divided the occupied lands up, creating defined formal borders. These borders were agreed upon by and were to be maintained by the three countries, however over time the politics of borders and who could and could not cross them became an issue an Germany eventually became a divided country; the East (Russia) and the West (the Free World). This resulted in the Berlin Wall which was a border fence built to keep people in (the East) and those in the West out. What were originally boundaries between occupation forces became barriers to human and commercial traffic and ultimately morphed into a formal border between two, politically and economically divergent countries. The fence between East and West Germany became a physical border, protected with mine fields, wire fence that could only be cut with a torch, guard towers, lights, and armed forces with orders to shoot-to-kill people trying to “leave” rather than potential invading forces. Eventually, in 1989 the Berlin Wall was taken down uniting Germany into one country; the Federal Republic of Germany.
The separation between East and West Germany was a political and economic barrier that has left remnants of “otherness” in some people’s minds. A physical, political, and economic wall had separated people of the same ethnicity, language, and culture for nearly fifty years. Twenty years after that barrier came down there are still political, social, and cultural repercussions.
Our text outlines the difference between barriers, boundaries, and borders. Each has separate and unique functions while all are common components of the modern political and economic lines that separate countries, states, and counties. Natural barriers and boundaries make some of the best borders because of the inherent difficulties in crossing them. Geography is the best example of a natural barrier and therefore natural borders.
· Barrier is a material object that is intended to the block passage of people and/or property. Barriers can include solid walls, electric fences and mine fields.
· Boundary is line (imaginary or physical) that fixes a limit. Boundaries can be political, economic, legal, physical or mental.
· Border is an outer edge, perimeter, periphery, or rim and are commonly used to delineate national and political boundaries.
Geography, such as a mountain range has long been a barrier to movement and in much of the world it still is. Many mountain ranges have acted as natural barriers, boundaries, and borders. An example of this type of border would be the Andes mountains which is a continual mountain range that run ...
The document defines and discusses key concepts related to nation-states. It explains that a nation is a large group of people united by a common culture, language and history, while a state is a political unit that exercises sovereignty over a territory. A nation-state is a state that encompasses the territory of a single nation. Characteristics of nation-states include self-rule, organized government, defined territory, and population. Examples provided are Iceland, Japan and Ireland. The document also discusses the formation and potential future decline of nation-states in a globalized world.
The document discusses political geography and boundaries. It describes how boundaries serve to mark state sovereignty and jurisdiction. Boundaries can cause disputes when they divide cultural groups or natural resources between states. The document also analyzes different types of boundaries like geometric, physical, and cultural boundaries, and how boundary disputes can arise over their definition, location, control, or allocation of territory.
This document discusses borders, their emergence and purpose throughout history, developments in border studies, and examples of contested borders in Asia. It begins by defining borders as lines that divide territories and function to create places and markers of identity. Borders can be permeable or closed. The study of borders emerged in the 1960s but was neglected until changes in sociopolitical order led to more focus on territories. This included a "territorial trap" view. New perspectives emphasized borders' relationships with security, identities, and economics. The document ends by providing examples of contested borders in Asia, such as disputes between China/India, Israel/Palestine, and India/Bangladesh.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in political geography including states, nations, nation states, boundaries, and geopolitical theories. It discusses the definitions and characteristics of states, nations, and nation states. It describes different types of nation states and the evolution of the modern state. It outlines geographic characteristics of states such as size, shape, location, cores, and capitals. It discusses classifications and disputes around boundaries. It introduces concepts in geopolitics including theories like the heartland theory, rimland theory, and domino theory. It discusses centripetal and centrifugal forces that impact unity within states.
This document provides a summary of American Indian and African American colonization policies from 1800-1890. It discusses how Indian removal policies in the early 19th century sought to relocate tribes to reservations west of the Mississippi to open land for white settlement. Similarly, some proposed "colonizing" freed African Americans by sending them to places like Liberia. However, the Civil War disrupted these plans and prompted a shift towards recognizing black citizenship instead of removal. As the war progressed and blacks served as soldiers, it helped lead to the Emancipation Proclamation granting them freedom and raised questions about their rights in America.
Regional Security North America - Sergy.pptxssuserf0592e
The document discusses regional security in North America, focusing on differences in refugee policies between the United States and Canada. It notes that Canada's refugee laws are less reliant on political conditions and view cultural diversity positively. In contrast, refugee issues in the US are more politically polarized. Geography also plays a role, as Canada's remote location allows it to better manage refugee flows. While Canada portrays a more liberal image, its policies are actually less refugee-friendly due to stricter screening processes.
Chapter OneOne of the most well known examples of how borders are .docxchristinemaritza
Chapter One
One of the most well known examples of how borders are formed and how they can affect the lives of people occurred during and after World War II. From 1940 to 1944 Germany and Italy invaded the European mainland, to which a large portion of the free world (allied forces) united to drive the invaders out. When World War II ended, the U.S., the U.K. and the Soviet Union divided the occupied lands up, creating defined formal borders. These borders were agreed upon by and were to be maintained by the three countries, however over time the politics of borders and who could and could not cross them became an issue an Germany eventually became a divided country; the East (Russia) and the West (the Free World). This resulted in the Berlin Wall which was a border fence built to keep people in (the East) and those in the West out. What were originally boundaries between occupation forces became barriers to human and commercial traffic and ultimately morphed into a formal border between two, politically and economically divergent countries. The fence between East and West Germany became a physical border, protected with mine fields, wire fence that could only be cut with a torch, guard towers, lights, and armed forces with orders to shoot-to-kill people trying to “leave” rather than potential invading forces. Eventually, in 1989 the Berlin Wall was taken down uniting Germany into one country; the Federal Republic of Germany.
The separation between East and West Germany was a political and economic barrier that has left remnants of “otherness” in some people’s minds. A physical, political, and economic wall had separated people of the same ethnicity, language, and culture for nearly fifty years. Twenty years after that barrier came down there are still political, social, and cultural repercussions.
Our text outlines the difference between barriers, boundaries, and borders. Each has separate and unique functions while all are common components of the modern political and economic lines that separate countries, states, and counties. Natural barriers and boundaries make some of the best borders because of the inherent difficulties in crossing them. Geography is the best example of a natural barrier and therefore natural borders.Barrier is a material object that is intended to the block passage of people and/or property. Barriers can include solid walls, electric fences and mine fields.Boundary is line (imaginary or physical) that fixes a limit. Boundaries can be political, economic, legal, physical or mental.Border is an outer edge, perimeter, periphery, or rim and are commonly used to delineate national and political boundaries.
Geography, such as a mountain range has long been a barrier to movement and in much of the world it still is. Many mountain ranges have acted as natural barriers, boundaries, and borders. An example of this type of border would be the Andes mountains which is a continual mountain range that runs along t ...
Chapter OneOne of the most well known examples of how borders ar.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter One
One of the most well known examples of how borders are formed and how they can affect the lives of people occurred during and after World War II. From 1940 to 1944 Germany and Italy invaded the European mainland, to which a large portion of the free world (allied forces) united to drive the invaders out. When World War II ended, the U.S., the U.K. and the Soviet Union divided the occupied lands up, creating defined formal borders. These borders were agreed upon by and were to be maintained by the three countries, however over time the politics of borders and who could and could not cross them became an issue an Germany eventually became a divided country; the East (Russia) and the West (the Free World). This resulted in the Berlin Wall which was a border fence built to keep people in (the East) and those in the West out. What were originally boundaries between occupation forces became barriers to human and commercial traffic and ultimately morphed into a formal border between two, politically and economically divergent countries. The fence between East and West Germany became a physical border, protected with mine fields, wire fence that could only be cut with a torch, guard towers, lights, and armed forces with orders to shoot-to-kill people trying to “leave” rather than potential invading forces. Eventually, in 1989 the Berlin Wall was taken down uniting Germany into one country; the Federal Republic of Germany.
The separation between East and West Germany was a political and economic barrier that has left remnants of “otherness” in some people’s minds. A physical, political, and economic wall had separated people of the same ethnicity, language, and culture for nearly fifty years. Twenty years after that barrier came down there are still political, social, and cultural repercussions.
Our text outlines the difference between barriers, boundaries, and borders. Each has separate and unique functions while all are common components of the modern political and economic lines that separate countries, states, and counties. Natural barriers and boundaries make some of the best borders because of the inherent difficulties in crossing them. Geography is the best example of a natural barrier and therefore natural borders.
· Barrier is a material object that is intended to the block passage of people and/or property. Barriers can include solid walls, electric fences and mine fields.
· Boundary is line (imaginary or physical) that fixes a limit. Boundaries can be political, economic, legal, physical or mental.
· Border is an outer edge, perimeter, periphery, or rim and are commonly used to delineate national and political boundaries.
Geography, such as a mountain range has long been a barrier to movement and in much of the world it still is. Many mountain ranges have acted as natural barriers, boundaries, and borders. An example of this type of border would be the Andes mountains which is a continual mountain range that run ...
The document defines and discusses key concepts related to nation-states. It explains that a nation is a large group of people united by a common culture, language and history, while a state is a political unit that exercises sovereignty over a territory. A nation-state is a state that encompasses the territory of a single nation. Characteristics of nation-states include self-rule, organized government, defined territory, and population. Examples provided are Iceland, Japan and Ireland. The document also discusses the formation and potential future decline of nation-states in a globalized world.
The document discusses political geography and boundaries. It describes how boundaries serve to mark state sovereignty and jurisdiction. Boundaries can cause disputes when they divide cultural groups or natural resources between states. The document also analyzes different types of boundaries like geometric, physical, and cultural boundaries, and how boundary disputes can arise over their definition, location, control, or allocation of territory.
This document discusses borders, their emergence and purpose throughout history, developments in border studies, and examples of contested borders in Asia. It begins by defining borders as lines that divide territories and function to create places and markers of identity. Borders can be permeable or closed. The study of borders emerged in the 1960s but was neglected until changes in sociopolitical order led to more focus on territories. This included a "territorial trap" view. New perspectives emphasized borders' relationships with security, identities, and economics. The document ends by providing examples of contested borders in Asia, such as disputes between China/India, Israel/Palestine, and India/Bangladesh.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in political geography including states, nations, nation states, boundaries, and geopolitical theories. It discusses the definitions and characteristics of states, nations, and nation states. It describes different types of nation states and the evolution of the modern state. It outlines geographic characteristics of states such as size, shape, location, cores, and capitals. It discusses classifications and disputes around boundaries. It introduces concepts in geopolitics including theories like the heartland theory, rimland theory, and domino theory. It discusses centripetal and centrifugal forces that impact unity within states.
This document provides a summary of American Indian and African American colonization policies from 1800-1890. It discusses how Indian removal policies in the early 19th century sought to relocate tribes to reservations west of the Mississippi to open land for white settlement. Similarly, some proposed "colonizing" freed African Americans by sending them to places like Liberia. However, the Civil War disrupted these plans and prompted a shift towards recognizing black citizenship instead of removal. As the war progressed and blacks served as soldiers, it helped lead to the Emancipation Proclamation granting them freedom and raised questions about their rights in America.
Regional Security North America - Sergy.pptxssuserf0592e
The document discusses regional security in North America, focusing on differences in refugee policies between the United States and Canada. It notes that Canada's refugee laws are less reliant on political conditions and view cultural diversity positively. In contrast, refugee issues in the US are more politically polarized. Geography also plays a role, as Canada's remote location allows it to better manage refugee flows. While Canada portrays a more liberal image, its policies are actually less refugee-friendly due to stricter screening processes.
i. The snack food industry is expanding rapidly, especially in healthy snacks like jerky, as the millennial generation leads a health food revolution. A new company called Dear North is launching Alaskan smoked salmon jerky.
ii. Dear North was founded by a woman who wanted to create a product embodying the sensory experience of Alaska using salmon. They traveled to Alaska for market research and developed salmon jerky bites and smoked salmon in jars.
iii. Dear North aims to create a "love letter to Alaska" through their business. Their salmon jerky is differentiated from other snacks through its high quality ingredients and packaging that reflects its Alaskan roots.
The document discusses Theodore Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine from 1904. It establishes that the Corollary expanded on the Monroe Doctrine by declaring that the US had the right to intervene in Latin American countries that were unable to pay foreign debts, in order to protect US economic and strategic interests in the region. This set a precedent for increased US imperialism and political involvement in the Caribbean through military interventions and commercial treaties. The Corollary was an expansion of the US sphere of influence beyond just non-colonization established in the original Monroe Doctrine.
1) Germany was divided into four zones after WWII by the Allied powers as a way to punish Germany and satisfy desires for revenge. This division led to the establishment of East and West Germany, with Berlin also divided.
2) In 1948, the US, UK, and France moved to unite their zones and form West Germany, prompting the Soviet Union to establish East Germany. The division of Germany became a symbol of the Cold War.
3) In 1961, the East German government constructed the Berlin Wall to stop the flow of people leaving East Berlin for West Berlin, which had become a gateway to West Germany. The Wall became a prominent symbol of the Cold War.
Essay Elaborations on the concept of identitity from Huntington's -Who are we Julio Cepeda
1) The formation of American national identity was shaped by early British Protestant settlers who established core values like the English language, Protestant Christianity, and principles of self-governance. This identity was reinforced by race-based exclusion and expansion westward over centuries.
2) In the late 20th century, increased globalization, immigration from Asia and Latin America, and civil rights movements weakened the previously dominant conception of American identity. A divide emerged between more nationalist populations and increasingly cosmopolitan elites.
3) The 9/11 terrorist attacks marked a turning point, strengthening American nationalism and religious aspects of identity while increasing barriers against some immigration and multiculturalism. Similar impacts were expected in European national identities.
FREE 9+ Descriptive Essay Examples in PDF | Examples. How to Write a Descriptive Essay: 14 Steps (with Pictures). FREE 6+ Descriptive Essay Samples in PDF.
Water Conservation Essay Example - PHDessay.com. Save Water Save Life Essay | Essay on Save Water Save Life for Students .... Essay on water conservation by johny bahsa - Issuu. Water Conservation Essay for Students | 500+ Words Essay. Save Water & Its Importance | Best Speeches & Essays For Students. Essay on Water | Water Essay for Students and Children in English - A .... Write An Essay Of Water Conservation In English/ Essay On 'Save Water .... Essay On Water Conservation - johny basha - Medium. Short essay on importance of water conservation - Google Docs. Save Water Essay For Grade 2 | Sitedoct.org.
1) Germany was divided into East and West after WWII due to disagreements between the Allied powers. Berlin was also divided.
2) The division became firmly established in 1949 when the US, UK, and France formed West Germany, and the Soviet Union formed East Germany in response.
3) The Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961 to prevent East Berliners from fleeing to West Berlin, and became a powerful symbol of the Cold War division between communist East and capitalist West.
The document discusses several key events and issues relating to nationalism and sectionalism in the early 19th century United States. It summarizes the regional economies of the North and South, the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the election of 1824 and accusations of a "corrupt bargain", key Supreme Court cases that strengthened federal power like McCulloch v. Maryland, and the Monroe Doctrine. It also briefly outlines the Peggy Eaton affair during Jackson's presidency and the Webster-Hayne debate in the Senate.
Boundaries can cause problems and conflicts between states. They shape the states and influence communication and isolation within states. There are different types of boundaries including physical boundaries defined by natural features, cultural boundaries defined by human-made features, and internal boundaries that divide political power within unitary and federal states. Gerrymandering of electoral boundaries has been used to benefit political parties in some countries.
Frederick Jackson Turner, The Significance of the Frontier in .docxhanneloremccaffery
Frederick Jackson Turner, The Significance of the Frontier in American History.
(Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1894).
I
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY 1
In a recent bulletin of the Superintendent of the Census for 1890 appear these significant words:
"Up to and including 1880 the country had a frontier of settlement, but at present the unsettled area
has been so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly be said to be a frontier
line. In the discussion of its extent, its westward movement, etc., it can not, therefore, any longer
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/turner/chapter1.html#foot1
have a place in the census reports." This brief official statement marks the closing of a great historic
movement. Up to our own day American history has been in a large degree the history of the
colonization of the Great West. The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and
the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development.
Behind institutions, behind constitutional forms and modifications, lie the vital forces that call
these organs into life and shape them to meet changing conditions. The peculiarity of American
institutions is, the fact that they have been compelled to adapt themselves to the changes of an
expanding people--to the changes involved in crossing a continent, in winning a wilderness, and
in developing at each area of this progress out of the primitive economic and political conditions
of the frontier into the complexity of city life. Said Calhoun in 1817, "We are great, and rapidly--
I was about to say fearfully--growing!", 2 So saying, he touched the distinguishing feature of
American life. All peoples show development; the germ theory of politics has been sufficiently
emphasized. In the case of most nations, however, the development has occurred in a limited area;
and if the nation has expanded, it has met other growing peoples whom it has conquered. But in
the case of the United States we have a different phenomenon. Limiting our attention to the
Atlantic coast, we have the familiar phenomenon of the evolution of institutions in a limited area,
such as the rise of representative government; into complex organs; the progress from primitive
industrial society, without division of labor, up to manufacturing civilization. But we have in
addition to this a recurrence of the process of evolution in each western area reached in the process
of expansion. Thus American development has exhibited not merely advance along a single line,
but a return to primitive conditions on a continually advancing frontier line, and a new
development for that area. American social development has been continually beginning over
again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/turner/chapter1.html#foot2
...
The document discusses the history and development of international law from ancient civilizations to modern times. It outlines key events and treaties that shaped international law, including practices in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. It then discusses the European period including the 30 Years War and the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which established the modern system of sovereign nation-states. The Westphalia Treaty is seen as foundational for modern international law based on relations between independent nation-states.
What appropriate sources of information did you use in finding your .docxwendolynhalbert
What appropriate sources of information did you use in finding your student-contributed resource?
At this early stage in the process of investigating a topic, what advantages do you see in conducting research to discover various factors associated with the topic?
In what ways does the ability to conduct research strengthen your understanding of the city?
http://search.proquest.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/docview/741088853?accountid=14872
I have enclosed my student-contributed resource doc
2+3 paragraphs
.
Western Civilization before The Thirty Years WarInstructions .docxwendolynhalbert
Western Civilization before The Thirty Years War
Instructions:
Please choose one question from each section to answer for your exam. This will mean that you will answer a total of four questions, each worth 25 points.
Please know that your responses must be at least
10 sentences long
. While using short, quoted phrases is fine to help support your ideas, your answers must be written mostly in your own words. Any quoting you include must be properly cited.
Please choose
ONE
of the following questions to answer.
1.
Who were the Sea Peoples? What did they do and why are they important to ancient history?
2.
Who were the Stoics and Epicureans? What did each believe? Why would the Hellenistic rulers have supported the Stoics over the Epicureans?
3.
How did the Neo-Assyrian kings' treatment of their own people as well as those they conquered contribute to their eventual downfall?
4.
Public religious tradition in ancient Greece was observed in public sacrifices and festivals. How was personal, private religious devotion demonstrated? Provide at least two specific examples.
Please choose
ONE
of the following questions to answer.
1.
During the Second Punic War, and especially in light of Cannae, Hannibal could be called the general who won the battle but lost the war. Why is this so?
2.
What was Arianism and how did the Council of Nicaea in 325 attempts to resolve the issue? When was the issue actually resolved?
3.
Why were 11th century Muslim traders able to conduct business in such far-flung places as Baghdad, Cordoba and Cairo?
4.
What was the Concordat of Worms (1122)? What impact did it have on Church-State relations in the Holy Roman Empire?
Please choose
ONE
of the following questions to answer.
1.
What was scholasticism? What was Thomas Aquinas' role in the movement?
2.
What is the difference between the parliament of Paris and the French Estates-General? How did the Estates-General come into existence?
3.
What was the Jacquerie of 1358? Explain its causes and results.
4.
What were the four phases of the Hundred Years' War? What were the key events of the final phase?
Please choose
ONE
of the following questions to answer.
1.
Why was the idea of translating the Bible into the vernacular languages so controversial? What happened to people who tried to write / publish a vernacular Bible? Provide at least two examples of people who attempted this and explain whether they were successful.
2.
While the almost constant fighting during the Thirty Years' War devastated central Europe, the situation was made worse by the new armies put into the field by the various rulers. What changes in the military made matters worse for ordinary civilians?
3.
Explain how Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei each challenged the view of the universe that was based on Ptolemy's work.
4.
Sir Francis Bacon and René Descartes both helped to promote the prestige of the scientific metho.
Western Civilization – Week 7 Discussion ForumPlease choose just o.docxwendolynhalbert
Western Civilization – Week 7 Discussion Forum
Please choose just one of the following questions to answer for the Forum Assignment this week. After you post your own answer, you will need to respond to at least three of your fellow classmates' initial posts.
• Initial Post must be at least 250 words long
• Peer Responses must be at least 125 words long.
1. A medieval German proverb states: "the city air will set you free." What was "the city air" like in many medieval towns? Using what you learned from the readings, do you agree with the proverb? Why or why not?
2. During the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572, more than 13,000 French Protestants (Huguenots) were killed because of their religious beliefs. Based on the information in our textbook and any other research you might do, who do you think was most responsible for the religious tensions getting out of control and erupting into widespread bloodshed? Why?
3. People rarely make decisions based on one single factor. In the quest to discover new lands, establish trade routes and colonize, what do you think motivated the explorers the most? Be sure to discuss at least one specific explorer in your post.
Student Response #1 – Shannon
During the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572, more than 13,000 French Protestants (Huguenots) were killed because of their religious beliefs. Based on the information in our textbook and any other research you might do, who do you think was most responsible for the religious tensions getting out of control and erupting into widespread bloodshed? Why?
Based on the information in our text books, I believe that both the Catholics and the Calvinists brought the religious tensions on themselves. With the birth of new religions on the rise there then became a power struggle among the religions. The Protestant Reformation that began set the way for religious extremism. " The agreement helped maintain a relative calm in the lands of the Holy Roman Empire by granting each ruler the right to determine the religion of his territory" (Hunt, p483) This opened the doors for many religious disputes to follow as the years went on. Each war started as a religious dispute but went on to reveal other motives, like political gains, power and greed. As time went on and religion began to spread and more and more people began to covert, there became major power struggles. When the bloodshed began with the Protestants and the Catholics not too much was solved after that, during the bloodshed, Catholic mobs killed over 3000 Huguenots in Paris. These wars about religion have simply paved the way through the years for more conflict regarding religion. I can t just blame one party and pick it to be responsible , i think all parties played a role in the tension caused by religion, each person wanted to believe in what they believed in and didn’t feel like it should have to be mandated.
Student Response #2 – Raul
People rarely make decisions based on one sing.
Wendy was addicted to her morning cup of coffee. She had one cup be.docxwendolynhalbert
Wendy was addicted to her morning cup of coffee. She had one cup before leaving the house and usually picked up another cup from the coffee shop on her way to the office. This morning, the line at the coffee shop was too long; therefore, Wendy decided to get a cup of coffee from the vending machine at work. The coffee was so hot that Wendy dropped it all over herself and was badly burned. Wendy filed suit against the vending company, the manufacturer of the vending machine, the owner of the building and the distributor of the coffee. What rights does Wendy have? Explain Wendy’s case against each party and possible defenses by each defendant.
.
WEEK 8 – EXERCISESEnter your answers in the spaces pro.docxwendolynhalbert
WEEK 8 – EXERCISES
Enter your answers in the spaces provided. Save the file using your last name as the beginning of the file name (e.g., ruf_week8_exercises) and submit via “Assignments.” When appropriate,
show your work
. You can do the work by hand, scan/take a digital picture, and attach that file with your work.
1.
A researcher plans a study in which a crucial step is offering participants a food reward. It is important that the three food rewards be equal in appeal. Thus, a prestudy was designed in which participants were asked which of the rewards they preferred. Of the 60 participants, 16 preferred cupcakes, 26 preferred candy bars, and 18 favored dried apricots. Do these scores suggest that the different foods are differentially preferred by people in general? (Use the .05 significance level.)
a.Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.Sketch the distribution involved.
c.Explain your findings.
2.
A high school principal wanted to know if the racial makeup of her teachers mirrored that of the student body. The student body broke down into 47% White, 28% Latino, 15% African American, and 10% other. Of the 65 teachers, 42 were White, 4 were Latino, 15 were African American, and 4 were Other. Do these results suggest that the racial makeup of the faculty members is different from that of the students? (Use the .05 significance level.)
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing and explain your findings.
3.
Please make up and discuss research examples corresponding to the various techniques introduced throughout this course. Describe a plausible study for each of the following statistical procedures, indicating how it would apply and what results you would predict. Also include information about the number of participants you would assess and how you would go about estimating effect size and statistical power (when relevant).
a.correlation
b.multiple regression
c.
t
test for independent means
d.
t
test for dependent means
e.ANOVA
f.chi square for goodness of fit
g.chi-square test for independence
SPSS ASSIGNMENT #8
Chi-Square
SPSS instructions:
Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit:
Open SPSS
Remember that SPSS assumes that all the scores in a row are from the same participant. In the study presented in #1, there are 20 students, some of whom have been suspended for misbehavior. The primary conflict-resolution style used by each student is also entered. [Ignore the first variable in this analysis.]
When you have entered the data for all 20 students, move to the Variable View window and change the first variable name to “SUSPEND” and the second to “STYLE”. Set the number of decimals for both variables to zero.
Click Analyze
à
Non-Parametric Tests
à
Chi-Square
Click the variable “STYLE” and then the arrow next to the box labeled “Test Variable List” to indicate that the chi-square for goodness of fit should be conducted on the conflict-resolution style variable.
N.
Week 8The Trouble with Aid Please respond to the following.docxwendolynhalbert
Week 8
"The Trouble with Aid"
Please respond to the following:
Based on the lecture and Webtext materials, address the following:
Identify the most significant problems with the way foreign aid is presently dispensed by international lending institutions. Then, discuss at least three (3) recommendations that you would make to remedy this situation so that food, medical, and financial assistance actually reaches the poor.
Week 9
"Rocky Road"
Please respond to the following:
Based on the lecture and Webtext materials, address the following:
Some of the most serious abuses taking place in developing countries deal with child labor, human slavery, sweatshops, bad governance, and environmental degradation. Select one (1) developing country, and examine the extent to which two (2) of these five (5) issues are occurring. Support your response with specific examples.
Week 10
"Act Local"
Please respond to the following:
Based on the lecture and Webtext materials, address the following:
Select one (1) developing country, and discuss the fundamental actions that the leadership of the selected country is — or is not — taking to improve the living standards of its people. Next, using this same country, cite one (1) specific example of progress or regress that its government is making in terms of the economy, the political system, and the environment.
.
Week 8 Assignment 2 SubmissionInstructionsIf you are usi.docxwendolynhalbert
Week 8 Assignment 2 Submission
Instructions
If you are using the Blackboard Mobile Learn IOS App, please click "View in Browser."
Students
, please view the "Submit a Clickable Rubric Assignment" in the Student Center.
Instructors
, training on how to grade is within the Instructor Center.
Click the link above to submit your assignment.
Assignment 2: Religious Health Care
Due Week 8 and worth 200 points
Religious Health Care operates in a community of 225,000, called Middleville. Summary statistics on Religious and its competitors, from the AHA Guide, are shown in Table 1. All of the organizations in the area are not-for-profit. Although Samaritan Hospital and Protestant Hospital have religious origins, they now view themselves as secular, not-for-profit organizations.
Table 1: Middleville Health Care Systems
Name
Beds
Admissions
Census
OP Visits
Births
Expenses (000)
Personnel
Religious
575
13,000
350
221,000
2300
$125,000
2000
Samaritan
380
17,000
260
175,000
1200
$130,000
1875
Protestant
350
10,000
180
40,000
900
$80,000
1200
The governing board of Religious hired a consulting company to evaluate its strategic performance. As part of the consultant’s evaluation, several leaders of Religious’ units were asked their perspective of the organization’s performance.
You are working for the consultant. Your job is to identify the issues from the response that should be considered further by the consultant team and possibly discussed with the governing board and the CEO. The firm has a rule, “Never offer a criticism or negative finding without suggesting how the client organization can correct it,” so you must indicate what sort of correction would be recommended as part of your list. Because you know there were about two dozen other interviews, you decide you should rank your issues in importance, to make sure the most critical are discussed.
Write a six to eight (6-8) page paper in which you:
Describe the five (5) important elements of the governing board’ s agenda for areas of improvement in core functions.
Many organizations now use a balanced scorecard or multiple dimensions of performance measurement, such as productivity, profit, market trends, quality, patient satisfaction, and worker satisfaction. Describe three (3) key performance dimensions (other than those mentioned here) and include specific measures that Religious Health Care could use to improve overall institutional performance.
Determine the performance measures Religious Health Care could use to evaluate nursing staff performance in its Emergency Room. Explain the rationale for each performance measure.
Suggest the steps that should be taken next by Religious Health Care to get better at managing specific patient groups. Explain the rationale for each step.
Decide what strategies Religious Health Care could implement to enhance its public image and increase market share. Explain the rationale for each strategy.
Describe two (2) technology-based data-collection strategie.
Week1Writing SituationsOct 21 - Oct 27 15 pointsTasks.docxwendolynhalbert
This document outlines the tasks, readings, and assignments for Week 1 of a writing course. Students are expected to read chapters from "The Student Writer" on editing, criticism, and styles of writing. They must also complete an exercise on grammar, write a persuasive essay, and finalize a learning team charter by the end of the week. The objectives for the week are to apply rhetorical strategies to persuasive writing and utilize different writing styles appropriately.
Week 8 -- Provide an example of some form of misrepresentation in me.docxwendolynhalbert
Week 8 -- Provide an example of some form of misrepresentation in media over the years (includes: staging news, re-creations, selective editing and fictional methods). Give some background for context and answer; why, in your opinion is this an example of misrepresentation and why is it egregious? Provide the link to the example.
Additionally for the Week 8 discussion, consider media bias. Both conservative and liberal sides claim that there is media bias (to the other side of their beliefs) yet, it is evident that there is bias on both sides. It is no secret that the traditional views of the following 3 media outlets are as follows: Fox News--Conservative/Right, MSNBC--Liberal/Left, CNN--Moderate. A) Track a relatively current news story and report to the class the way the 3 media outlets presented the story. Were there surprises to you in your findings? B) Also pick one additional media outlet of your choice (perhaps NPR, AL JAZEERA , or BBC) and look at their perspective of the same story. Please comment on at least 3 of your classmates' postings with questions or thoughtful, respectful, thorough responses.
.
WEEK 7 – EXERCISES Enter your answers in the spaces pr.docxwendolynhalbert
WEEK 7 – EXERCISES
Enter your answers in the spaces provided. Save the file using your last name as the beginning of the file name (e.g., ruf_week6_exercises) and submit via “Assignments.” When appropriate,
show your work
. You can do the work by hand, scan/take a digital picture, and attach that file with your work.
A sports researcher gave a standard written test of eating habits to 12 randomly selected professionals, four each from baseball, football, and basketball. The results were as follows:
Eating Habits Scores
Baseball Players
Football Players
Basketball Players
34
27
35
18
28
44
21
67
47
65
42
61
Is there a difference in eating habits among professionals in the three sports? (Use the .05 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Determine effect size.
2.
To study the effectiveness of treatments for insomnia, a sleep researcher conducted a study with 12 participants.
Four participants were instructed to count sheep (Sheep Condition), four were told to concentrate on their breathing (Breathing Condition), and four were not given any special instructions. Over the next few days, measures were taken of how many minutes it took each participant to fall asleep. The average times for the participants in the Sheep Condition were 14, 28, 27, and 31; for those in the Breathing Condition, 25, 22, 17, and 14; and for those in the control condition, 45, 33, 30, and 41.
Do these results suggest that the different techniques have different effects?
(Use the .05 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Figure the effect size of the study.
d.
Explain your findings (including the logic of comparing within-group to between-group population variance estimates, how each of these is figured, and the
F
distribution).
High school juniors planning to attend college were randomly assigned to view one of four videos about a particular college, each differing according to what aspect of college life was emphasized: athletics, social life, scholarship, or artistic/cultural opportunities. After viewing the videos, the students took a test measuring their desire to attend this college. The results were as follows:
Desire to Attend this College
Athletics
Social Life
Scholarship
Art/Cultural
68
89
74
76
56
78
82
71
69
81
79
69
70
77
80
65
Do these results suggest that the type of activity emphasized in a college film affects desire to attend that college? (Use the .01 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Figure the effect size of the study.
d.
Explain the logic of what you have done to a person who is unfamiliar with the analysis of variance.
A team of psychologists designed a study in which 12 psychiatric patients diagnosed as having generalized anxiety disorder were randomly assigned to one of three new types of th.
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Essay Elaborations on the concept of identitity from Huntington's -Who are we Julio Cepeda
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Frederick Jackson Turner, The Significance of the Frontier in .docxhanneloremccaffery
Frederick Jackson Turner, The Significance of the Frontier in American History.
(Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1894).
I
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY 1
In a recent bulletin of the Superintendent of the Census for 1890 appear these significant words:
"Up to and including 1880 the country had a frontier of settlement, but at present the unsettled area
has been so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly be said to be a frontier
line. In the discussion of its extent, its westward movement, etc., it can not, therefore, any longer
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/turner/chapter1.html#foot1
have a place in the census reports." This brief official statement marks the closing of a great historic
movement. Up to our own day American history has been in a large degree the history of the
colonization of the Great West. The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and
the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development.
Behind institutions, behind constitutional forms and modifications, lie the vital forces that call
these organs into life and shape them to meet changing conditions. The peculiarity of American
institutions is, the fact that they have been compelled to adapt themselves to the changes of an
expanding people--to the changes involved in crossing a continent, in winning a wilderness, and
in developing at each area of this progress out of the primitive economic and political conditions
of the frontier into the complexity of city life. Said Calhoun in 1817, "We are great, and rapidly--
I was about to say fearfully--growing!", 2 So saying, he touched the distinguishing feature of
American life. All peoples show development; the germ theory of politics has been sufficiently
emphasized. In the case of most nations, however, the development has occurred in a limited area;
and if the nation has expanded, it has met other growing peoples whom it has conquered. But in
the case of the United States we have a different phenomenon. Limiting our attention to the
Atlantic coast, we have the familiar phenomenon of the evolution of institutions in a limited area,
such as the rise of representative government; into complex organs; the progress from primitive
industrial society, without division of labor, up to manufacturing civilization. But we have in
addition to this a recurrence of the process of evolution in each western area reached in the process
of expansion. Thus American development has exhibited not merely advance along a single line,
but a return to primitive conditions on a continually advancing frontier line, and a new
development for that area. American social development has been continually beginning over
again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/turner/chapter1.html#foot2
...
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Similar to Case StudyStudents will read chapter 1 of the Edward Alden text, T.docx (12)
What appropriate sources of information did you use in finding your .docxwendolynhalbert
What appropriate sources of information did you use in finding your student-contributed resource?
At this early stage in the process of investigating a topic, what advantages do you see in conducting research to discover various factors associated with the topic?
In what ways does the ability to conduct research strengthen your understanding of the city?
http://search.proquest.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/docview/741088853?accountid=14872
I have enclosed my student-contributed resource doc
2+3 paragraphs
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Western Civilization before The Thirty Years WarInstructions .docxwendolynhalbert
Western Civilization before The Thirty Years War
Instructions:
Please choose one question from each section to answer for your exam. This will mean that you will answer a total of four questions, each worth 25 points.
Please know that your responses must be at least
10 sentences long
. While using short, quoted phrases is fine to help support your ideas, your answers must be written mostly in your own words. Any quoting you include must be properly cited.
Please choose
ONE
of the following questions to answer.
1.
Who were the Sea Peoples? What did they do and why are they important to ancient history?
2.
Who were the Stoics and Epicureans? What did each believe? Why would the Hellenistic rulers have supported the Stoics over the Epicureans?
3.
How did the Neo-Assyrian kings' treatment of their own people as well as those they conquered contribute to their eventual downfall?
4.
Public religious tradition in ancient Greece was observed in public sacrifices and festivals. How was personal, private religious devotion demonstrated? Provide at least two specific examples.
Please choose
ONE
of the following questions to answer.
1.
During the Second Punic War, and especially in light of Cannae, Hannibal could be called the general who won the battle but lost the war. Why is this so?
2.
What was Arianism and how did the Council of Nicaea in 325 attempts to resolve the issue? When was the issue actually resolved?
3.
Why were 11th century Muslim traders able to conduct business in such far-flung places as Baghdad, Cordoba and Cairo?
4.
What was the Concordat of Worms (1122)? What impact did it have on Church-State relations in the Holy Roman Empire?
Please choose
ONE
of the following questions to answer.
1.
What was scholasticism? What was Thomas Aquinas' role in the movement?
2.
What is the difference between the parliament of Paris and the French Estates-General? How did the Estates-General come into existence?
3.
What was the Jacquerie of 1358? Explain its causes and results.
4.
What were the four phases of the Hundred Years' War? What were the key events of the final phase?
Please choose
ONE
of the following questions to answer.
1.
Why was the idea of translating the Bible into the vernacular languages so controversial? What happened to people who tried to write / publish a vernacular Bible? Provide at least two examples of people who attempted this and explain whether they were successful.
2.
While the almost constant fighting during the Thirty Years' War devastated central Europe, the situation was made worse by the new armies put into the field by the various rulers. What changes in the military made matters worse for ordinary civilians?
3.
Explain how Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei each challenged the view of the universe that was based on Ptolemy's work.
4.
Sir Francis Bacon and René Descartes both helped to promote the prestige of the scientific metho.
Western Civilization – Week 7 Discussion ForumPlease choose just o.docxwendolynhalbert
Western Civilization – Week 7 Discussion Forum
Please choose just one of the following questions to answer for the Forum Assignment this week. After you post your own answer, you will need to respond to at least three of your fellow classmates' initial posts.
• Initial Post must be at least 250 words long
• Peer Responses must be at least 125 words long.
1. A medieval German proverb states: "the city air will set you free." What was "the city air" like in many medieval towns? Using what you learned from the readings, do you agree with the proverb? Why or why not?
2. During the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572, more than 13,000 French Protestants (Huguenots) were killed because of their religious beliefs. Based on the information in our textbook and any other research you might do, who do you think was most responsible for the religious tensions getting out of control and erupting into widespread bloodshed? Why?
3. People rarely make decisions based on one single factor. In the quest to discover new lands, establish trade routes and colonize, what do you think motivated the explorers the most? Be sure to discuss at least one specific explorer in your post.
Student Response #1 – Shannon
During the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572, more than 13,000 French Protestants (Huguenots) were killed because of their religious beliefs. Based on the information in our textbook and any other research you might do, who do you think was most responsible for the religious tensions getting out of control and erupting into widespread bloodshed? Why?
Based on the information in our text books, I believe that both the Catholics and the Calvinists brought the religious tensions on themselves. With the birth of new religions on the rise there then became a power struggle among the religions. The Protestant Reformation that began set the way for religious extremism. " The agreement helped maintain a relative calm in the lands of the Holy Roman Empire by granting each ruler the right to determine the religion of his territory" (Hunt, p483) This opened the doors for many religious disputes to follow as the years went on. Each war started as a religious dispute but went on to reveal other motives, like political gains, power and greed. As time went on and religion began to spread and more and more people began to covert, there became major power struggles. When the bloodshed began with the Protestants and the Catholics not too much was solved after that, during the bloodshed, Catholic mobs killed over 3000 Huguenots in Paris. These wars about religion have simply paved the way through the years for more conflict regarding religion. I can t just blame one party and pick it to be responsible , i think all parties played a role in the tension caused by religion, each person wanted to believe in what they believed in and didn’t feel like it should have to be mandated.
Student Response #2 – Raul
People rarely make decisions based on one sing.
Wendy was addicted to her morning cup of coffee. She had one cup be.docxwendolynhalbert
Wendy was addicted to her morning cup of coffee. She had one cup before leaving the house and usually picked up another cup from the coffee shop on her way to the office. This morning, the line at the coffee shop was too long; therefore, Wendy decided to get a cup of coffee from the vending machine at work. The coffee was so hot that Wendy dropped it all over herself and was badly burned. Wendy filed suit against the vending company, the manufacturer of the vending machine, the owner of the building and the distributor of the coffee. What rights does Wendy have? Explain Wendy’s case against each party and possible defenses by each defendant.
.
WEEK 8 – EXERCISESEnter your answers in the spaces pro.docxwendolynhalbert
WEEK 8 – EXERCISES
Enter your answers in the spaces provided. Save the file using your last name as the beginning of the file name (e.g., ruf_week8_exercises) and submit via “Assignments.” When appropriate,
show your work
. You can do the work by hand, scan/take a digital picture, and attach that file with your work.
1.
A researcher plans a study in which a crucial step is offering participants a food reward. It is important that the three food rewards be equal in appeal. Thus, a prestudy was designed in which participants were asked which of the rewards they preferred. Of the 60 participants, 16 preferred cupcakes, 26 preferred candy bars, and 18 favored dried apricots. Do these scores suggest that the different foods are differentially preferred by people in general? (Use the .05 significance level.)
a.Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.Sketch the distribution involved.
c.Explain your findings.
2.
A high school principal wanted to know if the racial makeup of her teachers mirrored that of the student body. The student body broke down into 47% White, 28% Latino, 15% African American, and 10% other. Of the 65 teachers, 42 were White, 4 were Latino, 15 were African American, and 4 were Other. Do these results suggest that the racial makeup of the faculty members is different from that of the students? (Use the .05 significance level.)
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing and explain your findings.
3.
Please make up and discuss research examples corresponding to the various techniques introduced throughout this course. Describe a plausible study for each of the following statistical procedures, indicating how it would apply and what results you would predict. Also include information about the number of participants you would assess and how you would go about estimating effect size and statistical power (when relevant).
a.correlation
b.multiple regression
c.
t
test for independent means
d.
t
test for dependent means
e.ANOVA
f.chi square for goodness of fit
g.chi-square test for independence
SPSS ASSIGNMENT #8
Chi-Square
SPSS instructions:
Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit:
Open SPSS
Remember that SPSS assumes that all the scores in a row are from the same participant. In the study presented in #1, there are 20 students, some of whom have been suspended for misbehavior. The primary conflict-resolution style used by each student is also entered. [Ignore the first variable in this analysis.]
When you have entered the data for all 20 students, move to the Variable View window and change the first variable name to “SUSPEND” and the second to “STYLE”. Set the number of decimals for both variables to zero.
Click Analyze
à
Non-Parametric Tests
à
Chi-Square
Click the variable “STYLE” and then the arrow next to the box labeled “Test Variable List” to indicate that the chi-square for goodness of fit should be conducted on the conflict-resolution style variable.
N.
Week 8The Trouble with Aid Please respond to the following.docxwendolynhalbert
Week 8
"The Trouble with Aid"
Please respond to the following:
Based on the lecture and Webtext materials, address the following:
Identify the most significant problems with the way foreign aid is presently dispensed by international lending institutions. Then, discuss at least three (3) recommendations that you would make to remedy this situation so that food, medical, and financial assistance actually reaches the poor.
Week 9
"Rocky Road"
Please respond to the following:
Based on the lecture and Webtext materials, address the following:
Some of the most serious abuses taking place in developing countries deal with child labor, human slavery, sweatshops, bad governance, and environmental degradation. Select one (1) developing country, and examine the extent to which two (2) of these five (5) issues are occurring. Support your response with specific examples.
Week 10
"Act Local"
Please respond to the following:
Based on the lecture and Webtext materials, address the following:
Select one (1) developing country, and discuss the fundamental actions that the leadership of the selected country is — or is not — taking to improve the living standards of its people. Next, using this same country, cite one (1) specific example of progress or regress that its government is making in terms of the economy, the political system, and the environment.
.
Week 8 Assignment 2 SubmissionInstructionsIf you are usi.docxwendolynhalbert
Week 8 Assignment 2 Submission
Instructions
If you are using the Blackboard Mobile Learn IOS App, please click "View in Browser."
Students
, please view the "Submit a Clickable Rubric Assignment" in the Student Center.
Instructors
, training on how to grade is within the Instructor Center.
Click the link above to submit your assignment.
Assignment 2: Religious Health Care
Due Week 8 and worth 200 points
Religious Health Care operates in a community of 225,000, called Middleville. Summary statistics on Religious and its competitors, from the AHA Guide, are shown in Table 1. All of the organizations in the area are not-for-profit. Although Samaritan Hospital and Protestant Hospital have religious origins, they now view themselves as secular, not-for-profit organizations.
Table 1: Middleville Health Care Systems
Name
Beds
Admissions
Census
OP Visits
Births
Expenses (000)
Personnel
Religious
575
13,000
350
221,000
2300
$125,000
2000
Samaritan
380
17,000
260
175,000
1200
$130,000
1875
Protestant
350
10,000
180
40,000
900
$80,000
1200
The governing board of Religious hired a consulting company to evaluate its strategic performance. As part of the consultant’s evaluation, several leaders of Religious’ units were asked their perspective of the organization’s performance.
You are working for the consultant. Your job is to identify the issues from the response that should be considered further by the consultant team and possibly discussed with the governing board and the CEO. The firm has a rule, “Never offer a criticism or negative finding without suggesting how the client organization can correct it,” so you must indicate what sort of correction would be recommended as part of your list. Because you know there were about two dozen other interviews, you decide you should rank your issues in importance, to make sure the most critical are discussed.
Write a six to eight (6-8) page paper in which you:
Describe the five (5) important elements of the governing board’ s agenda for areas of improvement in core functions.
Many organizations now use a balanced scorecard or multiple dimensions of performance measurement, such as productivity, profit, market trends, quality, patient satisfaction, and worker satisfaction. Describe three (3) key performance dimensions (other than those mentioned here) and include specific measures that Religious Health Care could use to improve overall institutional performance.
Determine the performance measures Religious Health Care could use to evaluate nursing staff performance in its Emergency Room. Explain the rationale for each performance measure.
Suggest the steps that should be taken next by Religious Health Care to get better at managing specific patient groups. Explain the rationale for each step.
Decide what strategies Religious Health Care could implement to enhance its public image and increase market share. Explain the rationale for each strategy.
Describe two (2) technology-based data-collection strategie.
Week1Writing SituationsOct 21 - Oct 27 15 pointsTasks.docxwendolynhalbert
This document outlines the tasks, readings, and assignments for Week 1 of a writing course. Students are expected to read chapters from "The Student Writer" on editing, criticism, and styles of writing. They must also complete an exercise on grammar, write a persuasive essay, and finalize a learning team charter by the end of the week. The objectives for the week are to apply rhetorical strategies to persuasive writing and utilize different writing styles appropriately.
Week 8 -- Provide an example of some form of misrepresentation in me.docxwendolynhalbert
Week 8 -- Provide an example of some form of misrepresentation in media over the years (includes: staging news, re-creations, selective editing and fictional methods). Give some background for context and answer; why, in your opinion is this an example of misrepresentation and why is it egregious? Provide the link to the example.
Additionally for the Week 8 discussion, consider media bias. Both conservative and liberal sides claim that there is media bias (to the other side of their beliefs) yet, it is evident that there is bias on both sides. It is no secret that the traditional views of the following 3 media outlets are as follows: Fox News--Conservative/Right, MSNBC--Liberal/Left, CNN--Moderate. A) Track a relatively current news story and report to the class the way the 3 media outlets presented the story. Were there surprises to you in your findings? B) Also pick one additional media outlet of your choice (perhaps NPR, AL JAZEERA , or BBC) and look at their perspective of the same story. Please comment on at least 3 of your classmates' postings with questions or thoughtful, respectful, thorough responses.
.
WEEK 7 – EXERCISES Enter your answers in the spaces pr.docxwendolynhalbert
WEEK 7 – EXERCISES
Enter your answers in the spaces provided. Save the file using your last name as the beginning of the file name (e.g., ruf_week6_exercises) and submit via “Assignments.” When appropriate,
show your work
. You can do the work by hand, scan/take a digital picture, and attach that file with your work.
A sports researcher gave a standard written test of eating habits to 12 randomly selected professionals, four each from baseball, football, and basketball. The results were as follows:
Eating Habits Scores
Baseball Players
Football Players
Basketball Players
34
27
35
18
28
44
21
67
47
65
42
61
Is there a difference in eating habits among professionals in the three sports? (Use the .05 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Determine effect size.
2.
To study the effectiveness of treatments for insomnia, a sleep researcher conducted a study with 12 participants.
Four participants were instructed to count sheep (Sheep Condition), four were told to concentrate on their breathing (Breathing Condition), and four were not given any special instructions. Over the next few days, measures were taken of how many minutes it took each participant to fall asleep. The average times for the participants in the Sheep Condition were 14, 28, 27, and 31; for those in the Breathing Condition, 25, 22, 17, and 14; and for those in the control condition, 45, 33, 30, and 41.
Do these results suggest that the different techniques have different effects?
(Use the .05 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Figure the effect size of the study.
d.
Explain your findings (including the logic of comparing within-group to between-group population variance estimates, how each of these is figured, and the
F
distribution).
High school juniors planning to attend college were randomly assigned to view one of four videos about a particular college, each differing according to what aspect of college life was emphasized: athletics, social life, scholarship, or artistic/cultural opportunities. After viewing the videos, the students took a test measuring their desire to attend this college. The results were as follows:
Desire to Attend this College
Athletics
Social Life
Scholarship
Art/Cultural
68
89
74
76
56
78
82
71
69
81
79
69
70
77
80
65
Do these results suggest that the type of activity emphasized in a college film affects desire to attend that college? (Use the .01 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Figure the effect size of the study.
d.
Explain the logic of what you have done to a person who is unfamiliar with the analysis of variance.
A team of psychologists designed a study in which 12 psychiatric patients diagnosed as having generalized anxiety disorder were randomly assigned to one of three new types of th.
weeks Discussion link in the left navigation.Description and .docxwendolynhalbert
The Hawthorne study found that changes in working conditions, such as improved lighting or breaks, temporarily increased productivity regardless of the specific changes. This showed that the social and psychological aspects of work are important. Current HR functions aim to understand and motivate employees through factors like inclusion, communication, and work culture. The study highlighted the impact of social and psychological factors on work and the need to consider these aspects to improve productivity and employee well-being.
Week1. Basics of Critical Thinking. 7 daysWeek1Basics of Critica.docxwendolynhalbert
This document outlines a 5-week course on critical thinking and decision-making. Week 1 focuses on basics of critical thinking. Week 2 covers problem identification and formulation. Week 3 is about creativity. Week 4 is dedicated to decision-making. Week 5 examines critical thinking and decision-making outcomes. Each week includes required readings, presentations, videos, quizzes, and assignments designed to help students meet the weekly learning objectives.
Week-2Here I attached two file. First one is poem file. In thi.docxwendolynhalbert
Week-2
Here I attached two file. First one is
poem file
. In this file you can choose any poem whatever you like..
Second one is
format file
….in this file you can see how to make proper format and how to write it.
Even I explain Format here.
How to make it
Format:
1)
Choose any one poem from attachment and put the title.
Than
2)
Make a poem in your own words means (imitate).
Give the title my poem I imitated
and poem title. This poem must be in your own word it should not copy with others.
Give title
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3)
Give all five question answer in brief in your words regarding poems.
Poetry Writing Analysis
In a well-crafted essay of three to four pages (excluding the pages on which your own poem and the poem you are working with are placed), refer to our lecture and consider the following questions.
1.
Does your poem extend or argue with the tradition of the poem you selected to imitate?
2.
What relationship to historical context does your primary poem bear?
3.
What relationship to historical context does your own poem bear?
4.
What is the role your reader plays as a participant in creating the poem’s meaning?
5.
Look at William Wordsworth’s
Preface to the Second Edition of Lyrical Ballads
, particularly his concept of “the overflow of powerful emotion...recollected in tranquility” compared to T. S. Eliot’s
Tradition and the Individual Talent
, in which he rejects emotion: “It is neither emotion, nor recollection, nor, without distortion of meaning, tranquility” from which poetry is crafted.
(These essays are online and easily found.)
This assignment asks you to understand the lecture material fully. You may wish to read Wordsworth’s essay,
Preface to the Second Edition of Lyrical Ballads
and T. S. Eliot’s
Tradition and the Individual Talent
on your own. Both essays are available online. It is recommended that you not conduct research outside of your text and the essays mentioned above, and that all sources used must be scrupulously cited in APA format.
.
Week 7 Exercise Prosocial BehaviorMuch of what we tend to focus.docxwendolynhalbert
Week 7 Exercise: Prosocial Behavior
Much of what we tend to focus on when we study social psychology are topics that often have a negative connotation such as conformity, prejudice, aggression or obedience. A huge component of the study of social psychology; however, focuses on prosocial behavior – behaviors that focus on compassion and helping others. For this activity, you will focus on this more uplifting aspect of social psychology. Topics that fall under the area of prosocial behavior include altruism, helping, bystander intervention, empathy, and compassion, among others.
For this exercise, pick one day and seek to structure your thoughts and behaviors entirely around helping others. With each interaction or action you take, pause to think and ask yourself "is there a way I might help another here?" Hold a door for someone, offer your seat, share a smile, give a sincere compliment, show empathy to another, attempt to be more patient or understanding, etc. Your efforts should be in social settings that involve interactions with others (rather than something such as donating to a charity for instance). The goal is to be as thoughtfully prosocial in your interactions throughout the day as possible.
At the beginning of the day, jot down your general mood, feelings, attitude, etc.
Then throughout the day, whenever possible, carry a small notebook with you or make notes in an app on your phone to jot down meaningful encounters or experiences as you attempt to engage in prosocial behaviors.
At the end of the day, again reflect and take notes on how you feel, your general mood, feelings and attitudes, etc.
PLEASE NOTE: If you are unable to engage in prosocial behavior outside of your home due to COVID-19 restrictions/precautions, you are encouraged to engage in such behaviors with your family/people with whom you are sheltering.
You may also engage in prosocial behavior with others virtually or through other means (e.g., through video calls, emails, etc...). This assignment will be more meaningful if you are able to engage in-person with acquaintances or strangers, but you can still find ways to make a significant difference to others even if quarantined or sheltering in place.
In a 5-7 slide PowerPoint presentation, not counting title or reference slides:
Summarize your experience. Describe the prosocial behaviors you engaged in, others' reactions to these behaviors, and your assessment of any changes in mood, attitude, good fortune, or anything else of note you experienced.
Review what you have learned about human behavior in social settings this week in your readings. Connect what you learned or experienced through your day of conscious, prosocial behavior with the terms, concepts, and theories from your research. Integrate at least two academic sources (your assigned readings/resources can comprise one of these sources), citing any references used in APA format.
Describe any new insights you gained through this exper.
Week4 Project Human Resources and Procurement Management.docxwendolynhalbert
Week4
Project Human Resources and Procurement Management
1
.
Supporting Activity: High Performing Teams
Write
a 200- to 300-word short-answer response to the following: three assignments,
• Since the success of a project rests largely on the performance of the team, what are some techniques a project manager can employ to foster a group of individuals in becoming a cohesive and high-performing team?
2
.
Supporting Activity: Outsourcing
•Under what circumstances is it ethically or not in the best interest of project morals to consider outsourcing parts of a project? Provide examples illustrating both and discuss why.
3.
Conceptualizing and Initializing the IT Project
•
Describe the five phases of the IT project methodology.
Write a 100- to 200-word short-answer response to the following:
five assignments
4
.
Conceptualizing and Initializing the IT Project
Why is it important to have deliverables for each phase of the IT project methodology?
5.
Conceptualizing and Initializing the IT Project
How can the experiences of and lessons learned by past project team members be incorporated into a project methodology?
6.
Conceptualizing and Initializing the IT Project
What are the advantages of developing a detailed project plan after a project has been approved for funding?
7.
Conceptualizing and Initializing the IT Project
Describe the conceptualize and initialize phase of the IT project methodology.
8
.
Conceptualizing and Initializing the IT Project
How can the experiences of and lessons learned by past project team members be incorporated into a project methodology?
Individual: Project Controls
The company offsite 2-day training session project is about ready to enter the execution phase. However, management has a history of being surprised with projects that finished over-budget, did not adhere to the timeline, evinced waste of resources, or did not meet expectations.
Address
your strategy for the following in a 2- to 3-page
memo
to gain their confidence in your project management abilities:
•Analyze and report unplanned changes
•Evaluate project quality
•Procedures you plan to implement for handling change control issues
•How you plan to communicate whether the project is meeting any stated performance and quality
objectives
.
Week4 Discussion
Wireless Communications
Supporting Activity: Introduction to the OSI Protocol Model Format
Write
a 200- to 300-word response to the following:
•After reviewing the concepts, pictorially model the TCP/IP protocol against the 7-layer OSI model. In your depiction, include the common protocol sections that fit in the various levels.
Supporting Activity: Introduction to Wireless
Write
a 200- to 300-word response to the following question:
•Differentiating among the protocols used in wireless (Media Access Control layer, FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA), what are the problems with existing protocols with satellite communications?
Supporting Activity: Network Operating Systems
Write
a 200- to 300-word response to the following questions:
•
What are the predominant network operating systems in use today? What are the differences between LAN and WAN operating systems?
.
Week3 Project Cost and Quality ManagementSupporting .docxwendolynhalbert
Week3
Project Cost and Quality Management
Supporting Activity: Cost and Time
Write
a 200- to 300-word short-answer response to the following:
•While cost and time are critical components of projects, how would you define the quality of a project? Provide some examples of project reporting metrics a project manager could use to measure and communicate the status of quality during a project.
Supporting Activity: Dependency Types
•Provide real-world examples of activities where each dependency type is used: finish-to-start, start-to-start, finish-to-finish, and start-to-finish.
Supporting Activity: Metrics
•Which metric does a project manager have most control over: cost variance, schedule variance, cost performance index, and schedule performance index? Explain how so. Which one does a project manager have least control over?
Write
a 100- to 200-word short-answer response to the following:
The Nature of Information Technology Projects
What is a methodology? What are the advantages of following a methodology when developing an information system? Information Technology Project Management
The Nature of Information Technology Projects
What is project management?
Conceptualizing and Initializing the IT Project
Describe the project life cycle (PLC) and the systems development life cycle (SDLC), and their relationship?
7
.
Conceptualizing and Initializing the IT Project
What is fast tracking? When should fast tracking be used? When is fast tracking not appropriate?
Conceptualizing and Initializing the IT Project
Why is it important to have deliverables for each phase of the IT project methodology?
Individual:
Project Budget
The project for the company offsite 2-day training session has been given a preliminary go-ahead. However a budget needs to be submitted for approval.
Write
a 2- to 3-page memo explaining the financial implications of your project that does the following.
• Adds costs estimates to your resources (both labor and material) – Refer to websites like the United States Department of Labor for estimates.
• Adds estimates for all task duration and sequencing of tasks (including precedence relations)
•Summarizes any relevant facts about the project duration, number or type of resources, critical task sequencing, and how duration estimates were arrived at
•Highlights if there are any milestones for your project
Include
a Microsoft® Project Gantt chart, as an attachment, showing the WBS of tasks (with dependencies) and task sequences, along with any budget or cost reports to support your memo.
Learning Team: Project Schedule
We are doing our project
Riordan Manufacturing
Choose a project involving an IT requirement with multiple tasks and human resources. This project must come from a business situation—for example, hardware procurement and installation, network acquisition, implementation, or expansion—in which each Learning Team member contributes backg.
Week Two IndividualReliability and ValidityWrite a 1,0.docxwendolynhalbert
Week Two Individual
Reliability and Validity
Write
a 1,050-word paper describing observation and measurement as they relate to human services research.
Refer
to Ch. 4 and 5 of
Beginning Behavioral Research
.
Address
each of the following points in your paper:
Define and describe the types of reliability. Provide examples of these types of reliability as they apply to human services research or to human services management research.
Define and describe the types of validity. Provide examples of these types of validity as they apply to human services research or to human services management research.
Provide examples of a data collection method and data collection instrument used in human services research. Why is it important to ensure that these data collection methods and instruments are both reliable and valid?
Provide examples of a different data collection method and a data collection instrument used in managerial research. Why is it important to ensure that these data collection methods and instruments are both reliable and valid?
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines and include at least two references.(and in text citations)
.
Week 7 DiscussionDiversity in the work environment promotes ac.docxwendolynhalbert
Week 7 Discussion
Diversity in the work environment promotes acceptance, respect, and teamwork despite differences in race, age, gender, language, political beliefs, religion, sexual orientation, communication styles, and other differences. Discuss the following:
What is your selected company’s stance on diversity?
If you were starting a business that required you to hire new personnel, would diversity be a priority? How important would it be to you on a list of other considerations? Explain.
Be sure to respond to at least one of your classmates' posts.
.
Week Lecture - Evaluating the Quality of Financial ReportsThe coll.docxwendolynhalbert
Week Lecture - Evaluating the Quality of Financial Reports
The collapse of Enron in the early 2000s, which was a result of massive financial manipulation, gave rise to a new era of financial reporting supervision with the establishment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002. The Act required all executives to give certified and accurate financial information. Various mechanisms were put in place to reduce financial accounting irregularities (Cunningham, 2005). Managers are therefore required to have a clear understanding of the regulations put in place and the bodies which enforce them in order to conform with them accordingly.
Issuance of financial reports and sale of securities to the public is monitored by such organizations as:
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and
The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FIRA)
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has developed the financial accounting standards to be used in the U.S. since 1973. Its function is to oversee the preparation of financial reports by non-governmental entities. FASB ensures that financial statements contain information relevant for sound decision making. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has been charged with the statutory authority of establishing reporting standards for U.S. public companies. Although it does not develop the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), it has power to monitor financial reporting. The SEC seeks its authority from three security laws: The Securities Act of 1933 (SEC, 2012b), The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (SEC, 2012c), The Investment Company Act of 1940 (SEC, 2012a), The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SEC, 2005), and The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (SEC, 2014).
The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FIRA) regulates securities firms conducting business with the public in the U.S. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) develops and Publishes International Financial Reporting Standards through the help of its 15-full time members from different countries working with stakeholders all over the world.
The usefulness of financial reports to readers depends on report quality. The conceptual framework for financial reporting categorizes qualitative characteristics of financial reports into two broad categories: fundamental qualitative characteristics, which include relevance and faithful representation, and enhancing qualitative characteristics, which make financial reports more useful and include comparability, timeliness, verifiability, and understandability. Presentation of financial reporting is limited by materiality and cost constraints. There exist differences in U.S. reporting requirements and the international requirements, although efforts have been undertaken to congregate the U.S. GAAP rules with the international financial reporting rules (Oxford Analytica, 2009). Differences in U.S. reporting req.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Case StudyStudents will read chapter 1 of the Edward Alden text, T.docx
1. Case Study
Students will read chapter 1 of the Edward Alden text, The
Closing of the American Border.
Upon completion of the weekly Alden chapter reading
assignment, students will then submit a one-page summation,
outlining the chapter. The summations should concentrate on
thepolitical, cultural, ethnic and religious implications of this
effort. The summation should also cover the student's personal
observations of successes and/or failures of America's efforts to
secure its border pre & post 9/11.
The weekly summation will not require formatting or
references, but points will be taken off for lack of content,
grammatical errors and/or for a late submission. The weekly
chapter summation will be worth 25 points each week, for a
total of 175 points (the final chapter of the Alden book will be
included in the final exam). Note that on week 8 of the course,
students will use information from their submissions from The
Closing of the American Border case studies as building
points for their final exam.
Chapter One
One of the most well known examples of how borders are
formed and how they can affect the lives of people occurred
during and after World War II. From 1940 to 1944 Germany
and Italy invaded the European mainland, to which a large
portion of the free world (allied forces) united to drive the
invaders out. When World War II ended, the U.S., the U.K. and
the Soviet Union divided the occupied lands up, creating
defined formal borders. These borders were agreed upon by and
2. were to be maintained by the three countries, however over time
the politics of borders and who could and could not cross them
became an issue an Germany eventually became a divided
country; the East (Russia) and the West (the Free World). This
resulted in the Berlin Wall which was a border fence built to
keep people in (the East) and those in the West out. What were
originally boundaries between occupation forces became
barriers to human and commercial traffic and ultimately
morphed into a formal border between two, politically and
economically divergent countries. The fence between East and
West Germany became a physical border, protected with mine
fields, wire fence that could only be cut with a torch, guard
towers, lights, and armed forces with orders to shoot-to-kill
people trying to “leave” rather than potential invading forces.
Eventually, in 1989 the Berlin Wall was taken down uniting
Germany into one country; the Federal Republic of Germany.
The separation between East and West Germany was a political
and economic barrier that has left remnants of “otherness” in
some people’s minds. A physical, political, and economic wall
had separated people of the same ethnicity, language, and
culture for nearly fifty years. Twenty years after that barrier
came down there are still political, social, and cultural
repercussions.
Our text outlines the difference between barriers, boundaries,
and borders. Each has separate and unique functions while all
are common components of the modern political and economic
lines that separate countries, states, and counties. Natural
barriers and boundaries make some of the best borders because
of the inherent difficulties in crossing them. Geography is the
best example of a natural barrier and therefore natural
borders.Barrier is a material object that is intended to the block
passage of people and/or property. Barriers can include solid
walls, electric fences and mine fields.Boundary is line
(imaginary or physical) that fixes a limit. Boundaries can be
political, economic, legal, physical or mental.Border is an outer
edge, perimeter, periphery, or rim and are commonly used to
3. delineate national and political boundaries.
Geography, such as a mountain range has long been a barrier to
movement and in much of the world it still is. Many mountain
ranges have acted as natural barriers, boundaries, and borders.
An example of this type of border would be the Andes
mountains which is a continual mountain range that runs along
the west coast of South America. These nearly impenetrable
mountains form a natural physical barrier and therefore a
natural border between the Pacific and Atlantic countries of
South America. Chile, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia all lay
along the western slopes while Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and
Venezuela lie along the eastern slopes.
Besides mountains there are many other natural geographical
barriers which can include oceans, rivers and straits. Both
North and South America consider the Atlantic and Oceans to
be natural barriers, shielding those continents from attack, due
to the vastness and difficulty of moving attacking forces across
these waters.
Another good example of a natural barrier for the U.S. would be
the Rio Grande River which has served as a natural barrier in
North America, establishing more of half the international
border between the United States and Mexico. Other natural
bodies of water that provide barriers in North America would
include the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River which comprise
a large portion of the international border between the U.S. and
Canada.
Another natural geographical barriers that make for excellent
boundaries are deserts. Deserts are good boundaries because
they are and as a result little can survive long without access to
water. Not only that, the extreme temperatures are detrimental
to human life (extreme heat by day and extreme cold by night).
In the U.S. the desert regions are essentially found across the
entire southwest of the United States and northwest expanse of
Mexico. Across this region are found several major deserts
stretching from Laredo, Texas to San Diego, California
including the Sonoran and Chihuahuan.
4. National borders are established in a variety of ways. Countries
begin with some sense by the people of commonality amongst
themselves and uniqueness from others. Often, that
commonality stems from a combination of language, ethnicity
and religion. This becomes the core component of the political
entity that establishes relationships with neighboring groups.
Over time, fixed, identifiable limits are placed on which group
controls a given area politically. Formal arrangements are
usually concluded by treaty (an agreement) which is usually
formalized through some sort of signed document.
The evolution of the modern nation state from the late 18th
century to the early 20th century corresponds with the absolute
claims to legal and political supremacy and the ascendance of
effective international law which has essentially been derived
from the will of nations. This all changed with the
establishment of the United Nations at the end of World War II.
With this came the modern era of international relations from
which we derive the current system of the law of nations.
Nations longer operated from the perspective of mutual respect
and abstention in the internal affairs of other nations, but
instead moved to the U.N. model of organized joint cooperation.
With this understanding of the origin and evolution of the law
of nations it is necessary to establish the identity of states. A
state is a “legal personality” or an “international legal person”
in proper terms. The Convention on Rights and Duties of States
(1933) defines in Article 1, “The state as a person of
international law should possess the following qualifications:
(a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c)
government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the
other states.” In Article 2, “The federal state shall constitute a
sole person in the eyes of international law.”
When does a “state” become a “state” is the subject of two
different theories:One says it is recognition of the “state” by an
established state(s). The other theory looks to the establishment
of facts that meet the criteria of statehood as laid down in
recognized international law (UIO, 1933).
5. As a result, a state may exist without being recognized by other
states. The primary function of international recognition is to
declare one country acknowledges the other state’s political
existence and as such is willing to treat that entity as an
international person, with the rights and obligations of States.
Collectively, the governmental powers of a state are referred to
as its sovereign powers. The fullest measure of sovereign
powers is exercised by a state over its land, air and coastal
territories which leads to the institution of borders between
nations.
Our text covers the ways which states can acquire more
territory;
Accretion. This is the expansion of a state’s territory by the
operation of nature. An example would include the shifting of
the course of a river, volcanism resulting in creation of new
landmass, and rivers laying down silt in their drainage basins.
Cession. This involves the transfer of sovereignty by means of
an agreement between the ceding and the acquiring states.
Conquest. This comes when one country acquires the territory
of another through military force and a declaration of the
conquering state’s intention to annex it.
Borders between countries frequently span land, rivers, and
lakes. In the Restatement, Second, Foreign Relations Law of the
United States (1965), these boundaries were defined in
subsection 12 as;The boundary separating the land areas of two
states is determined by acts of the states expressing their
consent to its location.Unless consent to a different rule has
been expressed, when the boundary between two states is a
navigable river, its location is the middle of the channel of
navigation;when the boundary between two states is a non-
navigable river or a lake, its location is the middle of the river
or lake (Wilkes, 1965).
Boundaries on oceans fall under a separate rule of law, the Law
of the Sea. The United Nations Conference on the Law of the
Sea in 1958 adopted four conventions which include;on the
Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone,on the High Seas,on
6. the Continental Shelf, andon Fishing and Conservation of the
Living Resources of the High Seas (United Nations Diplomatic
Conferences, 1958).
Because there where disagreements between countries a Third
Conference on the Law of the Sea was convened and in 1982
produced a new treaty with a variety of additional provisions.
The U.S. has never agreed to the United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea and has only agreed with the part which
establishes the territorial waters of a country as extending 12
miles from the low-tide water line of the country’s landmass.
The contiguous zone is limited to 24 nautical miles from the
low-tide water line and a state may;exercise the control
necessary to: prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal,
immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory
or territorial sea;punish infringement of the above laws and
regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea
(United Nations Diplomatic Conferences, 1982)
Waters that are not parts of exclusive economic zones, within
the territorial sea, or the internal waters of a state, or in the
archipelagic waters of an archipelagic state are considered the
high seas. For hundreds of years international law saw the high
seas as belonging to everyone and under the U.N. Convention,
art. 87, the high seas “shall be reserved for peaceful purposes.”
The sovereignty of a state implies the right to regulate
commerce through taxation, tariffs, and prohibitions. This is
one of the fundamental core considerations of being an
independent nation. One of the key components of the U.S.
Constitution is the “Commerce Clause” in Article I, section 8
which says “The Congress shall have the power…. To regulate
commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States,
and with the Indian tribes.” Congress exercises this power
through passage of laws and imposition of taxes, duties,
imposts, and excises. In order to better address the growing
international trade experienced in the early 20th century, the
Congress established the U.S. International Trade Commission
(USITC) in 1974.
7. The USITC is a federal agency with investigative powers on
matters of trade. The activities of the USITC activities
include:Determining whether U.S. industries are materially
injured by reason of imports that benefit from pricing at less
than fair value or from subsidization;Directing actions against
unfair practices in import trade, such as patent, trademark, or
copyright infringement;Making recommendations regarding
relief for industries seriously injured by increasing
imports;Advising whether agricultural imports interfere with
price-support programs of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture;Conducting studies on trade and tariff issues and
monitoring import levels; Participating in the development of
uniform statistical data on imports, exports, and domestic
production and in the establishment of an international
harmonized commodity code (Legal Information Institute,
1974).
As with most things, there are always bad (unintended results)
to everything. Removing trade barriers between countries is no
exception. Agreements such as NAFTA, while good in general
has also produced some significant problems. One problem
NAFTA has taught us is the low standards of living in one
country results in lower wages for workers, such as is the case
in Mexico, which has placed companies here in the U.S. in a
position where the relocation of a factory from here to be more
profitable in the lower wage country. This “increasing the
bottom line” improves the financial reports of companies, at the
cost of lost employment in the original country.
This can also happen in the reverse. The agriculture industry
here in U.S. is extremely efficient in producing food which
results in relatively low food prices. These products, as a result
of treaties such as NAFTA are exported to countries like
Mexico where traditional food production methods are costly
and labor intensive, making the food prices there high. The
result of the agricultural U.S. exports into Mexico has resulted
in a loss of agricultural jobs in an inherently poor country.
Another thing the world is learning is the globalization of trade
8. is rapidly breaking down economic barriers between countries
worldwide. The result is that borders have begun to change in
function and purpose.
As history has taught us, there have been, and probably always
will be disputes regarding the boundaries between two
countries, or even territories that aspire to be recognized a
country (i.e. Palestinian). There are several ways these disputes
can/have been resolved.
A close to home example would be when the United States went
to war with Mexico in 1846 over a over a depute of where the
border was between Mexico and the State of Texas. At the
conclusion of the war, Mexico agreed to the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo in which Mexico ceded California, Nevada,
Utah, Arizona, most of New Mexico and Colorado and formerly
claimed lands north of the Rio Grande River.
Other disputes may go to national or international courts for
resolution. For example;the International Tribunal for the Law
of the Sea resolves disputes over access to mineral resources on
the seabed in regions not reserved to any state or territory.the
International Court of Justice resolves disputes over the
delimitation of boundaries along continental shelf between
States with opposite or adjacent coasts.
Many countries have gone to war over border and boundary
disputes. It is only the recent past that has seen a move to
negotiation and arbitration to resolve such disputes. An
example of a dispute over who possessed a particular territory
that ended in a military conflict is the Falklands War of 1982.
The conflict was the result of a protracted historical
confrontation regarding the sovereignty of the islands. The
long-standing dispute resulted in the Argentinean invasion and
occupation of the Islands on 2 April 1982. In response, the
British government dispatched a naval task force to engage the
Argentinean Navy and Air Force and retake the islands by
amphibious assault.
History has shown us disputes over borders are resolved through
a variety of methods. Anything from legal action, to tribunals,
9. to the use of military force has been utilized throughout time.
Another method of resolving continued border violations is for
a state to erect barriers.
According to our text, barriers are material objects that are
intended to block passage. Although natural formations such as
mountains or streams historically make the best barriers most
country borders are artificial delimits drawn on maps. This has
resulted in the need, in some instances, to erect physical
barriers to prevent, or limit, unwanted incursions across
borders.
When one thinks of manmade physical barrier, the "Great Wall
of China" is very most likely to come to mind. The wall built to
protect the Chinese Empire from intrusions by the various
nomadic peoples in Mongolia and Siberia. The Great Wall has
also effectively allowed China to control unwanted immigration.
The most contentious wall in recent history has been the wall
being built by Israel to isolate Jewish settlements from
encroachment by the native Palestinians living in the West
Bank. Israel has been building communities throughout the land
seized in a previous conflict under a variety of initiatives, with
frequent starts and stops as part of the ongoing and often stalled
peace process with the peoples of the occupied territories. The
Israelis refer to the wall as the “separation” or “security fence.”
Opponents to the structure refer to it as the “Apartheid Wall.”
Regardless of the name or the opinions of the world the
function on the barrier is clearly intended to suicide bombers
and snipers, primarily for Palestine, from launching attacks
against the Jewish population.
Modern manufactured barriers work on a small scale, but tend
to be cost prohibitive on a large scale. The border between the
U.S. and Canada is almost entirely devoid of barriers to
movement. The border between the U.S. and Mexico has
several natural barriers to movement including the Rio Grande
River and the extensive deserts. These have been insufficient in
stopping the movement of contraband and people into the U.S.
from Mexico. As a result, significant efforts are being
10. expended developing and constructing barriers of various types
to control illegal crossings.
The bottom line is any barrier constructed to restrict movement,
also hinders the free flow of commerce. This is the conundrum
facing engineers and politicians alike; how to build barriers to
keep out those not wanted, while allowing the movement of
people and commodities. This is the fundamental quandary
facing all nations throughout history. Securing a state’s
borders, whether by establishing economic or political
boundaries, or the construction of physical barriers, is the
subject of the remainder of this course.