this is the detailed presentation on the topic of cardiovascular system (CVS). you'll enjoy this presentation of course ❤️

1. Physiology presentation
Group members:-
1. JAMAL KHAN
2. SAEED AHMED
3. ZAIN ALI
4. M TALHA
5. TAUQEER NASIR
6. AIMEN MARYAM
7. AYESHA HAMEED

2. CVS
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
cardiovascular system, is a complex network of
blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and
capillaries, along with the heart. This system is
responsible for circulating blood throughout the
body, delivering oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to
various tissues and organs while
removing waste products.
 Components:
• Heart
• Blood Vessels (Arteries, Veins, Capillaries)

3. The heart, a muscular organ, serves
as the powerhouse of our circulatory
system, pumping life-sustaining blood
throughout our bodies. Comprising
four chambers, it orchestrates a
symphony of contractions and
relaxations to ensure an
uninterrupted flow of oxygen and
nutrients.
Introduction to
heart:

4. Chambers:
The heart consists of two atria (upper chambers) and
two ventricles (lower chambers), each playing a
crucial role in the circulation process.
HEART ANATOMY:>
Valves:
Four valves—tricuspid, bicuspid, pulmonary, and
aortic—regulate blood flow, preventing backward
leakage and maintaining efficient circulation.

5. BLOOD VESSEL:>
The circulatory system relies on
an extensive network of blood
vessels, collectively forming a
complex roadmap that facilitates
the transport of oxygen,
nutrients, and waste products
TYPES OF VESSELS:
• ARTERIES
• VEINS
• CAPILLARIES

6. Microscopic vessels connecting arteries and
veins, facilitating the exchange of nutrients
and gases with surrounding tissues.
Capillaries are the narrow yet crucial byways
of the circulatory system.
Veins return deoxygenated blood back to the
heart. They often work against gravity, aided
by valves to prevent backflow. The superior
and inferior vena cava are prominent veins
responsible for returning blood to the heart.
Thick-walled vessels carrying oxygenated blood
away from the heart to various parts of the
body. The aorta, a major artery, serves as the
primary expressway for distributing freshly
oxygenated blood.
ARTERIES
VEINS
CAPILLARIES

7. BLOOD CIRCULATION PATHWAY
Heart Pumping:
Left ventricle contracts, pushing oxygenated blood
into the aorta.
Arteries:
Aorta branches into arteries, transporting oxygenated
blood.
Arterioles and Capillaries:
Arteries lead to smaller vessels, ending in
capillaries for nutrient exchange.
Venules and Veins:
Capillaries merge into venules and veins, returning
deoxygenated blood to the heart.

8. BLOOD CIRCULATION PATHWAY
Pulmonary Circulation:
Right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the
pulmonary artery.
Gas Exchange in Lungs:
Lungs exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen in the blood.
Systemic Circulation:
Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta for
distribution.
Continuous Cycle:
Ongoing process sustaining nutrient delivery and waste removal.

9. Blood pressure:>
Blood pressure is a fundamental
physiological parameter that
plays a pivotal role in
maintaining cardiovascular
health.
Definition of Blood Pressure:
Blood pressure is the force
exerted by circulating blood
against the walls of the
arteries as the heart pumps it
throughout the body.

10. Cardiac Cycle
The cardiac cycle helps in the circulation of blood. It
includes systole (contraction of cardiac muscles) and diastole
(relaxation of cardiac muscles). The cardiac cycle is a normal
activity of the human heart and is regulated automatically by
the nodal tissues- the sinoatrial node (SA node) and
atrioventricular node (AV node). The variation in the cardiac
cycle results in an increase or decrease in cardiac output.
The occurrence of a cardiac cycle is illustrated by the
heartbeat rate, which is the number of beats per minute. Our
heart beats 72 times per minute and is stated as 72 cardiac
cycles per minute.

11. Cardiac cycle diagram

12. Regulation of
cardiovascular functions
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS):
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
is a vital component of the
peripheral nervous system,
regulating involuntary bodily
functions. It consists of two main
branches: the sympathetic nervous
system (SNS) and the
parasympathetic nervous system
(PNS).

13. 1. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)Function:
The SNS is responsible for the "fight or flight" response,
preparing the body for strenuous physical activity or
responding to stress. It activates processes like increased
heart rate, dilation of pupils, and redirection of blood flow
to vital organs.
Cardiovascular Impact:
Sympathetic stimulation enhances heart rate (positive
chronotropy), increases myocardial contractility, and prompts
vasoconstriction, elevating blood pressure.
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)Function:
The PNS, often referred to as the "rest and digest" system,
promotes relaxation and recovery. It counterbalances the SNS
by conserving energy and facilitating processes like
digestion and rest.
Cardiovascular Impact:
Parasympathetic activity decreases heart rate (negative
chronotropy), reduces myocardial contractility, and induces

14. Hormonal Regulation in the
Cardiovascular System (CVS):
The cardiovascular system is intricately regulated by various hormones,
playing a pivotal role in maintaining blood pressure, fluid balance, and
overall cardiovascular homeostasis.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Renin Secretion:
Initiated by low blood pressure or decreased sodium levels, the kidneys
release renin into the bloodstream.
Angiotensin II Formation:Renin acts on angiotensinogen, converting it
into angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II by
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).
Cardiovascular Effects:Angiotensin II promotes vasoconstriction,
stimulating aldosterone release and causing sodium and water retention,
ultimately elevating blood pressure.

15. > These diseases are the leading
cause of death worldwide.
> Risk factors for cardiovascular
diseases include high blood pressure,
high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and
sedentary lifestyle.
Introduction to Cardiovascular
Diseases:

16. Common disorders:
Blood Vessels become
narrowed or blocked.
Referred as the "silent killer"
because it usually has no
symptoms.
Symptoms: shortness of
breath, fatigue, swelling in
the legs, and rapid or
irregular heartbeat.
Heart is unable to pump
enough blood to meet the
body's needs.
Coronary Artery
Disease (CAD)
Hypertension(High
Blood Pressure)
Heart
Failure
Symptoms: chest pain,
shortness of breath, and
fatigue.
Uncontrolled hypertension
can lead to heart attack,
stroke, kidney problems, and
other complications.

17. Stroke
:
When the blood supply to the brain is
disrupted,either by a blood clot or a ruptured
blood vessel.
> Ischemic stroke
> Hemorrhagic stroke
It is essential to adopt a healthy lifestyle Including:
> Regular exercise
> A balanced diet
> Regular check-ups
Make regular to Reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

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