The document describes an experiment that measured and compared the vital signs of athletic and non-athletic subjects during different exercise regimens involving treadmill use. Sixteen students monitored subjects' blood pressure, pulse rate, and other vital signs as the subjects performed various warm-up, exercise, and cool-down routines. The results were recorded and showed changes in vital signs over time and between athletic and non-athletic groups. Potential sources of error in the experiment are also outlined.

1. 3-OTB Group 5
Puentespina. Pusing. Razalan. Recio.

2.  Treadmill
 Stethoscope
 Sphygmomanometer
 Timer

3.  There were 8 representatives for the whole class in the
experiment to conduct the experiment. From the 8
subjects two group was formed, one for athletic group and
the other is for the non-athletic gr. Sixteen students
monitored the vital sign of the subjects. Two was assigned
to monitor the blood pressure, another two for the pulse
rate and last two for recording the vital signs. Four athletic
and non-athletic subjects were randomly assigned to the
different assigned regimen. In a regimen there was one
athletic and non-athletic subject performed the exercise
that was assigned. For Regimen A, there was a 5 mins of
warm up, 10mins of treadmill at 5-7mph ad 5 mins of cool
down. For Regime B, there was no warm up, 10 mins of
treadmill ant 5-7mph. For Regimen C, there was a 5 mins
of warm up, 10 mins of 5-7mph, and no cool down. For
regimen D, there was no warm up, 10mins of treadmill at
5-7mph and no cool down.

4.  Human error in monitoring and recording the
data/improper technique
 Improper pacing during warming-up and
cooling down
 Inability of the subjects to keep cycling above
100 revolutions per minute (rpm)
 Self-proclaimed athletes.

6. 200
180
160
140
120
Athletic A
100
Athletic B
80 Athletic C
Athletic D
60
40
20
0
At Rest After 5 min After 1 min of After 5 min of After 10 min After 5 min At Rest
exercise exercise of exercise

7. 180
160
140
120
100 Non - Athletic A
Non - Athletic B
80
Non - Athletic C
60 Non - Athletic D
40
20
0
At Rest After 5 min After 1 min of After 5 min of After 10 min After 5 min At Rest
exercise exercise of exercise

8. 180
160
140
120
100 Systole A
Systole NA
80
Diastole A
60 Diastole NA
40
20
0
At Rest After 5 min After 1 min of After 5 min of After 10 min After 5 min At Rest
Exercise Exercise of Exercise

9. 160
140
120
100
Systole A
80
Systole NA
Diastole A
60
Diastole NA
40
20
0
At Rest After 5 min After 1 min of After 5 min of After 10 min After 5 min At Rest
Exercise Exercise of Exercise

10. 250
200
150
Systole A
Systole NA
100 Diastole A
Diastole NA
50
0
At Rest After 5 min After 1 min of After 5 min of After 10 min After 5 min At Rest
Exercise Exercise of Exercise

11. 180
160
140
120
100 Systole A
Systole NA
80
Diastole A
60 Diastole NA
40
20
0
At Rest After 5 min After 1 min of After 5 min of After 10 min After 5 min At Rest
Exercise Exercise of Exercise

14.  Aerobic exercise- OXYGEN
 SYSTEMS: These are the
heart, vascular (blood vessels) and
respiratory systems.

15.  The heart is a double pump – two separate
pumps that work side by side
 The right side pumps deoxygenated blood
to the lungs
 The left side pumps oxygenated blood to
the rest of the body

16.  The heart consists of four chambers –two upper
atria and two lower ventricles
 The atrio- ventricular valves separate the atria and
ventricles
 The semi-lunar valves are found in the pulmonary
artery and aorta.

17.  STROKE VOLUME- volume of blood ejected
from the heart when the ventricles contract
(at rest = 70 cm3)
 HEART RATE – the number of (ventricle)
contractions in one minute (at rest =
72bpm)
 STROKE VOLUME – (Q) volume of blood
ejected from the heart in one minute (at
rest = 5Litres)
Q = HR X SV

18.  Resting Heart Rate
 Anticipatory Rise
 Rapid Increase of Heart Rate
 Continued but slower increase of Heart Rate
 Slight Fall/ Steady Plateau
 Continued rise in HR
 Rapid fall in HR
 Slower Fall in HR toward resting levels

19.  There are three main groups of blood vessels.
 Arteries and arterioles- transport oxygenated
blood away from the heart.
 Capillaries – bring blood to the tissues where
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
 Veins and venules – transport deoxygenated
blood back towards the heart.

20.  Blood vessels have three layers except capillaries
which are single walled.
 Arteries and arterioles have middle layer of smooth
muscle which allows them to vasodilate (widen) and
vasoconstrict (narrow).
 Arterioles have precapillary sphincters at the entry
to the capillary. These control blood flow.

21.  Capillaries are one cell thick to allow
efficient gaseous exchange.
 Venules and veins have thinner muscular
walls. The can vasodilate and vasoconstrict.
They also have valves to prevent the
backflow of blood.

22.  Starlings Law of the Heart states that stroke
volume is dependent on venous return.
 At rest the amount of blood returning to the
heart (venous return) is enough to supply the
demands of the body.
 On exercise this is not enough so venous
return must be increased. This happens in the
following ways.

23.  Controlled by Vasomotor Control Center –
Medulla Oblongata
 Redistribution of Blood
 Skeletal Muscles, Organs, Skin, Brain
 Vasodilate – Skeletal Muscles
 Vasoconstrict - organs

24.  Primary indicator of the functional capacity of
the circulation to meet the demands of
physical activity
 Cardiac Output = Heart rate x Stroke Volume

25.  At Rest
◦ Individual Variation
◦ On average, entire blood volume of approx. 5 liters
is pumped from the left ventricle each minute
◦ Aforementioned value is similar for both trained
and untrained subjects

26.  Untrained
◦ 5 liter cardiac output
◦ 70 beats per minute (average)
◦ 71ml per beat
◦ Stroke volumes for females usually average 25%
below male values and are 50 to 70 ml per beat at
rest
◦ ―Gender difference‖ due to average body size

27.  Endurance Athletes
◦ Sinus node under greater influence of acetylcholine
◦ Normally about 40-50 beats per minute at rest
◦ 5 liters per minute, 100ml per beat

28.  Endurance Athletes
◦ Endurance Training increases vagal tone that slows
heart
◦ Heart muscle strengthened through training is
capable of a more forceful stroke with each
contraction

29.  During exercise
◦ Blood flow increases in proportion to intensity of
the exercise
◦ Cardiac output has a rapid increase until a plateau
is reached
 Sedentary – 20-22L/min, 195bpm
 Endurance – 35-40L/min, <195bpm

30.  Training effects
◦ Larger stroke volume during rest and exercise
compared to untrained
◦ Greatest increase in stroke volume occurs in
transition from rest to moderate exercise
◦ Max. stroke volume is reached at 40-50% of the
max. oxygen consumption, usually represents heart
rate of 110-120bpm
◦ For athletes, small inc. in stroke vol. in transition
from rest to exercise with major inc. in cardiac
output (stroke vol. 50-60% above resting values)

31.  Blood flow to specific tissue is generally
proportional to their metabolic activity

32.  At Rest
◦ 5 L cardiac output is distributed and one-fifth of
cardiac output is distributed to muscle tissue
whereas major portion goes to other organs.
◦ 4-7ml/min of blood for every 100g of muscle

33.  During Exercise
◦ Major portion of cardiac output is diverted to
working muscles.
◦ 50-75ml per 100g of muscle tissue

34.  Redistribution of Blood
◦ Blood is redistributed and directed through working
muscles from areas that can temporarily tolerate a
reduction in normal blood flow. Shunting of blood
from specific tissues occurs primarily during
maximum exercise.

35.  ―The Athlete’s Heart‖
 Fundamental biologic adaptation of muscle to
an increased workload.
 Individual myofibrils thicken
 Number of contractile filaments within the
muscle fiber increases

37.  Used to measure the work capacity of an
individual
 Represents the maximum oxygen
consumption
 The total aerobic capacity provides a measure
of increasing metabolic work of peripheral
skeletal muscle.

38. workload
Oxygen
consumption

39.  Increases with work
 Increases primarily through an increase in
ventricular rate
 2 determinants of cardiac output
-heart rate
-stroke volume

40. Cardiac output
Oxygen
consumption

41.  Limited with persons age
 Decrease in maximum HR with age.
 Estimated by: 220-(age in years)

42. Age determined
maximum
Heart rate
Oxygen
consumption

43.  Represents the quantity of blood with each
heartbeat.
 Major determinant is diastolic filling volume
which is inversely related to the Heartrate.
Stroke volume
Oxygen
consumption

44.  The actual oxygen consumption of the heart
 Limited in anginal threshold.
-anginal threshold is defined as the point
where the myocardial oxygen demand
exceeds the ability of the coronary circulation
to meet the demand.  anginal chest pain

45. LE
consumption
Oxygen
UE
Myocardia; oxygen
demand
consumption
Upright
Oxygen
supine
Myocardia; oxygen
demand
consumption
Oxygen
Myocardia; oxygen
demand

47.  Women are more likely to report themselves
as exercising more than men if asked who
exercises more (Strelan & Hargreaves, 2005).
 Women are traditionally viewed as more
concerned about their appearance
(Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999).

48.  Men are less likely than women to exercise
for appearance related reasons (Tiggemann &
Williamson, 2000).
 Women attempt to meet sociocultural
expectations of the thin ideal, through
exercise (Strelan & Hargreaves, 2005).

49.  Performance differences between men and
women likely result from biological
differences as well as social and cultural
restrictions placed on females during
development
 Historically, fewer women have competed in
athletic events than men.

50.  Major differences between boys and girls do
not occur until puberty.
 Puberty in girls—estrogen causes pelvis
broadening, breast development, fat
deposition in hips and thighs, increased bone
growth, and faster closure of growth plates
 Puberty in boys—testosterone causes
increased bone formation and muscle mass

51.  Testosterone leads to
–  Bone formation, larger bones
–  Protein synthesis, larger muscles
–  EPO secretion,  red blood cell production
 Estrogen leads to
–  Fat deposition (lipoprotein lipase)
◦ Faster, more brief bone growth
◦ Shorter stature, lower total body mass
–  Fat mass, percent body fat

52.  After puberty, girls’ average relative body fat
is about 10% greater than boys.
 Men not only have more muscle mass, but
also carry a higher percentage of their muscle
mass in the upper body compared to women

53.  Innate qualities of muscle and motor control
are similar
 For the same amount of muscle, strength is
similar
 Muscle fiber cross-sectional areas are smaller
and muscle mass is less in women

54.  More muscle mass is proportionately
distributed below the waist in women
 Upper-body strength expressed relative to
body weight or fat-free mass is less in
women (but differences between genders are
less)

55.  WOMEN have Higher HR response at rest and
for same absolute levels of submaximal
exercise (about the same Q as men)
 Same HRmax but lower Qmax in WOMEN
because of lower SVmax
 WOMEN have Lower SV at rest and at all
exercise intensities due to smaller heart size
and smaller BV
 WOMEN have Less potential for increasing a-
vO2 diff because of lower arterial O2 content

56.  WOMEN: Differences in response compared to
men are mostly due to smaller body size
 WOMEN have Higher respiratory rate at given
ventilatory rate
 WOMEN have Smaller tidal volume at given
ventilatory rate
 WOMEN have Smaller ventilatory volume
during maximal exercise due to smaller lungs
 Resulting in lower maximal pulmonary ventilation

57.  Muscle strength differs between sexes
◦ Upper body: women 40 to 60% weaker
◦ Lower body: women 25 to 30% weaker
◦ Due to total muscle mass difference, not
difference in innate muscle mechanisms
 No sex strength disparity when expressed
per unit of muscle cross-sectional area

58.  Causes of upper-body strength disparity
◦ Women have more muscle mass in lower body
◦ Women utilize lower body strength more
 Research indicates women more fatigue
resistant

59.  Cardiovascular function differs greatly
 For same absolute submaximal workload
◦ Same cardiac output
◦ Women: lower stroke volume, higher HR
(compensatory)
◦ Smaller hearts, lower blood volume
 For same relative submaximal workload
◦ Women: HR slightly , SV , cardiac output 
◦ Leads to  O2 consumption

60.  Sex differences in respiratory function
◦ Due to difference in lung volume, body size
◦ Similar breathing frequency at same relative
workload
◦ Women  frequency at same absolute workload

61.  Body composition changes
◦ Same in men and women
–  Total body mass, fat mass, percent body fat
–  FFM (more with strength vs. endurance training)
 Weight-bearing exercise maintains bone
mineral density
 Connective tissue injury not related to sex

62.  Strength gains in women versus men
◦ Less hypertrophy in women versus men, though
some studies show similar gains with training
◦ Neural mechanisms more important for women

63.  Men outperform women by all objective
standards of competition
◦ Most noticeable in upper-body events
 Women’s performance drastically improved
over last 30 to 40 years
◦ Leveling off now
◦ Due to harder training

65. Females Males
Innate qualities of muscle and motor control Same Same
Strength Same, for same amount of muscle Same, for same amount of muscle
Muscle fiber in cross sectional areas Smaller Larger
Muscle mass More muscle mass in lower body More muscle mass in upper body
Fat free mass < >
Heart rate at rest ↑ ↓
Maximum heart rate Same Same
Cardiac output Same Same
Maximum cardiac output ↓ ↑
Maximum stroke volume ↓ ↑
Heart size smaller larger
Body size smaller larger
Respiratory rate ↑ ↓
Tidal volume smaller Larger
Ventilator volume Smaller Larger
Lungs size Smaller Larger

67. No reliable data indicate altered athletic performance
across menstrual phases
No physiological differences in exercise responses
across menstrual phases
World records set by women during every menstrual
phase

68. Seen more in lean-physique sports
Eumenorrhea: normal
Oligomenorrhea: irregular
Amenorrhea (primary, secondary): absent
Can affect 5 to 66% of athletes
***Menstrual dysfunction ≠ infertility

71.  Allows body to adjust to the cardiovascular
demands of exercise.
 Increase blood supply in skeletal muscles.
 Must have 5-10 min. of warm up before
actual exercise.

72. a.) increasing blood flow to active skeletal
muscles
b.) increasing blood flow to the myocardium
c.) increasing the dissociation of
oxyhemoglobin
d.) it leads to earlier sweating thus regulates
the temperature
e.) in reducing the incidence of abnormal heart
rhythms in heart conduction

73. a.) increase in blood flow which brings more
oxygen to working muscles
b.) an increase in temperature which produces
1.) an increase in the rate transport of
enzymes needed for the energy systems
2.) a decrease in the viscosity of the
blood which improves blood flow
3.) an increase in oxygen dissociating
from oxyhaemoglobin
c.) delays the onset of blood lactic acid

74.  gradual increase in muscle temperature and
peripheral blood flow
 energy metabolism and increased tissue
elasticity
 improve neuromuscular function
 maintain acid-base balance
 reduce oxygen deficit during vigorous
exercise
 it reduces risk of neuromuscular injuries

75.  Follows after exercise
 prevents venous pooling thus reducing the
risks of fainting
 keeps respiratory and muscle pumps working
which prevents blood pooling in the veins and
maintains venous return
 capillaries remain dilated

76.  prevention of post exercise hypotension and
dizziness
 promotes more rapid removal of lactic acid
 facilitates heat dissipation
 reduces the risk for ventricular dysrhythmias
(patients with heart disease)
 cardiac death are reduced

77.  This experiment is focus on the cardiovascular system’s
response to exercise. From the experiment, it is evident
that the heart of the athletic participant is much stronger
than that of the other. Referring to the heart rates of both
participants, the non-athletic subject shows a far higher
heart rate as compared to the athlete and this on the other
hand is due to the lack of training but with respect to both
subjects, there have been gradual increases and decreases
of the heart rates due to the phases of warming-up and
cooling-down, respectively. Gender differences is a factor
in sports and exercise though of lower significance.
Females have smaller heart, lung and body (in general)
compared to men but he maximum heart rate, the innate
qualities of muscle and motor control are the same for
both genders.

78.  Plowman, S., Smith, D.(2008). Exercise Physiology
for health fitness and performance. Philadelphia.
Lippincott Wilkins & Wolter Kluwer business.
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Inc.
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