1. GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AMBAD.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COURSE & CODE-CAPSTONE PROJECT- EXECUTION &
REPORT WRITING & 22060
ACADEMIC YEAR- 2022-23
CAPSTONE PROJECT ON
“QUALITY CONTROL & SAFETY PRACTICESS IN RCC CONSTRUCTION”
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
MR.A.R.BAIS SIR
SUBMITTED BY
ROLL NO. NAME OF STUDENT ENROLLMENT.NO.
314 NISHAN GAURAV DINESH 2011620038
317 RATHOD KARAN SURESH 2011620045
324 WAGH ABHISHEK RAMESHWAR 2011620062
306 DARADE RAJRAJESHWAR GANESH 2011620010
310 KHODKE AJINKYA SAMBHAJI 2011620028
319 SALUNKE YOGITA LAXMAN 2011620050
2. INTRODUCTION
• Quality Control is very essential to build durable and efficient structures in the
construction industry. Quality Control and Quality Assurance are very important
to maintain the quality on site. Total Quality Management (TQM) is the concept
widely used in the manufacturing industry but it also shows its importance in the
construction industry. The strength of the structure is a random variable, it is
necessary to exercise good quality control to minimize its variability.
• Safety is a state in which hazards and conditions leading to physical, psychological
or material harm are controlled in order to preserve the health and well-being of
individuals and the community. It is an essential resource for everyday life,
needed by individuals and communities to realise their aspirations.
3. LITERATURE SURVEY
• “Quality Control Circle And Performance On Construction Industry” reported by
OFILA IRHAMNA, RAHMAT NURCAHYO (2018)
• “Application and assessment of Quality management in Construction Projects”
reported by HESHAM ABDEL KHALEK, REMON F AZIZ, ESRAA A SHARABASH
(2016)
• “Quality Control and Quality Assurance In Building Construction” reported by R
LAKSHMI (2015)
• “Project Management and its Effects of Quality Control in Construction Sector”
reported by PREETHI S, MONISHA MANOHARAN (2017)
• “Necessity of Quality Control in Construction Industry” reported by AMIT A
MAHADIK, et.al., (2014)
• “Study on Construction Quality Control of Urban Complex Project Based on BIM”
reported by Junying Lou,
4. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• Requiring Safety Training – Training is essential for well informed and alert
employees. Without the necessary training, the facility will certainly see an
increase in workplace accidents that may severely injure employees or even
cause fatalities.
• Reducing Existing Hazards – Performing risk assessments and job hazard analyses
regularly is essential for mitigating and eliminating hazardous conditions. Do this
to improve workplace conditions and ultimately reduce the number of accidents.
• Following Regulations and Consensus Standards – If the applicable standards and
regulations pertaining to construction safety are not followed, the construction
firm may be penalized by OSHA. Regulations exist to keep people safe, but if they
are neglected, the worksite may suffer from more accidents. An increase in
accidents may result in a bad reputation, which in the end hurts business
prospects.
5. PROPOSED DETAILED METHODOLOGY
QUALITY OF MATERIAL :-
Test on cement (Laboratory) :-
1.Fineness Test -
• The fineness of cement is responsible for the rate of hydration, rate of evolution of heat and the
rate of gain of strength.
• The fineness of cement can be determined by Sieve Test or Air Permeability test
2. Consistency Test-
• This test is conducted to find the setting times of cement using a standard consistency test
apparatus, Vicat's apparatus.
3. Setting Time Test-
• Vicat's apparatus is used to find the setting times of cement i.e., initial setting time and final
setting time.
6. 4. Soundness Test –
• This test is conducted in Le Chatelier's apparatus to detect the presence of uncombined
lime and magnesia in cement.
5. Heat of Hydration Test-
• This test is carried out using a calorimeter adopting the principle of determining heat gain.
6. Tensile Strength of Cement-
This test is carried out using a cement-mortar briquette in a tensile testing machine.
Field Tests of Cement-
1.Date of Manufacturing 2.Cement Color 3.Whether Hard Lumps are Formed
4.Temperature Inside Cement Bag 5. Smoothness Test 6. Water Sinking Test
7.The smell of Cement Paste
7. ADMIXTURE’S FOR CONCRETE:-
Concrete Admixtures are elements added to concrete mix before or during mixing to improve
various properties in the fresh or hardened form, in addition to the three main elements of
cement concrete (cement, aggregate and water).
The most commonly changed properties due to the use of admixtures in concrete are rate of
hydration or setting time, workability, dispersion and air entrainment.
FUNCTIONS OF ADMIXTURES IN CONCRETE
• Main function of admixture is to improve workability of concrete.
• To produce concrete of fungicidal, germicidal and insecticidal properties
• Produce non-skid concrete surfaces to make it slip-resistant.
• To reduce heat of evolution to prevent concrete from damaging.
• Increases durability of concrete.
• To retard the initial setting of concrete.
9. TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATE -
1. Impact Test on Aggregates
2. Crushing Value Test of Aggregate
3. Abrasion Test Of Aggregate
4. Shape Test on Aggregates (Elongation & Flakiness Index)
5.Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Test of Coarse Aggregate
6.Soundness Test on Aggregates
10. TEST ON FINE AGGREGATE
1.Organic impurities test – this test is conducted at the field, for
every 20 cum or part thereof.
2.Silt content test – this is also a field test and to be conducted
for every 20 cum.
3.Particle size distribution - this test can be conducted at site or
in laboratory for every 40 cum of sand.
4.Bulking of sand – this test is conducted at site for every 20
cum of sand. Based on bulking of sand, suitable water cement
ratio is calculated for concrete at site.
11. Water Quality for RCC Construction (IS 456:2000) -
• Water is one of the most important elements in construction and is
required for the preparation of mortar, mixing of cement concrete
and for curing work etc.
• The quality of water used has a direct impact on the strength of the
motor and cement concrete in the construction work.
• The water used for curing and mixing must be free from high
quantities of alkalis, acid, oils, salt, sugar, organic materials, vegetable
growth, etc that might be deleterious to, concrete or iron.
• Impurities in water can cause metal corrosion, introduce unwanted
silt and clay into the concrete, adversely affect the hardening process
of concrete and also reduce the strength by even 25%. Thus the need
to ensure the quality of water used during construction is vital.
12. Some of the major parameters laid down by the IS 456:2000
standards are:-
• To neutralize 100 ml sample of water with 0.02N NaOH
• To neutralize 100 ml sample of water with 0.02N H2SO4
• PH
• Organic solids
• Inorganic solids
• Suspended matter
• Chlorides and Sulphates
13. STEEL USED IN RCC CONSTRUCTION
• WHY STEEL IS USED IN RCC :-
1. Steel Forms an excellent Bond with concrete. They act like one material in a
Composite Material.
2. Steel and concrete have approximately same Thermal Coefficients of expansion,
thus keeping the structure uniform during temperature variations. Steel also bears
the tensile forces generated while the concrete expands thermally during fire or
other temperature rise.
3. Steel has High Tensile Strength and is easily available in the form of Round Bars
4. Steel bears Compressive Stresses too. That’s a bonus!
5. Steel together with concrete results in stability of the structure within affordable
costs.
14. QUALITY CHEK OF STEEL IN CONTRUCTION SITE:
1.It should not break into pieces during bending.
2.Steel should not be brittle in nature but soft for working.
3.The length of the bar should be 12m.
4.Steel should not be corroded.
5.Steel color should be grey.
6.‘TMT’ marks should be present on each 1m length.
7.Steel should be free of paint & other materials.
8.Steel above & bar ribs should be should be properly placed.
9.Steel grade should be (Fe415, 450, 500) N/m^2 for heavy rcc structures.
10.Wt of 1 bunch steel bars 100kg min.
15. REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD FORMWORK:-
1. It should be inflexibly built and efficiently propped and supported to hold its
shape without undue deflection.
2. The joints in the formwork should be tight enough to prevent leakage of cement
grout.
3. The material of the formwork should be inexpensive, easily accessible and can be
reused for several times.
4. The surface of the formwork should be plain and smooth, and set properly to the
desired line and level.
5. The material of the formwork should not bend or get perverted in presence of
sun, rain or water at the time of concreting.
6. It should be lightweight.
7. It should be easy to remove.
17. METHODS OF CONCRETE OPERATION :-
• Batching:-The first step involves gathering the ingredients necessary to produce
the particular type of concrete.
• Mixing :-Depending on the type and quantity needed for a particular job,
concrete can be mixed by hand, by stationary mixer, or during transport.
• Transporting and Placing :- Methods of transporting concrete vary widely from
wheelbarrow and manual hauling to conveyor belt operations, to more advanced
projects involving cranes and pumps.
• Compacting and Placing :-During mixing and transport air is often entrapped,
greatly reducing the quality and strength.
• Curing and Finishing :-This process takes place immediately after concrete is
compressed and involves close attention to detail regarding moisture levels and
contracting as it dries.
18. SAFETY PROCEDURES AT RCC CONSTRUCTION SITE:-
Personal protective equipment (PPE) are supplied to all the personnel’s
working on site and even for the personal who are temporary visiting to
the site Personal protective equipment (PPE) can be classified as:
• Minimum Personal protective equipment (PPE)
1.HARD HAT OR HELMET
2. SAFETY GLASSES
3. HAND PROTECTION GLOVES
4. SAFETY VESTS
5. PROPER CLOTHING
19. Additional Personal protective equipment (PPE)
1.HEARING PROTECTION.
2. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
3. FACE SHIELDS
4. SAFETY HARNESS
5. MATERIAL STORAGE
6. MANUAL MATERIAL HANDLING
7. MECHANICAL MATERIAL HANDLING
20. BASIC SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AT CONSTRUCTION SITE
• Guard rails to be installed at open scaffold areas, all openings in the
building floor, in the excavated areas, at mobile elevated platforms. •
• Yellow stickers with safety notes to be pasted where necessary.
• The site should be clean all the times and the material should be
stored safely
• There should be proper arrangement of collection and disposal of
waste materials
• First aid should be available at all times on site for cuts burns or any
mishaps
• Fire extinguishers to be placed on site on proper locations in case of
any fire
• That should be proper lighting arrangements on the site especially
when the work is carried out during the night stand
21. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE
• By the Impact of Quality Control, Decision Making skill is developed for the
Engineers.
• Quality Control reduce the problems of Engineer in different ways.
• Engineer experience is the key factor for the construction of building. They
are not depend on the Quality Control procedures.
• For Engineers, Quality Control helps to improve the Qualities of the
construction to make a project in a given time.
• Engineers can retrieve their decision with the Quality Control and its
Management.
• In conclusion, this review pointed out the limitation of the prevention
approach in preventing unsafe behaviours and accidents. Based on the
existing knowledge on construction safety, there is evidence that human
errors of construction workers are unavoidable and has been neglected in
construction safety.
22. REFERENCE & BIBLIOGRAPHY :
[1]. R. Savitha, Importance of Quality Assurance of Materials for Construction Work.
[2]. Published by RMCMA (2008), Guidelines on Quality Control & Quality
Assurance of RMC.
[3]. MRDP (October 2012), Construction Quality Control & Quality Assurance.
[4]. Ahmed S Aga, Total Quality Management in Construction.
[5]. Director General of Works, CPWD (2009), CPWD Specifications.
[6]. C ARUM, International Association of African Researchers and Reviewers
(IAARR) (2008), QUALITY CONTROL AND SAFETY OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
BUILDINGS.
[7]. Dr. Khalid Mahmood, Factors Affecting Reinforced Concrete Construction
Quality.
[8]. S K K editor, (June2001) “RMC in India”, Civil Engineering & Construction
Review. Vol.14 (6), 21-23.
