4. Candida albicans
•UNIQUENESS : Ranges from BLASTOCONIDIA to
PSEUDOHYPHAE(Dr Geetha: Pseudohyphae is
NOT SEEN in C.albicans) to TRUE HYPHAE
•HYPHAE are partitioned by SEPTA.
•DIMORPHIC TRANSITION – Penetration of EPITHELIA – Virulence Factor
•SPECIAL ABILITY : Hyphae of C.albicans have sense of TOUCH to
grow along GROOVES and through PORES. (THIGMOTROPISM)
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5. • Candidiasis(Moniliasis) is a FUNGAL INFECTION
caused by YEASTS which belong to genus
Candida.
• There are over 20 species of Candida yeasts that
can cause infection in humans.
• The most common one is Candida albicans.
• Candida yeasts are normal fungal flora of skin,
female genital tract, git (mouth & oropharnyx).
• Overgrowth of these can cause infections.
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7. OROPHARYNGEAL / ESOPHAGEAL CANDIDIASIS
MOST COMMON symptom : White patches or plaques
on the tongue and oral mucous membranes.
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8. OROPHARYNGEAL / ESOPHAGEAL CANDIDIASIS
• Candida yeasts : Normal FUNGAL FLORA of SKIN,
FEMALE GENITAL TRACT, GIT(mouth &
oropharnyx)in small amounts.
• Candida overgrowth occurs when environment in
mouth or throat becomes IMBALANCED.
• Candida overgrowth in oropharynx :
Oropharyngeal candidiasis
• Candida overgrowth in esophagus :
Candida esophagitis, or Esophageal candidiasis.
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9. OROPHARYNGEAL / ESOPHAGEAL CANDIDIASIS
• OTHER SYMPTOMS :
• Redness or soreness in the affected areas
• Difficulty swallowing
• Cracking at the corners of
the mouth (angular cheilitis)
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11. RISK FACTORS
WEAKENED
IMUMUNE SYSTEM
ASSOCIATING
FACTORS
• BABIES less than
ONE MONTH old.
• ELDERLY
• HIV/AIDS
• Cancer Treatments
• Organ Transplantation
• Diabetes
• Corticosteroid use
• Broad Spectrum
Antibiotic use
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Type 2 Diabetes – Glucose in vaginal secretions
promote Yeast growth. (overgrowth)
Lactobacillus acidophilus given(probiotic)
It utilizes glucose to produce LACTIC ACID and
H2O2.
Restoration of altered normal flora.
12. DIAGNOSIS
1. Based on the symptoms
2. Scrap the affected areas to examine under a
microscope.
3. A culture may also be performed. however,
because Candida organisms are normal
inhabitants.
Positive culture does not make the diagnosis.
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13. • Simple budding
• Forms
Blastoconidia
• Colonies are
moist
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
YEAST MOULDS
• Vegetative growth of
filaments
• Reproduction by
spores or conidia.
• Spores are arranged on
Hyphae.
• Hyphae are fungal
filaments
• Mass of Hyphae make
up the Mycelium.
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14. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
BLASTOCONIDIA
•Large, spherical conidia at TERMINAL HYPHAE
•Chains of ELONGATED BLASTOCONIDIA is
PSEUDOHYPHAE
•Grown in CORNMEAL AGAR – 1% Tween 80
•Trypan Blue incubated 24 to 48 hours at 25 degree Celcius
•RAPID ENZYMATIC SCREENING –
•beta aminidase
• L proline aminopeptidase
Specific for Candida
albicans
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18. Microscopic examination
• Tissue biopsies
• Centrifuged spinal fluid
• Scrapings placed in drop of 10% KOH and
Calcofluor white.
• Candida is diagnosed by presence of budding
yeasts with hyphae and pseudohyphae and
germ tube
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19. 4/17/2014 19
Gram-stain of vaginal smear showing Candida albicans hyphae and many
gram-negative rods(not important)
21. Candida dubliniensis
• C.albicans and C.dubliniensis have GERM TUBES
in common.
• C.dubliniensis is seen commonly in HIV positive
patients.
• C.dubliniensis is rarely seen in HIV negative
patients.
• Culture on CHROM agar Candida
• Dark green colonies C. dubliniensis
• Light green colonies C. albicans
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26. SEROLOGY
• No CLEAR CRITERIA to establish diagnosis.
• Latex Agglutination Test and Enzyme
Immunoassay lacks sensitivity.
• Many cases are TRANSIENTLY POSITIVE
because DETECTABLE ANTIGEN titers
produced LATE in disease.
• Serum antibodies and Cell mediated
immunity.
• CD4 cells control Candidiasis
• NEUTROPHILS for Candidemia.
• Antibody titers ELEVATED in Candidemia.
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29. PREVENTION
• Good oral hygiene practices
• Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash can help to
prevent oral candidiasis in people undergoing
CANCER TREATMENT.
• ASTHMATIC patients could REDUCE the risk of
oral thrush by washing mouth with WATER after
using INHALER.
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31. VULVO-VAGINAL CANDIDIASIS / YEAST INFECTIONS
• Relatively COMMON :
• ALMOST 75% of all adult women suffer
at least one Yeast Infection in their lifetime.
• Overgrowth of Candida yeast due to:
• Acidity of the vagina changes
• Hormonal balance changes
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32. SYMPTOMS
• Genital Itching
• Burning
• sometimes a cottage cheese-like vaginal
discharge
• Men may experience itchy rash on penis
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33. RISK FACTORS
• Frequently in people with WEAKENED
IMMUNE SYSTEM
• Other conditions are :
1. Pregnancy
2. Diabetes
3. Broad spectrum antibiotics
4. Corticosteroid use
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34. DIAGNOSIS
• DIFFFICULT because symptoms are similar to
other GENITAL INFECTIONS.
• ABNORMAL no. of Candida yeasts in vaginal
secretion sample under microscope.
• Fungal culture is NOT ALWAYS USEFUL.
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36. PREVENTION
• WEARING COTTON UNDERWEAR
Reduces the risk of developing Yeast Infection
• Avoid tight fitting clothes
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37. SYSTEMIC CANDIDIASIS
• Candida yeasts enter the bloodstream
• Candidemia (a bloodstream infection
with Candida)
• Fourth most common bloodstream
infection among hospitalized patients in
the United States.
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38. SYMPTOMS
• NOT SPECIFIC
• MOST COMMON :
• Fever and chills do not improve after
antibiotic therapy.
• Infection spreads to Kidneys, Liver, Bones,
Muscles, Joints, Spleen, or Eyes.
• Untreated – ORGAN FAILURE
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39. RISK FACTORS
• Intensive care unit (ICU) patients
• Surgical patients
• Patients with a CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER
• People whose immune systems are weakened
(HIV/AIDS)
• Very low-birth-weight infants
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