Cameroon is located in Central Africa and is bounded by Chad, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, and Nigeria. It has a population of over 25 million people and French and English are the official languages. Agriculture is very important to Cameroon's economy, employing over 70% of the population. However, food insecurity is a concern due to population growth, low agricultural inputs, and the potential impacts of climate change. The country has diverse agro-ecological zones and crops produced include cocoa, maize, plantains, peanuts, beans, potatoes, and more. Pesticide use is common but often involves misuse and risks to human and environmental health.
Poverty reduction has been one of the main objectives of major international organisations like FAO, World Bank, UNICEF and governments’ especially those of Africa. This study contributes to the fight against poverty through the analysis of market gardening as a strategy to poverty reduction in the Jakiri municipality. Data were collected through household interview, focus group discussion, interview of personnel of the ministry of agriculture and rural development, councils, religious heads and local chiefs) and field observations. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics, correlation and regression. The findings revealed that 73% of the market gardeners in Jakiri subdivision did not attend secondary school, lack skills to compete for jobs in urban areas. Agriculture particularly market gardening was their major source of income generating activity as more than 75% of the household income comes from market gardening. Also, more than 80% of what is produced is sold. Moreover, 90% of the gardeners in Jakiri subdivision think that if government could help them improve on their productivity their livelihoods will improve and this will take them out of poverty. There are high expectations that the income and the number of market gardeners will rise over time and space. This can be seen by the number of farmers involved and their earning where more than 70% earn from 1,000,000FCFA and above per year, an average of 83,334FCFA and above per month. Targeted marketing development strategies need to be followed by market gardeners and various stakeholders in Jakiri to better exploit the economic potential of these crops and at the same time maintaining its contributions to the local crop diversity.
This document summarizes the history of rice production in Cameroon from the colonial era to present day. It describes how rice production grew significantly from the 1960s through the 1980s, peaking at around 107,000 tons in 1985, before declining in the late 1980s due to economic issues. Currently, rice production meets only 13% of domestic consumption, with imports making up the difference. The document reviews the key rice growing regions and production systems in Cameroon.
The document discusses how agricultural trade impacts rural livelihoods and food security in Kenya. It notes that Kenya relies on imports to meet food deficits and fulfill national food needs. However, trade liberalization and policies like subsidies in other countries have negatively impacted Kenya's agricultural sector and reduced rural incomes and employment opportunities. This has exacerbated food insecurity, with over half the population considered food insecure. The document examines the linkages between trade, rural livelihoods and food security in Kenya through literature review and analysis of trade patterns, poverty rates, and food security statistics.
Assessing the determinants of agricultural commercialization and challenges c...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This study assesses the agricultural commercialization levels, determinants, and challenges confronting smallholder cassava farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. This study was conducted in Oyo State, Nigeria using cross-sectional data from 211 smallholder cassava farmers and employing multi-stage sampling procedures. Descriptive statistics, Crop Commercialization Index (CCI), and Ordered Logit Model (OLM) were used to analyze the data collected. The results revealed that 83.9% of the cassava farmers participated in the commercialization of their cassava roots while the remaining farmers were non-participants. The greatest challenge faced by the cassava farmers in the study area was the incessant attacks by the Fulani herdsmen (destroying growing cassava on the farm) while other challenges included cassava cyclical gluts and poor access road. Moreover, OLM revealed that age, farm size, cassava marketing experience and distance to market had significant influence on commercialization levels of cassava farmers. However, in order to enhance increased commercialization levels of cassava farmers and peaceful coexistence in the study area, policies and intervention programmes that will facilitate rural infrastructure development and proffer lasting solution to the farmers-herders crisis should be given upmost priority.
Marek Harsdorff: Climate compatible productive and decent work – a major way ...AfricaAdapt
This document discusses the challenges facing Ethiopia in addressing climate change and poverty, and proposes an integrated approach of employment-led climate compatible development. Some key points:
1. Ethiopia faces economic challenges including reliance on agriculture vulnerable to climate impacts, and social challenges including high poverty and vulnerability of farmers, women and youth.
2. An integrated approach is proposed that creates green jobs through climate adaptation investments in areas like water infrastructure, skills training, micro-insurance, social protection programs, and renewable energy and value chains to diversify the economy.
3. This approach aims to address climate change and development in a "win-win-win" manner through employment-led climate compatible growth that benefits the environment,
This document provides an overview of Libya's health, nutrition, and food situation. It discusses Libya's population, geography, climate, land and water resources, economic framework, food production, and human development indicators. Key details include that Libya has a population of 6.3 million people and its economy depends heavily on oil production. The average daily calorie intake is around 3769 calories but diet is low in some vitamins. Life expectancy has increased to 77 years while illiteracy has decreased to 21.9%.
The agricultural sector in Ghana consists of crops, livestock, fisheries, cocoa and forestry. Agriculture has historically been the largest sector of Ghana's economy, contributing over half of GDP and employing about 60% of the population. However, its contribution to GDP has declined in recent decades as the industrial and services sectors have grown. The agricultural sector faces several challenges, including lack of access to credit, inadequate infrastructure, socio-cultural constraints, and inconsistent government policies.
1. The document discusses the linkages between regional trade, rural livelihoods, and food security in Kenya. It finds that trade can positively or negatively impact rural incomes and food security.
2. When trade increases rural incomes through agricultural production and processing, it can boost food security by raising demand. However, trade liberalization and subsidies have also hurt some Kenyan farmers and decreased agricultural production in some areas.
3. Around half of Kenya's population experiences food insecurity. The country relies on food imports and trade to stabilize food supplies and prices. However, both formal and informal regional trade are impacted by barriers like tariffs and corruption.
Poverty reduction has been one of the main objectives of major international organisations like FAO, World Bank, UNICEF and governments’ especially those of Africa. This study contributes to the fight against poverty through the analysis of market gardening as a strategy to poverty reduction in the Jakiri municipality. Data were collected through household interview, focus group discussion, interview of personnel of the ministry of agriculture and rural development, councils, religious heads and local chiefs) and field observations. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics, correlation and regression. The findings revealed that 73% of the market gardeners in Jakiri subdivision did not attend secondary school, lack skills to compete for jobs in urban areas. Agriculture particularly market gardening was their major source of income generating activity as more than 75% of the household income comes from market gardening. Also, more than 80% of what is produced is sold. Moreover, 90% of the gardeners in Jakiri subdivision think that if government could help them improve on their productivity their livelihoods will improve and this will take them out of poverty. There are high expectations that the income and the number of market gardeners will rise over time and space. This can be seen by the number of farmers involved and their earning where more than 70% earn from 1,000,000FCFA and above per year, an average of 83,334FCFA and above per month. Targeted marketing development strategies need to be followed by market gardeners and various stakeholders in Jakiri to better exploit the economic potential of these crops and at the same time maintaining its contributions to the local crop diversity.
This document summarizes the history of rice production in Cameroon from the colonial era to present day. It describes how rice production grew significantly from the 1960s through the 1980s, peaking at around 107,000 tons in 1985, before declining in the late 1980s due to economic issues. Currently, rice production meets only 13% of domestic consumption, with imports making up the difference. The document reviews the key rice growing regions and production systems in Cameroon.
The document discusses how agricultural trade impacts rural livelihoods and food security in Kenya. It notes that Kenya relies on imports to meet food deficits and fulfill national food needs. However, trade liberalization and policies like subsidies in other countries have negatively impacted Kenya's agricultural sector and reduced rural incomes and employment opportunities. This has exacerbated food insecurity, with over half the population considered food insecure. The document examines the linkages between trade, rural livelihoods and food security in Kenya through literature review and analysis of trade patterns, poverty rates, and food security statistics.
Assessing the determinants of agricultural commercialization and challenges c...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This study assesses the agricultural commercialization levels, determinants, and challenges confronting smallholder cassava farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. This study was conducted in Oyo State, Nigeria using cross-sectional data from 211 smallholder cassava farmers and employing multi-stage sampling procedures. Descriptive statistics, Crop Commercialization Index (CCI), and Ordered Logit Model (OLM) were used to analyze the data collected. The results revealed that 83.9% of the cassava farmers participated in the commercialization of their cassava roots while the remaining farmers were non-participants. The greatest challenge faced by the cassava farmers in the study area was the incessant attacks by the Fulani herdsmen (destroying growing cassava on the farm) while other challenges included cassava cyclical gluts and poor access road. Moreover, OLM revealed that age, farm size, cassava marketing experience and distance to market had significant influence on commercialization levels of cassava farmers. However, in order to enhance increased commercialization levels of cassava farmers and peaceful coexistence in the study area, policies and intervention programmes that will facilitate rural infrastructure development and proffer lasting solution to the farmers-herders crisis should be given upmost priority.
Marek Harsdorff: Climate compatible productive and decent work – a major way ...AfricaAdapt
This document discusses the challenges facing Ethiopia in addressing climate change and poverty, and proposes an integrated approach of employment-led climate compatible development. Some key points:
1. Ethiopia faces economic challenges including reliance on agriculture vulnerable to climate impacts, and social challenges including high poverty and vulnerability of farmers, women and youth.
2. An integrated approach is proposed that creates green jobs through climate adaptation investments in areas like water infrastructure, skills training, micro-insurance, social protection programs, and renewable energy and value chains to diversify the economy.
3. This approach aims to address climate change and development in a "win-win-win" manner through employment-led climate compatible growth that benefits the environment,
This document provides an overview of Libya's health, nutrition, and food situation. It discusses Libya's population, geography, climate, land and water resources, economic framework, food production, and human development indicators. Key details include that Libya has a population of 6.3 million people and its economy depends heavily on oil production. The average daily calorie intake is around 3769 calories but diet is low in some vitamins. Life expectancy has increased to 77 years while illiteracy has decreased to 21.9%.
The agricultural sector in Ghana consists of crops, livestock, fisheries, cocoa and forestry. Agriculture has historically been the largest sector of Ghana's economy, contributing over half of GDP and employing about 60% of the population. However, its contribution to GDP has declined in recent decades as the industrial and services sectors have grown. The agricultural sector faces several challenges, including lack of access to credit, inadequate infrastructure, socio-cultural constraints, and inconsistent government policies.
1. The document discusses the linkages between regional trade, rural livelihoods, and food security in Kenya. It finds that trade can positively or negatively impact rural incomes and food security.
2. When trade increases rural incomes through agricultural production and processing, it can boost food security by raising demand. However, trade liberalization and subsidies have also hurt some Kenyan farmers and decreased agricultural production in some areas.
3. Around half of Kenya's population experiences food insecurity. The country relies on food imports and trade to stabilize food supplies and prices. However, both formal and informal regional trade are impacted by barriers like tariffs and corruption.
The Philippines is an archipelago of over 7,100 islands located in Southeast Asia. It has a tropical climate with wet and dry seasons and is prone to seismic and volcanic activity due to being located in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Agriculture is an important sector for the economy and population, with the top crops being coconut, rice, maize, and sugarcane, however it suffers from issues like low productivity and lack of infrastructure support from the government. The country also experiences around 20 typhoons per year during the wet season.
This document outlines Oman's five-year agricultural and livestock research strategy from 2011-2015. It describes the country's agro-ecological regions and their climates. The strategy focuses on 10 mega-programs covering areas like date palm research, water use efficiency, genetic resources management, integrated pest management, and food safety. The strategy was developed through consultation with researchers, extension agents, farmers and policymakers to improve agricultural research and support the country's Vision 2020. The strategy aims to develop technologies that can be transferred to end users and improve incomes for Oman's farming communities.
Status and potential of improving crop subChimeg DB
The document discusses the status and potential of improving Mongolia's crop sub-sector. It finds that while crops currently make up a small portion of agricultural output, the crop sub-sector has potential to address food security and poverty reduction. It faces challenges such as land degradation, lack of technology, and poor infrastructure. A SWOT analysis identifies strengths like available agricultural land but also weaknesses such as low productivity and threats such as climatic hazards.
Origin, non-monetary benefits and perspectives of domestication of Non-Timber...AI Publications
The objective of this study is to contribute towards the promotion of NTFPs from various origins by assessing their contribution in sustaining the livelihood of communities in Mifi Division and the domestication potential of some of the NTFP species. The study was carried out in the Mifi Division in the West Region of Cameroon. Respondent were drawn from a cross-section of exploiters and marketers. Data were collected through the administration of semi-structured questionnaires and interview guides as well as direct observations with actors including 65 wholesalers, 150 retailers and 120 households. Data analysis was carried out using Excel 2016 to generate tables and graphs, and ARCGIS 10.1 to generate the map of the areas of origin of NTFPs. Results revealed that 29 species are used in the Division but almost all (28 species) come from areas out of Mifi. Parts used for consumption consist of 36,84% fruits, 36.84% seeds, 10.52% leaves, 5.26% sap, 5.26% mushrooms and 5,26% rhizome while their use for medicinal purposes consist of 42,85% barks, 28.57% fruits, 14.28% seeds and 7.14% leaves and rhizome. In total, species are used as food (46.55%), medicine (36.2%), for construction and furniture (6.89%), packaging (6.89%) and cosmetics (3.44%). NTFPs are becoming increasingly rare, reason for the need of an effective domestication of the most used species. NTFPs mainly Garcinia kola and Tetrapleura tetraptera with higher assets and low constraints can potentially be domesticated in the Mifi Division in order to reduce overexploitation and promote sustainable management of NTFPs in the present context of climate change. There are many favorable conditions including, the need of small financial capital, the interest of inter-community groups and available workforce. Some constraints persist such as the lack of young plants, lack of technical assistance and financial support.
Sub-Saharan Africa: The State of Smallholders in AgricultureDr Lendy Spires
The purpose of this paper is to provide a regional canvas for the broader discussion of the future directions on smallholders in agriculture. We do not attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), its agricultural sector or even all of the challenges and opportunities associated with smallholder farming.
Rather, the intention is to communicate our appreciation of the richness and complexity of the continent in comparison with other developing regions, and through discussion of the role of smallholder farmers in agricultural growth, focus the broader discussions of the conference on some of the key issues which, from our experience and that of IFAD projects working in SSA, are particularly relevant in our efforts to assist smallholder families definitively escape poverty through the transition towards ‘farming as a business’.
We begin in Section One with a brief overview of the land, geography, people, economy and of course, smallholder agriculture in SSA. Following this, in Section Two, we look more closely at the opportunities for SSA’s smallholders, adapting the perspective of IFAD’s recently released Rural Poverty Report to our regional context, and use a risk management lens to connect overall ecological and market contexts to the specific endeavours of smallholder farmers.
In Section Three, we move rapidly from the general to a specific focus on an issue which we feel merits much greater consideration – the importance of spatial and temporal coordination in reducing risk, increasing returns and allowing for project success. Finally, we conclude with some key recommendations on how these ideas can be transformed into an operational approach.
This paper provides an overview of the agricultural and economic characteristics of sub-Saharan Africa. It finds that while SSA has significant opportunities for smallholder farmers to increase production, they face substantial risks in intensifying agriculture due to low soil fertility, degradation, and vulnerability to weather events. Transitioning to more intensive, market-integrated systems depends on better managing these risks. The paper argues that development projects aimed at supporting this transition need to better coordinate their interventions spatially and temporally to effectively reduce risks and increase returns for smallholders.
Envisioning the future of African agriculture and the renewed role of farmer’s organizations
Organized by the Panafrican Farmer’s Organisations (PAFO), the ACP-EU Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), African Union Commission (AUC)
This Briefing is linked to the Brussels Briefings organized by the CTA, EC/DGDEVCO, ACP Group and Concord every two months on key issues related to agriculture in ACP countries.
More information: http://brusselsbriefings.net
Climate Change and Jamaica's Agricultural SectorACDI/VOCA
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on Jamaica's agricultural sector. It notes that small farmers, who make up 85% of agricultural holdings and rely on rain-fed production, are highly vulnerable. Climate change is already causing more variable rainfall patterns, increased temperatures, and more frequent extreme weather. This has resulted in losses estimated at $14.4 billion between 1994-2010. More frequent droughts and hurricanes damage infrastructure and lower crop yields, threatening food security as local production becomes less predictable and reliable.
Position paper of dominican republic of carebbieanManoj Shrestha
The Committee is discussing sustainable capacity building in the agricultural sector of the Dominican Republic. Agriculture makes up only 5% of the Dominican economy but uses over 50% of the country's land. Poverty affects over 40% of the population, including high rates of childhood anemia and malnutrition. Small farmers face challenges including lack of access to markets, mechanization, and modern farming techniques due to poverty. Climate change has exacerbated issues through repeated natural disasters. The Dominican Republic has implemented various policies and programs to support sustainable agriculture and reduce poverty, including strategic plans, subsidies, and trade agreements. However, more work is needed in areas like food security, soil conservation, access to technology and infrastructure for small farmers.
The Good, The Bad and The Ugly: Climate Change's Potential Impact on Farmers ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation focuses on the complex influences on farmers in West Africa, the major challenges for them, scenarios for the future and shows some recommendations.
Agriculture has been the major source of livelihood in Nigeria, primarily because the environment is favorable for Agricultural practice. On the basis of climate, topography and vegetation the country is divided into five agricultural zones, namely Dry sub humid, Sub-humid, very humid and swamp/flood. Subsistence agriculture formed the major system of farming in the olden days which provide food crops for human consumption, while surplus are transported to the local markets for sale. Subsistence agriculture also forms the basis upon which all other system of farming are built. Hence, this paper examines the problems and prospects of subsistence agriculture in Ibarapa East local Government Area of Oyo State. Ten farming centres were used as samples in the area. Questionnaires were used to collect relevant data. Percentage and T-test distribution techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings show that there is low agricultural production in the study area as a result of problems such as shortage of fund, land tenure system, inadequate transportation system among others.
Impact of climate change on Moroccan agricultureICARDA
1) The document discusses climate change impacts on agriculture in Morocco. It notes that rainfall is becoming more variable and droughts are occurring more frequently, negatively impacting rainfed cereal production.
2) Farmers in the Benslimane province of Morocco are adapting to climate change by changing their sowing dates and crop rotations. Many are shifting to earlier sowing of wheat to avoid drought and pests.
3) Farmers are also increasing the use of new wheat varieties that have shorter growth cycles and are more resistant to drought and diseases. However, small farmers still struggle to adapt to the disruptions caused by climate change.
This document provides an overview of agriculture in Pakistan. It begins by defining agriculture and discussing its importance to Pakistan's economy. Agriculture accounts for 25% of GDP and 43.5% of employment. The main crops discussed are cotton, wheat, rice and sugarcane. Livestock, fisheries and forestry are also important sub-sectors. Challenges facing the agricultural sector include inadequate supplies and infrastructure, outdated production methods, and lack of credit. Overall, the document outlines the current state and role of agriculture in Pakistan's economy.
THEME – 5 Climate change, agro-biodiversity and food security in West AfricaICARDA
This document summarizes a presentation on climate change, agro-biodiversity, and food security in West Africa. It discusses the environmental challenges facing the region, including decreasing rainfall and increasing temperatures from south to north. It outlines the potential impacts of climate change on biodiversity, such as species loss and reduced crop yields. Two climate change scenarios for 2050 are presented based on different climate models, both showing declining rainfall along coastal areas and potential yield increases or decreases depending on the crop and location. The presentation concludes with an overview of agricultural research in the region conducted by CORAF/WECARD to promote sub-regional cooperation and solve common agricultural problems through research programs focused on key sub-sectors and cross-cutting issues like
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on agriculture in South Asia and recommendations to increase food security in the region. It notes that agriculture plays a central role in South Asian economies and lives, but that climate change will significantly reduce agricultural production through higher temperatures and changing rainfall patterns. It recommends developing climate policies at national, regional, and global levels; protecting livelihoods through adaptation efforts; and prioritizing assistance for small farmers and the most vulnerable communities.
Challenges of agricultural growth and job creation in west africaVictoria Adegbaju
This document discusses the challenges of agricultural growth and job creation in West Africa. It outlines how agriculture contributes significantly to GDP, employment, and food security in the region. However, it faces several problems that constrain its potential, such as low productivity, poor infrastructure, lack of access to markets, education and technology. Addressing these challenges could help boost agricultural output and employment in West Africa.
The Philippines is an archipelago of over 7,100 islands located in Southeast Asia. It has a tropical climate with wet and dry seasons and is prone to seismic and volcanic activity due to being located in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Agriculture is an important sector for the economy and population, with the top crops being coconut, rice, maize, and sugarcane, however it suffers from issues like low productivity and lack of infrastructure support from the government. The country also experiences around 20 typhoons per year during the wet season.
This document outlines Oman's five-year agricultural and livestock research strategy from 2011-2015. It describes the country's agro-ecological regions and their climates. The strategy focuses on 10 mega-programs covering areas like date palm research, water use efficiency, genetic resources management, integrated pest management, and food safety. The strategy was developed through consultation with researchers, extension agents, farmers and policymakers to improve agricultural research and support the country's Vision 2020. The strategy aims to develop technologies that can be transferred to end users and improve incomes for Oman's farming communities.
Status and potential of improving crop subChimeg DB
The document discusses the status and potential of improving Mongolia's crop sub-sector. It finds that while crops currently make up a small portion of agricultural output, the crop sub-sector has potential to address food security and poverty reduction. It faces challenges such as land degradation, lack of technology, and poor infrastructure. A SWOT analysis identifies strengths like available agricultural land but also weaknesses such as low productivity and threats such as climatic hazards.
Origin, non-monetary benefits and perspectives of domestication of Non-Timber...AI Publications
The objective of this study is to contribute towards the promotion of NTFPs from various origins by assessing their contribution in sustaining the livelihood of communities in Mifi Division and the domestication potential of some of the NTFP species. The study was carried out in the Mifi Division in the West Region of Cameroon. Respondent were drawn from a cross-section of exploiters and marketers. Data were collected through the administration of semi-structured questionnaires and interview guides as well as direct observations with actors including 65 wholesalers, 150 retailers and 120 households. Data analysis was carried out using Excel 2016 to generate tables and graphs, and ARCGIS 10.1 to generate the map of the areas of origin of NTFPs. Results revealed that 29 species are used in the Division but almost all (28 species) come from areas out of Mifi. Parts used for consumption consist of 36,84% fruits, 36.84% seeds, 10.52% leaves, 5.26% sap, 5.26% mushrooms and 5,26% rhizome while their use for medicinal purposes consist of 42,85% barks, 28.57% fruits, 14.28% seeds and 7.14% leaves and rhizome. In total, species are used as food (46.55%), medicine (36.2%), for construction and furniture (6.89%), packaging (6.89%) and cosmetics (3.44%). NTFPs are becoming increasingly rare, reason for the need of an effective domestication of the most used species. NTFPs mainly Garcinia kola and Tetrapleura tetraptera with higher assets and low constraints can potentially be domesticated in the Mifi Division in order to reduce overexploitation and promote sustainable management of NTFPs in the present context of climate change. There are many favorable conditions including, the need of small financial capital, the interest of inter-community groups and available workforce. Some constraints persist such as the lack of young plants, lack of technical assistance and financial support.
Sub-Saharan Africa: The State of Smallholders in AgricultureDr Lendy Spires
The purpose of this paper is to provide a regional canvas for the broader discussion of the future directions on smallholders in agriculture. We do not attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), its agricultural sector or even all of the challenges and opportunities associated with smallholder farming.
Rather, the intention is to communicate our appreciation of the richness and complexity of the continent in comparison with other developing regions, and through discussion of the role of smallholder farmers in agricultural growth, focus the broader discussions of the conference on some of the key issues which, from our experience and that of IFAD projects working in SSA, are particularly relevant in our efforts to assist smallholder families definitively escape poverty through the transition towards ‘farming as a business’.
We begin in Section One with a brief overview of the land, geography, people, economy and of course, smallholder agriculture in SSA. Following this, in Section Two, we look more closely at the opportunities for SSA’s smallholders, adapting the perspective of IFAD’s recently released Rural Poverty Report to our regional context, and use a risk management lens to connect overall ecological and market contexts to the specific endeavours of smallholder farmers.
In Section Three, we move rapidly from the general to a specific focus on an issue which we feel merits much greater consideration – the importance of spatial and temporal coordination in reducing risk, increasing returns and allowing for project success. Finally, we conclude with some key recommendations on how these ideas can be transformed into an operational approach.
This paper provides an overview of the agricultural and economic characteristics of sub-Saharan Africa. It finds that while SSA has significant opportunities for smallholder farmers to increase production, they face substantial risks in intensifying agriculture due to low soil fertility, degradation, and vulnerability to weather events. Transitioning to more intensive, market-integrated systems depends on better managing these risks. The paper argues that development projects aimed at supporting this transition need to better coordinate their interventions spatially and temporally to effectively reduce risks and increase returns for smallholders.
Envisioning the future of African agriculture and the renewed role of farmer’s organizations
Organized by the Panafrican Farmer’s Organisations (PAFO), the ACP-EU Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), African Union Commission (AUC)
This Briefing is linked to the Brussels Briefings organized by the CTA, EC/DGDEVCO, ACP Group and Concord every two months on key issues related to agriculture in ACP countries.
More information: http://brusselsbriefings.net
Climate Change and Jamaica's Agricultural SectorACDI/VOCA
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on Jamaica's agricultural sector. It notes that small farmers, who make up 85% of agricultural holdings and rely on rain-fed production, are highly vulnerable. Climate change is already causing more variable rainfall patterns, increased temperatures, and more frequent extreme weather. This has resulted in losses estimated at $14.4 billion between 1994-2010. More frequent droughts and hurricanes damage infrastructure and lower crop yields, threatening food security as local production becomes less predictable and reliable.
Position paper of dominican republic of carebbieanManoj Shrestha
The Committee is discussing sustainable capacity building in the agricultural sector of the Dominican Republic. Agriculture makes up only 5% of the Dominican economy but uses over 50% of the country's land. Poverty affects over 40% of the population, including high rates of childhood anemia and malnutrition. Small farmers face challenges including lack of access to markets, mechanization, and modern farming techniques due to poverty. Climate change has exacerbated issues through repeated natural disasters. The Dominican Republic has implemented various policies and programs to support sustainable agriculture and reduce poverty, including strategic plans, subsidies, and trade agreements. However, more work is needed in areas like food security, soil conservation, access to technology and infrastructure for small farmers.
The Good, The Bad and The Ugly: Climate Change's Potential Impact on Farmers ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation focuses on the complex influences on farmers in West Africa, the major challenges for them, scenarios for the future and shows some recommendations.
Agriculture has been the major source of livelihood in Nigeria, primarily because the environment is favorable for Agricultural practice. On the basis of climate, topography and vegetation the country is divided into five agricultural zones, namely Dry sub humid, Sub-humid, very humid and swamp/flood. Subsistence agriculture formed the major system of farming in the olden days which provide food crops for human consumption, while surplus are transported to the local markets for sale. Subsistence agriculture also forms the basis upon which all other system of farming are built. Hence, this paper examines the problems and prospects of subsistence agriculture in Ibarapa East local Government Area of Oyo State. Ten farming centres were used as samples in the area. Questionnaires were used to collect relevant data. Percentage and T-test distribution techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings show that there is low agricultural production in the study area as a result of problems such as shortage of fund, land tenure system, inadequate transportation system among others.
Impact of climate change on Moroccan agricultureICARDA
1) The document discusses climate change impacts on agriculture in Morocco. It notes that rainfall is becoming more variable and droughts are occurring more frequently, negatively impacting rainfed cereal production.
2) Farmers in the Benslimane province of Morocco are adapting to climate change by changing their sowing dates and crop rotations. Many are shifting to earlier sowing of wheat to avoid drought and pests.
3) Farmers are also increasing the use of new wheat varieties that have shorter growth cycles and are more resistant to drought and diseases. However, small farmers still struggle to adapt to the disruptions caused by climate change.
This document provides an overview of agriculture in Pakistan. It begins by defining agriculture and discussing its importance to Pakistan's economy. Agriculture accounts for 25% of GDP and 43.5% of employment. The main crops discussed are cotton, wheat, rice and sugarcane. Livestock, fisheries and forestry are also important sub-sectors. Challenges facing the agricultural sector include inadequate supplies and infrastructure, outdated production methods, and lack of credit. Overall, the document outlines the current state and role of agriculture in Pakistan's economy.
THEME – 5 Climate change, agro-biodiversity and food security in West AfricaICARDA
This document summarizes a presentation on climate change, agro-biodiversity, and food security in West Africa. It discusses the environmental challenges facing the region, including decreasing rainfall and increasing temperatures from south to north. It outlines the potential impacts of climate change on biodiversity, such as species loss and reduced crop yields. Two climate change scenarios for 2050 are presented based on different climate models, both showing declining rainfall along coastal areas and potential yield increases or decreases depending on the crop and location. The presentation concludes with an overview of agricultural research in the region conducted by CORAF/WECARD to promote sub-regional cooperation and solve common agricultural problems through research programs focused on key sub-sectors and cross-cutting issues like
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on agriculture in South Asia and recommendations to increase food security in the region. It notes that agriculture plays a central role in South Asian economies and lives, but that climate change will significantly reduce agricultural production through higher temperatures and changing rainfall patterns. It recommends developing climate policies at national, regional, and global levels; protecting livelihoods through adaptation efforts; and prioritizing assistance for small farmers and the most vulnerable communities.
Challenges of agricultural growth and job creation in west africaVictoria Adegbaju
This document discusses the challenges of agricultural growth and job creation in West Africa. It outlines how agriculture contributes significantly to GDP, employment, and food security in the region. However, it faces several problems that constrain its potential, such as low productivity, poor infrastructure, lack of access to markets, education and technology. Addressing these challenges could help boost agricultural output and employment in West Africa.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
1. CAMEROON REPORT TOPEX
COUNTRY PRESENTATION
Cameroon is situated in Central Africa, at juncture of the Gulf of Guinea.
It is bounded on the North by Chad, on the East by the Central Africa Republic, on the South
by Congo, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea and on the West by Nigeria.
Cameroon is a country with several major towns, amongst which are YAOUNDE, the political
capital of the country with about one million inhabitants. DOUALA, which is the major
economic city, has more than two million inhabitants. The other main towns are GAROUA,
BAFOUSSAM, MAROUA, BAMENDA etc.
Cameroon has more than 240 tribes which are found in three main ethnic groups; Bantus, Semi-
Bantus and Sudanese. The number of national languages spoken in the country is more than
240.
Dry and rainy seasons alternate in the country, with the dry season generally going from
November to April. Temperatures range from 23 to 31°C in January to 21 to 35°C in July.
THE 10 REGIONS
Adamawa Region
Centre Region
East Region
South West Region
Cameroon
Map
Far North Region
Littoral Region
North Region
North West Region
West Region
South Region
2. CAMEROON REPORT TOPEX
Geography
Capital Yaounde
Population of main cities Douala
(1,906,962) ; Yaoundé
(1,817,524) ; Bamenda
(269,530) ; Garoua
(235,996) ; Maroua (201,371)
Area 475,440 km²
Official Language French and English are the
official languages of
Cameroon.
Demography
Total Population 25,216,237
Urban Population 56.4%
Rate of Activity 76.2%
Literacy Rate 67.9%
Economy
National Currency CFA Franc BEAC (XAF)
Exchange Rate on April 07,
2020April 07, 2020
1 USD = 606.6852 XAF
1 EUR = 655.9570 XAF
GDP (billions USD) 40.62
GDP (Constant Prices, Annual %
Change)
4.2
Employment By Sector (in % of
Total Employment)
Agriculture (46.0), Industry
(14.1), Services (39.9)
Taxation
Value Added Tax (VAT) 19.25%
Trade
Imports of Goods (million USD) 6,128
Exports of Goods (million USD) 3,801
Foreign Trade (in % of GDP) 43.0
3. CAMEROON REPORT TOPEX
The agriculture sector in Cameroon is amongst the main occupations for over 70% of citizens
and contributes enormously to the country’s economy. The lack of access to adequate
amounts of safe and nutritious food is a public health concern worldwide and particularly in
Cameroon. Due to its agro-ecological diversity, Cameroon has great potentials for agricultural
production to contribute towards its over 23 million people and beyond, thus contributing
towards feeding the world’s 9 billion people. Until the late 80s, Cameroon was considered
self-sufficient in agricultural production and played a role of food garret for its neighbouring
countries. Since early 90s, Cameroon began spending billions of francs CFA to import large
quantities of food items (rice, maize, onion, tomatoes, milk and poultry) even though relying
on national products has a clear comparative advantage. This has been very worrisome as it
undermines local production potentials and pushes many producers out of the production
chain as a result of unfair competition. The challenges are numerous (but not impossible)
including low levels of input e.g.via governments subsidies as well as the expected adverse
impact of climate change on agriculture now and in the future. This review is a summary of
agricultural systems and food crop productivity in Cameroon, with some recommended
strategies to improve agricultural practices to ensure sustainable increase in food production
capacity and food security in Cameroon.
AREA REPARTITION (1000ha)
COUNTRY
AREA
LAND AREA AGRICULTURE
AREA
FOREST AREA
45 544 47 271 9750 18 816
4. CAMEROON REPORT TOPEX
CROP
PRESENTATION
Agriculture is amongst the main occupations for over 70% of Cameroonians and contributes enormously to
the Cameroonian economy. In view of the close to 80Image of labour force employed in the Agricultural
sector, an estimated 45% of Cameroon’s gross domestic product (GDP) depends on Agriculture (Johnston
et al., 2007). In addition, Agricultural sector is responsible for providing food security to both the
Cameroonian rural and urban populations via local production. Notwithstanding, with the rapidly expanding
population growth, there is an increased pressure on natural resources. According to Molua and Utomakil
(1998), low levels of input and equally low levels of government subsidies (for example quality seeds,
fertilizers, and herbicides) per capita food production declined from 22.9% and 12.8% as a result of
population growth. As a result, one may clearly anticipate a challenge to the government, which has
continuously experienced an increase in populations and currently estimated at 23 million inhabitants. This
situation may further be frustrated by the expected adverse impact of climate change on agriculture now and
in the future. For example, based on the third and fourth Assessment Reports of the inter-governmental
panel on climate change (IPCC) (BOKO et al., 2007) that predicted extreme evens due to climate change
scenarios (e.g. 1997 and 2005), there remains chances that drought in Cameroon may still occur with
devastating effect. These effects may include food shortages and long-term food insecurity (Inter –Research,
2008). These definitely points to the likelihood of serious food security problems in Cameroon. This review
is a summary of agricultural systems and food crop productivity in Cameroon, with some recommended
strategies to improve agricultural practices to ensure sustainable increase in food production capacity and
food security in Cameroon.
5. CAMEROON REPORT TOPEX
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONE
In each agro-ecological zone (Figure 1), the main agricultural production and distribution sites
were included as they represent the most important concentration of pesticide salesmen; then,
in consultation with the divisional officer of the ministry in charge agriculture, the cartography
of villages and farmers’ groups in the area was verified in order to identify the major items
produced and their origins. Therefore, some farmers’ groups were selected randomly based on
their localization and the items they produced. Appointments were made to visit members of
the farmers’ union. Moreover, visits were also made to individual farms of non-members of any
union. Each group received its own questionnaire.
6. CAMEROON REPORT TOPEX
MAJOR CROP
Crop Total production Topex products
Rice paddy 359 320 Malogbe, Baraka,
Topextra
Wheat 888 Lamachette
Potatoes 219 000 Lamachette, Monjardinier
Cassava 4 596 Lamachette, Monjardinier
Sweet potatoes 349 000 Lamachette, Monjardinier
Sugar cane 1 200 000 Lamachette,
Monjardinier, Topextra
Beans dry 352 000 Lamachette, Monjardinier
Sorghum 1 150 000 Lamachette, Topextra
CROP CALENDAR
Seasonal rains started on time at the beginning of March in southern parts of the
country, allowing the beginning of planting activities of the 2020 main season
maize crop, to be harvested from July. In the uni‑modal rainfall areas of the North,
planting of sorghum and millet is expected to begin in May.
Insecurity and displacements in the Northwest and Southwest regions are
expected to continue affecting agricultural activities and limit farmers’ access to
fields.
In the bi‑modal Centre and South regions, harvesting of the 2019 secondary
season maize crop was completed in January 2020, while the main season maize
7. CAMEROON REPORT TOPEX
harvest was concluded in September 2019. In the uni‑modal North and Far North
regions, where sorghum and millet crops are predominantly grown, harvesting of
the 2019 crops finalized last November. Adequate and well‑distributed rains
during the season, coupled with a slight increase in plantings, resulted in a
near‑average national cereal output in 2019, estimated at about 3.4 million tonnes.
In Northwest and Southwest Anglophone regions, persisting civil unrest disrupted
agricultural practices and hampered farmers’ access to land. In these regions,
production of crops in 2019 is estimated well below the five‑year average level.
In the Far North Region, despite the civil unrest that spread from neighbouring
Nigeria since late 2014, the 2019 cereal output is estimated at near‑average levels
due to overall favourable weather conditions and a slight increase in planted area.
However, below‑average outputs were obtained in the districts of Zina, Maga,
Gobo and Kai Kai, along the Lagone river, where excessive cumulative
precipitation amounts in September and October 2019 caused flooding with
damage to standing crops and harvested grains.
8. CAMEROON REPORT TOPEX
The database of pesticides approved for agricultural uses in Cameroon in 2015
contains more than 600 pesticide products [3], with dominant products being
insecticides (33.93%); herbicides (26.55%); fungicides (24.26%); insecticides–
fungicides (4.26%); nematicides (2.3%); growth regulators (1.48%); molluscides
(1.15%); and insecticides–nematicides (1.31%). Types of formulation according
to the international classification code revealed that up to 65% of approved
pesticides belong to only four types of formulation: 28% EC (emulsifiable
concentrate), 15.25% WP (wettable powder), 11.96% SC (suspension
concentrate) and 11.96% SL (soluble liquid concentrate). These formulations are
mixed with water then applied as sprays. Their toxicology classes, according to
theWorld Health Organization classification, indicated that 3% of approved
pesticides are in class Ib (highly hazardous), among which are insecticides and
nematicides used to treat cotton, tomatoes, plantains, vegetables; 2% class Ia
(extremely hazardous) for use in food storage; 32% class II (moderately
hazardous); and 63% class III (slightly hazardous).
Pesticide poisoning is gradually becoming a major public health concern in
Cameroon.
Unfortunately, this problem remains under-addressed, mainly because of the poor
understanding of its implications. Beyond the formal approval procedure for uses,
AGROCHEMICALS
MARKET
9. CAMEROON REPORT TOPEX
no post-registration surveillance mechanism or toxicovigilance system exists to
monitor accidents and intoxication that may occur.
However, much misuse and many risk factors that can result in serious health risks
for farmers and the general population have been documented: presence of
pesticide residues in most consumed foodstuffs, non-use of personal protective
equipment and drinking-water contamination].
Pesticide poisoning can occur shortly or a long time after exposition. Poisoning
can occur at home, on the farm, via an attempt of suicide, accidental ingestion,
poisoning, alcohol contamination, or during spraying. Farmers’ behaviors have
been explored in order to better understand how their working environment,
including exposure to pesticides, affects their health.
A pilot survey that was carried out in the ten regions of Cameroon between 2001
and 2002 demonstrated that low quality of spraying equipment was a non-
negligible cause of accidents.
Moreover, the absence of personal protective equipment plays a key role in the
extent of body exposure.
With regards to environmental health risk factors, it was found that more than
60% of smallholder farmers throw empty containers of pesticides in the nearby
river, 25% wash their knapsack sprayers at the closest water point, and some even
discharge the remaining pesticide preparation in the river. The same authors
indicated that the most used pesticides in the country were Paraquat and
Glyphosate (herbicides), Cypermethrine and Chlorpyryfos (insecticides), and
Metalaxyl and Maneb copper (fungicides). To keep pesticides out of reach of
children, farmers usually bury pesticide bottles containing the remaining product
on the farm until later use.
Similar studies with farmers in the Galim (west region) showed that only 2.1% of
farmers wear personal protective equipment; more than 76% did not follow the
10. CAMEROON REPORT TOPEX
user’s instructions written on the product label . Similarly, Tinyami reported that,
of tomato farmers in Buea (south-west region), 47.6% of farmers use
pyrethrinoids and organophosphorus insecticides, 83.8% make use of knapsack
sprayers to treat their plants, 76% did not use personal protective equipment and
85% were said to have experienced at least one symptom of acute pesticide
toxicity after pesticide handling.
Concerning the environmental impact of the massive use of pesticides by fruit and
vegetable farmers in urban and peri-urban areas of Bamenda (north-west region),
environmental pollution has been found to be a huge concern because of the non-
adherence to the regulations on the usage of pesticide products. In addition,
farmers reported many cases of acute pesticide poisoning: itches, skin burn, eye
problems, cough, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, headache and dizziness. To
attenuate the harmful effects of pesticides on their bodies, farmers claim to have
developed numerous strategies depending on the situation: they drink a charcoal
solution, remove their dresses, wash their hands or their bodies, take red palm oil,
drink honey or drink some beers .
These uses and misuses of agricultural pesticides can have a significant impact on
environmental pollution, and finally end up in foodstuffs. A study on the misuse
of pesticides in the north region of Cameroon by farmers [7] revealed that
organochlorine residues (lindane, alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan),
organophosphorus residues (malathion, pirimiphomethyl), synthetic
pyrethrinoids (permethrine) and carbamates (carbofuran) are found in maize and
millet in certain localities of that region at levels higher than the recommended
Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). Nine pesticide residues were detected in
cooked foods: atrazine (spices), chlorothalonil (vegetables), cypermethrin
(tomatoes), deltamethrin (bread), endosulfan (tomatoes, vegetables), malathion
(wheat doughnut), pirimiphos-methyl (spaghetti), dithiocarbamates (papaya,
pineapple, spices) and chlordecone (tomatoes).
11. CAMEROON REPORT TOPEX
The above described situation suggests poor understanding of pesticide health
risks by farmers, significant environmental pollution and human exposure on
farms, a non-negligible prevalence of pesticide poisoning cases, as well as chronic
pesticide-related diseases.
To once again highlight this problem, and better protect the health of the
population and the environment, national authorities within the framework of the
Rotterdam Convention on the management of hazardous chemicals subjected to
international trade initiated a pilot study in Cameroon. This study aimed at
describing the distribution paths and handling practices of pesticides in the
country, to survey cases of suspected pesticide poisoning of farmers and identify
possible risk factors that could exacerbate human and environmental effects.
THE FIVE MOST PRODUCED ITEMS FOR EACH
AGROECOLOGICAL ZONE
Zone
Main Produce (Top 5) in %
Cumulative %
1 2 3 4 5
Obala Cocoa
30.9%
Maize
10.1%
Plantain
9.7%
Peanut
9.2%
Banana
8.3%
68.2
Foumbot Tomato
20.3%
Maize
16.0%
Bean
15.2%
Chilli
pepper
12.1%
Vegetable
10.2%
73.8
Santa Potato
21.7%
Bean
17.7%
Maize
16.6%
Cabbage
12.6%
Carrot
11.4%
80
Njombe-
Penja
Cocoa
25.7%
Plantain
17.5%
Papaya
12%
Pineappe
9.3%
Macabo
8.7%
73.2
Ngong-
Garoua
Peanut
31%
Maize
27.8%
Cotton
8.5%
Rice
7.3%
Cowpea
6.9%
81.5
12. CAMEROON REPORT TOPEX
MOST USED AGROCHEMICALS
The most widely-used pesticide is related to the main agricultural products in the
main surveyed sites and surrounding villages. Table 5 is a synopsis of the most
used pesticides (top 5). The cumulative percentage of these top-five pesticides
represents from 40%to 80% of the overall pesticides in circulation in those zones.
In Obala sites, where cocoa is the main culture, fungicides containing metalaxyl
(Ridomil, Callomil and Plantomil) are the most used products, followed by
insecticides (Actara, Onex, Parastar and Lamida Gold). Some of the active
substances are metalaxyl and imidaclopride. It was also noted that the insecticide
Lamida Gold is used in the Obala zone, while the product is homologated for use
on tomatoes; this may suggest possible misuse. In the four other zones,
Gramoxone and Roundup appear to be the most used pesticides. However, it was
noted that Gramoxone was no longer approved for use in Cameroon. However,
because Gramoxone has been used for a long time by certain farmers, when
purchasing their pesticides, some farmers continued to request Gramoxone,
without knowing that it is no longer in circulation. Salesmen say that in such cases,
they provide farmers with a paraquat equivalent.
Glyphosate products are the most used herbicide in each zone (Roundup and
Glyphader). It was difficult to identify certain products used by farmers because
many did not remember the name of the pesticide, and they used local names such
as “timides” to generally designate insecticides.
The specificity of phytosanitaries and pesticides used in the northern part of the
country is quite obvious compared to other regions, but reflects the particularities
of their production. Atrazine and Diuron are mostly used here, but they are not
found elsewhere; both products are used for cotton production.
13. CAMEROON REPORT TOPEX
Zone
Top five most used pesticides
1 2 3 4 5
Obala Ridomil Onex Actara Callomil Lamida Gold,
Parastar
and Plantomil
Foumbot Gramoxone Timide K-optimal Roundup Cigogne and
Pencozeb
Santa Gramoxone Banko Pencozeb Roundup
and
Mancozan
Parastar
Njombe–
Penja
Gramoxone Pyriforce Glyphader Ridomil and
Supraxone
Roundup and
Capsidor
Ngong–
Garoua
Roundup Atrazine Gramoxone Diuron Biosec Roundup
14. CAMEROON REPORT TOPEX
DISTRIBUTORS AND MAIN CONTACTS
Name Adress Contact
AFRICA
DISTRIBUTION
CAMEROON SA
Akwa Ancien Cinema Le Berlitz
Douala
+ 237 696 82 87 07
AGRO FARM
AFRICA
Rue Foche 2345, Akwa BP 5489
Douala
+ 237 657 80 15 22
DAREGI GLOBAL
INVESTMENT
HOLDING SA
Rue Ancien Number One,
Bonadibong, Akwa Douala
+ 237 243 751 619
ETS AMBA Douala Cameroon + 237 77 77 17 78
NOUANGA’S
GROUP SARL
1,414 Avenue Foch Mobile
Bonakwamouang, Akwa BP 1667
Douala
+ 237 233 42 00 85
SOCIETE
PLANTATIONS
MBANGA
BP 4737, DOUALA + 237 233 43 40 78
+ 237 233 43 40 74
AGROCOM BP 3118 Douala + 237 233 42 36 71
+ 237 233 42 36 72
Agrocom_cam@yahoo.fr
ASSOOCIATION US Yaounde + 237 693 67 65 86
Ningamof23_@live.fr
GENIE VERT BP 16229 Yaounde + 237 242 10 08 53
+ 237 694 29 65 58