The document introduces various techniques for classifying information, including markers used to indicate classification, examples of classifications, and graphic organizers like concept maps, diagrams, mind maps, and flow charts. Classifications are used to help users understand relationships between categories and navigate category hierarchies. The document provides examples and descriptions of different types of graphic organizers and how they can be used to classify information for reading comprehension and writing organization.

1. THEME: CLASSIFICATION
OBJECTIVE:1- To introduce the reading techniques which are necessary for
the
Analysis and understanding of technical texts in English.
UNIT III: CLASSIFICATION
1.Classification
a.Concept
b.Markers
c.Example
d.Graphic organizers

2. WHAT ARE CLASSIFICATIONS USED FOR?
classifications have two main purposes:
they help users understand how the category relates to other categories.
they help users jump up to higher levels on the hierarchy. without the classification it would be hard for
our understanding.
A Classification is used on category pages to
show the hierarchy of the category. For example,
there are two types of circuit we can make, called
series and parallel. Category: circuit has this
classification: series and parallel.

3. FUNCTION:
• A good classification will do three
things. First, it will arrange ideas into
the most relevant and constructive
categories. The categories should
be detailed but not excessive.
Having too many different
categories can confuse the
classification and make it unclear

4. • Secondly, the essay should adhere
to the particular organizing theory.
The organizing theory determines
how your categories are arranged.
The same principle should be
consistent throughout the entire
essay.
• The third guideline is to cite effective
examples that correspond to each of the
categories. Every category should have
balanced examples.

5. MARKERS OF CLASSIFICATION:
- is divided in categories - sort /sorting
- Can be divided into classes - is divided, based on
- Consist of kinds - is divided according to
- There are kinds - is placed into categories according to
-There are types - can be classified as
- is made up of
- is categorized kinds
-is compplacedosed Is / are
types
- Is/are into groups categories
- is/are classified as classes

6. GRAPHICS ORGANIZER:
• What is a graphic organizer?
• A graphic organizer is a visual
representation or frame used to
organize information. The
purpose of a graphic organizer is
to help students by simplifying
information and by stimulating
thinking skills

7. WHEN MIGHT A GRAPHIC ORGANIZER BE USED?
• Graphic organizers are generally used during the
Guided Reading Block as a Pre-reading/Post
Reading. In Guided Reading, graphic organizers
establish prior knowledge, activate schema,
help students in making predictions, and assess
students' comprehension.
• Graorganizers provide a visual connection with the
text and explicit phic guidance in note-taking and
classifying information for recall. For this reason,
graphic organizers are particularly effective with
content area or expository text.
• Also used in the Writing Block, graphic organizers
help students plan for writing. Graphic organizers
provide a visual framework for details,
comparisons, sequences, and interactions.

8. EXAMPLE:
• There are several different types of
computer operating systems. These
operating system types include real
time, multiuser, single user, multi-tasking,
single.

9. CONCEPT MAP:
Computer operating systems
real multi user single
user
multi
tasking
Single
tasking

10. DIAGRAM:
- real time
- multi user
Computer operating systems - single user
- single user
- Single tasking

11. WHAT IS A
MIND MAP?

12. A mind map is a diagram for representing tasks, words, concepts, or items
linked to and arranged around a central concept or subject.
a mind map uses a non-linear graphical layout that allows the user to build
an intuitive framework around a central concept. a mind map can turn long
list of monotonous information into a colorful, memorable and highly
organized diagram that works in line with your brain's natural way of doing
things.

13. WHAT IS A FLOW CHART?
• A flow chart is a graphical or
symbolic representation of a process.
Each step in the process is
represented by a different symbol and
contains a short description of the
process step. The flow chart symbols
are linked together with arrows
showing the process flow direction.

14. COMMON FLOWCHART SYMBOLS
• Different flow chart symbols have different meanings. The most common flow
chart symbols are:
 Terminator: An oval flow chart shape indicating the start or end of the process.
 Process: A rectangular flow chart shape indicating a normal process flow step.
 Decision: A diamond flow chart shape indication a branch in the process flow.
 Connector: A small, labeled, circular flow chart shape used to indicate a jump in
the process flow. (Shown as the circle with the letter “A”, below.)
 Data: A parallelogram that indicates data input or output (I/O) for a process.
 Document: Used to indicate a document or report (see image in sample flow
chart below).

16. ExampleofFlowchart1:
Thisflowchartshowsthesoftwaredevelopmentcycle.
Youbasicallydesignthesystem,codeitandtestit.When
anerrorisfound,itmustbedeterminedwhetherthe
errorisadesignerrorornot.Codingerrorscanquickly
befixed,butdesignerrorsmaytakelonger.

17. ExampleofFlowchart2:
Whenaswitchisactivated,theLEDshouldgoonandstay
on for 1 second. This flowchart explains in general
languagewhathastohappen.Aflowchartlikethisone
mightbedrawnbeforeamoredetailedchartthatgives
theactualassemblylanguageinstructions.