This document calls for papers for a special issue on market entry strategies of foreign firms into Africa, focusing on acquisitions and international joint ventures. It provides background on the limited existing research on foreign market entry into Africa and calls for more studies exploring various aspects of acquisitions and joint ventures in the African context. Specifically, it seeks papers that analyze motives, partner selection, ownership strategies, management, cultural and performance issues related to acquisitions and international joint ventures in Africa.
This document provides an introduction to international business. It defines international business as trade and investment activities conducted across national borders. Firms internationalize through activities like exporting, importing, and foreign direct investment. The document also discusses the key participants in international business, common reasons why firms pursue international expansion, and some of the main risks involved. Studying international business can provide firms with competitive advantages like access to new markets and resources.
DEVELOPING A STRATEGIC ALLIANCE MODEL (Research paper)Thuy Pham
Vietnamese companies seeking to enter African markets are currently relying on exporting as their primary entry method. However, strategic alliances through joint ventures are proposed as a better model. The researcher develops a conceptual framework categorizing Vietnam-Africa alliances based on their degree of collaboration and whether the alliance is bilateral or multilateral. Key factors for alliance success are explored through interviews with Vietnamese companies active in Africa.
The Backstory of Chinese & Indian Investment in AfricaHarry G. Broadman
This document summarizes a report analyzing China and India's growing investment and trade with Africa. It finds that while FDI from China and India has increased in recent years, over 90% of FDI stock in Africa still comes from Europe and the US. Chinese and Indian firms are also increasingly investing in non-resource sectors in Africa and integrating their operations across the continent. However, Chinese and Indian firms differ in their typical structures, investment strategies, and level of integration with local economies in Africa. More comprehensive data and analysis is still needed to have an objective policy debate around South-South commerce in Africa.
Study of International Business Articles.
Part 1: Essential of International Business.
Part 2: Theories applied to International Business.
Part 3: Bargaining Approach and Resources.
Part 4: International Business Phenomena.
Part 5: Internalization.
Part 6: Competitive advantages.
Orientation and overview of International Businesshinsopheap
This document provides an orientation and overview for an International Business course. It outlines the course objectives to provide an understanding of issues confronting executives in international business and major changes in the global economy. Learning resources including various websites and a textbook are listed. The course will cover topics like globalization, trade theory, foreign direct investment, and international strategy. Student evaluation will be based on class participation, assignments, a midterm exam, and a final exam. The document provides potential topics for a term paper on analyzing specific countries, companies, cultural factors, or trends in international management.
1. Introduction to International Business, Globalization and Trading Environm...Charu Rastogi
This document provides an introduction to international business management, globalization, and the trading environment of international trade. It discusses key topics such as the meaning and features of international business, the definition and dimensions of globalization, and the stages of globalization. It also outlines some of the key factors in the trading environment for international trade, including competition, technology, the economy, culture, politics/law, geography/infrastructure, and the structure of distribution. The overall document serves to introduce foundational concepts for understanding international business management in the context of globalization and international trade.
This study focused on the relationship between access to finance and attrition in small and
medium textiles firms in Nigeria. The study became necessary due to the moribund nature of the textile
industry in Nigeria. The sector was the second largest employer of labour but declined rapidly in productivity
between 1991 and 2000, with 80 textile firms closing shop. The study takes a firm specific approach to help
investigate the source of decline. Commentators on the causes of the downward trend in the textile industry
had mentioned many perceived factors including access to finance. The purpose of this study is to isolate
access to finance and to subject it to more intensive investigation. To do this effectively, a sampling frame
which contained the list of the collapsed and standing firms was obtained from the textile manufacturers
association of Nigeria based in Kaduna. All the selected firms were of medium category. A purposive
sampling was used to enlist 3 entrepreneurs each from both failed and successful textile firms and 10 senior
managers of failed and 4 senior managers of successful firms for a pilot study. Using a snow-balling
technique, 196 respondents comprising owners and senior managers from failed firms were administered semistructured & unstructured questionnaire whilst 160 questionnaire were also administered on owners and senior
managers from successful firms. A total of 232 questionnaire were retrieved representing 65% of
questionnaires sent out. The statistical tools used for testing are correlation, ANOVA and Regression. The
analysis shows that the correlation between access to finance and the attrition of textiles industries in Nigeria
implying a strong negative relationship between access to finance and the attrition of textile industries in
Nigeria. It is recommended that textile industries take advantage of the most recent source of financing which
is the Nigeria industrial bank. Financial discipline needs to be practiced by textile entrepreneurs in order to
distinguish between company funds and personal funds.
International business involves focusing global resources and opportunities to produce, buy, sell, or exchange goods and services worldwide. There are five stages of internationalization for companies: domestic, international, multinational, global, and transnational. As companies progress through these stages, their approach shifts from ethnocentric to polycentric to geocentric. International business environments are complex with many political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal, and natural factors that companies must consider when operating globally. Globalization has increased integration between world economies through liberalized trade, investment, and technological changes.
This document provides an introduction to international business. It defines international business as trade and investment activities conducted across national borders. Firms internationalize through activities like exporting, importing, and foreign direct investment. The document also discusses the key participants in international business, common reasons why firms pursue international expansion, and some of the main risks involved. Studying international business can provide firms with competitive advantages like access to new markets and resources.
DEVELOPING A STRATEGIC ALLIANCE MODEL (Research paper)Thuy Pham
Vietnamese companies seeking to enter African markets are currently relying on exporting as their primary entry method. However, strategic alliances through joint ventures are proposed as a better model. The researcher develops a conceptual framework categorizing Vietnam-Africa alliances based on their degree of collaboration and whether the alliance is bilateral or multilateral. Key factors for alliance success are explored through interviews with Vietnamese companies active in Africa.
The Backstory of Chinese & Indian Investment in AfricaHarry G. Broadman
This document summarizes a report analyzing China and India's growing investment and trade with Africa. It finds that while FDI from China and India has increased in recent years, over 90% of FDI stock in Africa still comes from Europe and the US. Chinese and Indian firms are also increasingly investing in non-resource sectors in Africa and integrating their operations across the continent. However, Chinese and Indian firms differ in their typical structures, investment strategies, and level of integration with local economies in Africa. More comprehensive data and analysis is still needed to have an objective policy debate around South-South commerce in Africa.
Study of International Business Articles.
Part 1: Essential of International Business.
Part 2: Theories applied to International Business.
Part 3: Bargaining Approach and Resources.
Part 4: International Business Phenomena.
Part 5: Internalization.
Part 6: Competitive advantages.
Orientation and overview of International Businesshinsopheap
This document provides an orientation and overview for an International Business course. It outlines the course objectives to provide an understanding of issues confronting executives in international business and major changes in the global economy. Learning resources including various websites and a textbook are listed. The course will cover topics like globalization, trade theory, foreign direct investment, and international strategy. Student evaluation will be based on class participation, assignments, a midterm exam, and a final exam. The document provides potential topics for a term paper on analyzing specific countries, companies, cultural factors, or trends in international management.
1. Introduction to International Business, Globalization and Trading Environm...Charu Rastogi
This document provides an introduction to international business management, globalization, and the trading environment of international trade. It discusses key topics such as the meaning and features of international business, the definition and dimensions of globalization, and the stages of globalization. It also outlines some of the key factors in the trading environment for international trade, including competition, technology, the economy, culture, politics/law, geography/infrastructure, and the structure of distribution. The overall document serves to introduce foundational concepts for understanding international business management in the context of globalization and international trade.
This study focused on the relationship between access to finance and attrition in small and
medium textiles firms in Nigeria. The study became necessary due to the moribund nature of the textile
industry in Nigeria. The sector was the second largest employer of labour but declined rapidly in productivity
between 1991 and 2000, with 80 textile firms closing shop. The study takes a firm specific approach to help
investigate the source of decline. Commentators on the causes of the downward trend in the textile industry
had mentioned many perceived factors including access to finance. The purpose of this study is to isolate
access to finance and to subject it to more intensive investigation. To do this effectively, a sampling frame
which contained the list of the collapsed and standing firms was obtained from the textile manufacturers
association of Nigeria based in Kaduna. All the selected firms were of medium category. A purposive
sampling was used to enlist 3 entrepreneurs each from both failed and successful textile firms and 10 senior
managers of failed and 4 senior managers of successful firms for a pilot study. Using a snow-balling
technique, 196 respondents comprising owners and senior managers from failed firms were administered semistructured & unstructured questionnaire whilst 160 questionnaire were also administered on owners and senior
managers from successful firms. A total of 232 questionnaire were retrieved representing 65% of
questionnaires sent out. The statistical tools used for testing are correlation, ANOVA and Regression. The
analysis shows that the correlation between access to finance and the attrition of textiles industries in Nigeria
implying a strong negative relationship between access to finance and the attrition of textile industries in
Nigeria. It is recommended that textile industries take advantage of the most recent source of financing which
is the Nigeria industrial bank. Financial discipline needs to be practiced by textile entrepreneurs in order to
distinguish between company funds and personal funds.
International business involves focusing global resources and opportunities to produce, buy, sell, or exchange goods and services worldwide. There are five stages of internationalization for companies: domestic, international, multinational, global, and transnational. As companies progress through these stages, their approach shifts from ethnocentric to polycentric to geocentric. International business environments are complex with many political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal, and natural factors that companies must consider when operating globally. Globalization has increased integration between world economies through liberalized trade, investment, and technological changes.
Ch01 globalization and international businessRamamohan Reddy
Globalization is defined as the ongoing process that deepens and broadens relationships between nations through increased economic, technological, personal, and political connections. International business facilitates globalization by involving commercial transactions between parties in different countries. International business is more complex than domestic business due to political, cultural, economic, geographic, and competitive differences between nations. Global governance involves international organizations that facilitate cooperation on issues related to politics/peace, trade, finance, development, and overall coordination between nations.
Gaining an understanding of the basics of international economics plays an important part in developing an effective strategy for successfully penetrating the international or globalized market. In deciding upon an effective strategy for market penetration, a company may be constrained by the policies, laws, or other administrative or regulatory procedures which are in force in the host country. Economic considerations related to income, strategies for market penetration, development indicators, and debt will determine the readiness of countries to accept foreign investment and are critical pieces of the analysis that must be undertaken. In addition, in order to successfully compete in a globalized world, a company must navigate these delicate issues relating to sovereignty that will impact on the decision-making process.In reaching the decision to move outside national borders, a company must exercise sound judgment regarding opportunities and risks associated with the economy of the host nation in order to guaranty the success of a proposed international operation.These measurements, classifications, strategies, and development criteria important in the context of international business are often looked upon as secondary to judging financial or accounting realities. Yet, by taking into account these core definitional concepts in developing an investment strategy, businesses will assure success on a wide variety of fronts.
International Business Management - Lecture No 02Khurshid Swati
The document discusses various aspects of internationalization and globalization. It defines internationalization as businesses operating on a global scale and globalization as deepening interdependence among countries. Forms of internationalization mentioned include import/export, licensing, and franchising. Drivers of globalization include improved technology and transportation, as well as economic trends promoting free trade. Restraining forces include challenges like cultural and political differences between countries. The impacts of multinational companies on host countries are also summarized, including both potential benefits and problems.
China Investment Environment - Start-up/Growth Company Finance Market in Chin...Team Finland Future Watch
Report summarizes the start-up and growth company finance market in China. The report consists of analysis and views of the present state of the start-up/growth company finance market in China as well as views of the future trends and implications of those. Then, advise to the Finnish public sector, companies and VCs is provided.
Corporate Capital of Domestic and Foreign Firms in Africa – An Empirical ReviewIOSRJBM
The study evaluated the existence and nature of systematic competition for corporate capital between local and foreign firms operating in major African economies. The study is motivated by the debate that foreign firms have easier access to corporate capital than domestic firms, and that the problem in the global financial market might push foreign firms to rely more on domestic financial markets for funds. To achieve the goal of this study, both microeconomic and macroeconomic data were sourced from diverse sources – including the World Bank's Global Development Indicators' database and the individual annual financial reports of firms. The data generated a total of 351 firms based in 11 African countries over a period 2009 to 2014. The results show that the average ratio of total liabilities to total assets is slightly higher among the listed foreign firms (at 48.8 percent) than among the listed domestic firms (47.9 percent), although the differences does not appear significant at conventional levels (t-statistic = 0.601; prob.>t = 0.548). For the whole sample also, it is shown that foreign firms have higher long-term liabilities to total asset ratio than domestic firms, and that the difference is significant at 10 percent level. Whereas the average long-term debt ratio among foreign firms stands at 12.1 percent, for domestic firms, the level is 10.7 percent (t-statistic = 1.751; prob.>t = 0.080). In none of the four sub regions, though, does the difference in the long-term debts ratio significantly differ between domestic and foreign firms. Consistent with the statistical evidence, the descriptive results seem to suggest that the survey evidence reported by the World Bank that in Africa, foreign firms are more profitable, larger, more valued in terms of investments in fixed assets, and older than domestic firms is not true. However, as shown in this report, such differences, with the exception of asset tangibility and age, are not very significant at conventional levels. This suggests that the major source of competition for corporate finance in Africa may be on the extent of collateral value and the reputation that arises from firm age
The document provides an overview of international business. It discusses key topics like the stakeholders of business, factors driving internationalization, entry strategies, trade theories, and environmental factors influencing international business decisions. The summary also outlines some sector-specific foreign direct investment caps implemented by the Indian government.
Managing Cultural Integration in Cross-Border Mergers and AcquisitionsDenison Consulting
Cross-border M&A has become one of the leading approaches for firms to
gain access to global markets. Yet there has been little progress in the
research literature exploring the role that culture may play in the success
of these ventures. Poor culture-fit has often been cited as one reason why
M&A has not produced the outcomes organizations hoped for (Cartwright & Schoenberg, 2006). Cross-border M&A has the added challenges of having to deal with both national and organizational culture
differences. In this chapter we review the literature on cultural integration
in cross-border M&A and provide a framework designed to help manage
the integration process throughout the M&A lifecycle. This framework
presents culture assessment and integration as a crucial component to
reducing poor culture-fit as a barrier to M&A success.
Socio political instability and foreign direct investments in ghana an ardl ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examines the impact of socio-political instability during national election periods in Ghana on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. The study uses an autoregressive distributed lag bounds cointegration approach to analyze quarterly data from 1992 to 2010, during which Ghana had five national elections. The results indicate that socio-political instability exerts a negative influence on FDI inflows in both the short- and long-run. The paper concludes that Ghana needs to limit tensions during election periods in order to maintain competitiveness as an FDI destination in West Africa and globally.
This document discusses international business and why firms engage in it. It defines key concepts like international trade, foreign direct investment, and the four main risks firms face: cross-cultural, country, currency, and commercial. Major participants are multinational enterprises, small and medium enterprises, and non-profits. Firms internationalize to seek growth opportunities, earn higher profits, gain new ideas, serve customers abroad, access lower cost resources, and develop economies of scale. The largest multinational enterprises are from Europe, North America, and East Asia.
This document summarizes a master's thesis that examines the relationship between Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa and institutional quality in African nations. Using FDI flow data from 2003-2010 from the Chinese Ministry of Commerce and an institutional quality measure from the World Bank, the author found a significant positive relationship between these variables. Other factors like natural resources, population, productivity, and life expectancy also influenced FDI levels. The paper aims to analyze the characteristics of Chinese FDI in Africa and determine if institutional quality impacts investment levels. It also discusses how FDI, economic growth, and development are linked and the role of institutions.
The document summarizes several theories of international trade, including mercantilism, absolute advantage, comparative advantage, and the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. It also discusses the product life cycle theory proposed by Vernon. Mercantilism held that nations should aim for a trade surplus to accumulate gold and silver. Absolute advantage refers to a country's ability to produce a good at a lower absolute cost. Comparative advantage argues that trade benefits all parties when each country specializes in what it can produce at the lowest relative cost. Heckscher-Ohlin suggests trade patterns are determined by differences in factor endowments like capital and labor. The product life cycle theory proposes that a good will be successively produced and exported from
This document discusses globalization and international business. It defines globalization as the broadening set of interdependent relationships among people from different parts of the world. International business consists of all commercial transactions between two or more countries. International business differs from domestic business due to physical factors like a country's geography, social factors like laws and culture, and competitive factors in foreign markets. Companies engage in international business to expand sales, acquire resources, and minimize risks.
International business involves commercial transactions between two or more countries. It includes private companies undertaking exports, foreign direct investment, and production facilities in other countries for profit. Government also engages in international trade and business for profit and political reasons. While international business offers opportunities for growth, it also presents challenges from differences in cultures, regulations, and economic conditions between countries. In 2008, foreign direct investment worldwide declined 21% to $1.4 trillion due to the global economic slowdown, though some developing countries like China and India still saw increases in foreign investment.
E:\Notes Of M Com 2\Converted Pdf Notes\International Businessguesta42743
This document provides an overview of international business. It defines international business as commercial transactions between two countries. It discusses why companies engage in international business, including expanding sales, acquiring resources, diversifying sources of sales/supplies, and minimizing competitive risk. Recent growth in international business is due to expansion of technology, liberalization of trade barriers, development of supporting services, and increased global competition. There are various modes of international business, including merchandise exports/imports, service exports/imports, foreign direct investment, and portfolio investment.
NHRDN Virtual Learning Session on Internation HRM: Integrating HRM Across Bou...National HRD Network
1. The document discusses globalization and its impact on human resource management. It covers topics such as global HR competencies, international assignments, culture and diversity, and performance management across cultures.
2. International assignments can help fill skills gaps, ensure consistent corporate culture, and develop global leaders. However, they also present challenges in terms of expatriate selection, cross-cultural adjustment, and successful repatriation.
3. Managing global talent requires developing a global mindset, understanding cultural differences, and building credibility through strong HR functional skills. Organizations must prepare expatriates, support them during assignments, and ease their reentry into home countries.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Ppt 01 introduction to international businessPadmini Agrawal
This document provides an introduction to international business. It defines international business as economic transactions that occur across national boundaries between two countries. It discusses several theories of international trade and factors that influence international business such as different legal, political, and social environments between countries. The document also lists assignments for students and references for further reading on international business.
The document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) and multinational corporations. It examines the article "FDI and Multinationals: Patterns, Impacts and Policies" by A.T. Tavares and S. Young. The document summarizes key points from the article, including the main drivers for firms to engage in FDI, such as accessing new markets or resources. It also classifies FDI based on factors like ownership structure and firm motives. The impacts of FDI from the perspective of host and home countries are outlined, noting concerns about national welfare as well as potential benefits from technology transfer and competitive pressures spurring efficiency.
Performing Online Survey’s “An Added Advantage” Over Advertisementijtsrd
In this article we try to study about the importance of performing surveys and they have an added advantage over advertisement. In earlier years manual surveys were done often door to door but off late surveys are being done online all over the world. Most of the nations conduct online surveys and use this as a great strategy to create good products and provide good services to the people and avoid spending heavily on advertisements. Surveys offer many benefits and therefore have become famous for their convenience, comfort and accurate feedback from the consumers. This article is based on the recent trends observed in various sectors where surveys are done and advertisements are offered to the consumer. After doing the marketing research by the companies and the changes in consumer behaviour observed the following conclusion is drawn. Dr. Mamta Bansal | Mr. Mandeep Narang "Performing Online Survey’s “An Added Advantage” Over Advertisement" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38607.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/38607/performing-online-survey’s-“an-added-advantage”-over-advertisement/dr-mamta-bansal
Financial Openness and Capital Market Development in Sub Saharan African Coun...ijtsrd
This study examined the nexus between financial openness and capital market development in Sub Saharan African Countries for 30 years period ranging from 1990 2019. Okafor, Martin Emeka | Nwakoby, Clement Ikechukwu Ndukaife | Adigwe, Patrick Kanayo | Ezu, Gideon Kasie "Financial Openness and Capital Market Development in Sub-Saharan African Countries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38568.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/38568/financial-openness-and-capital-market-development-in-subsaharan-african-countries/okafor-martin-emeka
Ch01 globalization and international businessRamamohan Reddy
Globalization is defined as the ongoing process that deepens and broadens relationships between nations through increased economic, technological, personal, and political connections. International business facilitates globalization by involving commercial transactions between parties in different countries. International business is more complex than domestic business due to political, cultural, economic, geographic, and competitive differences between nations. Global governance involves international organizations that facilitate cooperation on issues related to politics/peace, trade, finance, development, and overall coordination between nations.
Gaining an understanding of the basics of international economics plays an important part in developing an effective strategy for successfully penetrating the international or globalized market. In deciding upon an effective strategy for market penetration, a company may be constrained by the policies, laws, or other administrative or regulatory procedures which are in force in the host country. Economic considerations related to income, strategies for market penetration, development indicators, and debt will determine the readiness of countries to accept foreign investment and are critical pieces of the analysis that must be undertaken. In addition, in order to successfully compete in a globalized world, a company must navigate these delicate issues relating to sovereignty that will impact on the decision-making process.In reaching the decision to move outside national borders, a company must exercise sound judgment regarding opportunities and risks associated with the economy of the host nation in order to guaranty the success of a proposed international operation.These measurements, classifications, strategies, and development criteria important in the context of international business are often looked upon as secondary to judging financial or accounting realities. Yet, by taking into account these core definitional concepts in developing an investment strategy, businesses will assure success on a wide variety of fronts.
International Business Management - Lecture No 02Khurshid Swati
The document discusses various aspects of internationalization and globalization. It defines internationalization as businesses operating on a global scale and globalization as deepening interdependence among countries. Forms of internationalization mentioned include import/export, licensing, and franchising. Drivers of globalization include improved technology and transportation, as well as economic trends promoting free trade. Restraining forces include challenges like cultural and political differences between countries. The impacts of multinational companies on host countries are also summarized, including both potential benefits and problems.
China Investment Environment - Start-up/Growth Company Finance Market in Chin...Team Finland Future Watch
Report summarizes the start-up and growth company finance market in China. The report consists of analysis and views of the present state of the start-up/growth company finance market in China as well as views of the future trends and implications of those. Then, advise to the Finnish public sector, companies and VCs is provided.
Corporate Capital of Domestic and Foreign Firms in Africa – An Empirical ReviewIOSRJBM
The study evaluated the existence and nature of systematic competition for corporate capital between local and foreign firms operating in major African economies. The study is motivated by the debate that foreign firms have easier access to corporate capital than domestic firms, and that the problem in the global financial market might push foreign firms to rely more on domestic financial markets for funds. To achieve the goal of this study, both microeconomic and macroeconomic data were sourced from diverse sources – including the World Bank's Global Development Indicators' database and the individual annual financial reports of firms. The data generated a total of 351 firms based in 11 African countries over a period 2009 to 2014. The results show that the average ratio of total liabilities to total assets is slightly higher among the listed foreign firms (at 48.8 percent) than among the listed domestic firms (47.9 percent), although the differences does not appear significant at conventional levels (t-statistic = 0.601; prob.>t = 0.548). For the whole sample also, it is shown that foreign firms have higher long-term liabilities to total asset ratio than domestic firms, and that the difference is significant at 10 percent level. Whereas the average long-term debt ratio among foreign firms stands at 12.1 percent, for domestic firms, the level is 10.7 percent (t-statistic = 1.751; prob.>t = 0.080). In none of the four sub regions, though, does the difference in the long-term debts ratio significantly differ between domestic and foreign firms. Consistent with the statistical evidence, the descriptive results seem to suggest that the survey evidence reported by the World Bank that in Africa, foreign firms are more profitable, larger, more valued in terms of investments in fixed assets, and older than domestic firms is not true. However, as shown in this report, such differences, with the exception of asset tangibility and age, are not very significant at conventional levels. This suggests that the major source of competition for corporate finance in Africa may be on the extent of collateral value and the reputation that arises from firm age
The document provides an overview of international business. It discusses key topics like the stakeholders of business, factors driving internationalization, entry strategies, trade theories, and environmental factors influencing international business decisions. The summary also outlines some sector-specific foreign direct investment caps implemented by the Indian government.
Managing Cultural Integration in Cross-Border Mergers and AcquisitionsDenison Consulting
Cross-border M&A has become one of the leading approaches for firms to
gain access to global markets. Yet there has been little progress in the
research literature exploring the role that culture may play in the success
of these ventures. Poor culture-fit has often been cited as one reason why
M&A has not produced the outcomes organizations hoped for (Cartwright & Schoenberg, 2006). Cross-border M&A has the added challenges of having to deal with both national and organizational culture
differences. In this chapter we review the literature on cultural integration
in cross-border M&A and provide a framework designed to help manage
the integration process throughout the M&A lifecycle. This framework
presents culture assessment and integration as a crucial component to
reducing poor culture-fit as a barrier to M&A success.
Socio political instability and foreign direct investments in ghana an ardl ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examines the impact of socio-political instability during national election periods in Ghana on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. The study uses an autoregressive distributed lag bounds cointegration approach to analyze quarterly data from 1992 to 2010, during which Ghana had five national elections. The results indicate that socio-political instability exerts a negative influence on FDI inflows in both the short- and long-run. The paper concludes that Ghana needs to limit tensions during election periods in order to maintain competitiveness as an FDI destination in West Africa and globally.
This document discusses international business and why firms engage in it. It defines key concepts like international trade, foreign direct investment, and the four main risks firms face: cross-cultural, country, currency, and commercial. Major participants are multinational enterprises, small and medium enterprises, and non-profits. Firms internationalize to seek growth opportunities, earn higher profits, gain new ideas, serve customers abroad, access lower cost resources, and develop economies of scale. The largest multinational enterprises are from Europe, North America, and East Asia.
This document summarizes a master's thesis that examines the relationship between Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa and institutional quality in African nations. Using FDI flow data from 2003-2010 from the Chinese Ministry of Commerce and an institutional quality measure from the World Bank, the author found a significant positive relationship between these variables. Other factors like natural resources, population, productivity, and life expectancy also influenced FDI levels. The paper aims to analyze the characteristics of Chinese FDI in Africa and determine if institutional quality impacts investment levels. It also discusses how FDI, economic growth, and development are linked and the role of institutions.
The document summarizes several theories of international trade, including mercantilism, absolute advantage, comparative advantage, and the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. It also discusses the product life cycle theory proposed by Vernon. Mercantilism held that nations should aim for a trade surplus to accumulate gold and silver. Absolute advantage refers to a country's ability to produce a good at a lower absolute cost. Comparative advantage argues that trade benefits all parties when each country specializes in what it can produce at the lowest relative cost. Heckscher-Ohlin suggests trade patterns are determined by differences in factor endowments like capital and labor. The product life cycle theory proposes that a good will be successively produced and exported from
This document discusses globalization and international business. It defines globalization as the broadening set of interdependent relationships among people from different parts of the world. International business consists of all commercial transactions between two or more countries. International business differs from domestic business due to physical factors like a country's geography, social factors like laws and culture, and competitive factors in foreign markets. Companies engage in international business to expand sales, acquire resources, and minimize risks.
International business involves commercial transactions between two or more countries. It includes private companies undertaking exports, foreign direct investment, and production facilities in other countries for profit. Government also engages in international trade and business for profit and political reasons. While international business offers opportunities for growth, it also presents challenges from differences in cultures, regulations, and economic conditions between countries. In 2008, foreign direct investment worldwide declined 21% to $1.4 trillion due to the global economic slowdown, though some developing countries like China and India still saw increases in foreign investment.
E:\Notes Of M Com 2\Converted Pdf Notes\International Businessguesta42743
This document provides an overview of international business. It defines international business as commercial transactions between two countries. It discusses why companies engage in international business, including expanding sales, acquiring resources, diversifying sources of sales/supplies, and minimizing competitive risk. Recent growth in international business is due to expansion of technology, liberalization of trade barriers, development of supporting services, and increased global competition. There are various modes of international business, including merchandise exports/imports, service exports/imports, foreign direct investment, and portfolio investment.
NHRDN Virtual Learning Session on Internation HRM: Integrating HRM Across Bou...National HRD Network
1. The document discusses globalization and its impact on human resource management. It covers topics such as global HR competencies, international assignments, culture and diversity, and performance management across cultures.
2. International assignments can help fill skills gaps, ensure consistent corporate culture, and develop global leaders. However, they also present challenges in terms of expatriate selection, cross-cultural adjustment, and successful repatriation.
3. Managing global talent requires developing a global mindset, understanding cultural differences, and building credibility through strong HR functional skills. Organizations must prepare expatriates, support them during assignments, and ease their reentry into home countries.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Ppt 01 introduction to international businessPadmini Agrawal
This document provides an introduction to international business. It defines international business as economic transactions that occur across national boundaries between two countries. It discusses several theories of international trade and factors that influence international business such as different legal, political, and social environments between countries. The document also lists assignments for students and references for further reading on international business.
The document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) and multinational corporations. It examines the article "FDI and Multinationals: Patterns, Impacts and Policies" by A.T. Tavares and S. Young. The document summarizes key points from the article, including the main drivers for firms to engage in FDI, such as accessing new markets or resources. It also classifies FDI based on factors like ownership structure and firm motives. The impacts of FDI from the perspective of host and home countries are outlined, noting concerns about national welfare as well as potential benefits from technology transfer and competitive pressures spurring efficiency.
Performing Online Survey’s “An Added Advantage” Over Advertisementijtsrd
In this article we try to study about the importance of performing surveys and they have an added advantage over advertisement. In earlier years manual surveys were done often door to door but off late surveys are being done online all over the world. Most of the nations conduct online surveys and use this as a great strategy to create good products and provide good services to the people and avoid spending heavily on advertisements. Surveys offer many benefits and therefore have become famous for their convenience, comfort and accurate feedback from the consumers. This article is based on the recent trends observed in various sectors where surveys are done and advertisements are offered to the consumer. After doing the marketing research by the companies and the changes in consumer behaviour observed the following conclusion is drawn. Dr. Mamta Bansal | Mr. Mandeep Narang "Performing Online Survey’s “An Added Advantage” Over Advertisement" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38607.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/38607/performing-online-survey’s-“an-added-advantage”-over-advertisement/dr-mamta-bansal
Financial Openness and Capital Market Development in Sub Saharan African Coun...ijtsrd
This study examined the nexus between financial openness and capital market development in Sub Saharan African Countries for 30 years period ranging from 1990 2019. Okafor, Martin Emeka | Nwakoby, Clement Ikechukwu Ndukaife | Adigwe, Patrick Kanayo | Ezu, Gideon Kasie "Financial Openness and Capital Market Development in Sub-Saharan African Countries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38568.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/38568/financial-openness-and-capital-market-development-in-subsaharan-african-countries/okafor-martin-emeka
The document discusses the effects of international marketing environments on entrepreneurship development. It summarizes that cultural, political, and technological environments in foreign markets present both opportunities and threats for entrepreneurs seeking to introduce products globally. The study finds that factors like government policies, regulations, technological changes, and cultural differences in overseas markets significantly impact business transactions and entrepreneurial success abroad. It recommends governments establish supportive frameworks to help entrepreneurs succeed in international markets by navigating challenges from differences in cultural, political, and technological environments across countries.
Entrepreneurial Orientation and Global Mindset: Impact on Internationalizatio...scmsnoida5
This document summarizes a research study that examined the impact of entrepreneurial orientation and global mindset on the internationalization of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in India. A survey was conducted of 200 SMEs involved in international business in India. The study found that entrepreneurial orientation and global mindset positively impact internationalization for SMEs in India. Both factors were also found to be determinants of internationalization. The findings suggest SME owners/managers in India should focus on developing entrepreneurial orientation and global mindset within their organizations to successfully internationalize their businesses.
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) from a Nigerian perspective. It outlines how some Nigerian enterprises have become multinational companies investing in other countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, in sectors like banking, oil and gas, and telecommunications. The document examines the determinants and trends of FDI in Africa since the 1970s. It aims to understand if existing policies are sufficient to attract investment and discusses factors influencing FDI, its role, trends, sector allocation, and reasons for Africa's lower levels of FDI historically. Recommendations are provided for multinational enterprises and policymakers.
Tax Incentives and Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeriaiosrjce
Given the significance of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to economic growth and the use of tax
incentives as a strategy among government of various countries to attract FDI, this study examines the influence
of tax incentives in the decision of an investor to locate FDI in Nigeria. Data were drawn from annual statistical
bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria and the World Bank World Development Indicators Database. The work
employs a model of multiple regressions using static Error Correction Modelling (ECM) to determine the time
series properties of tax incentives captured by annual tax revenue as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product
(GDP)and FDI. The result showed that FDI response to tax incentives is negatively significant, that is, increase
in tax incentives does not bring about a corresponding increase in FDI. Based on the findings, the paper
recommends, amongst others, that dependence on tax incentives should be reduced and more attention be put on
other incentives strategies such as stable economic reforms and stable political climate.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how firm age and size affect the small and medium firm to move from the local to international market. Literature has strongly suggested that the firm age and firm size some of the key factors that influence internationalization of medium sized firms for many developing economies though little research has been done regarding the same for developing economies. An in depth survey was conducted with 73 Kenya Top 100 medium companies targeting the CEOs and/or key executives by the use of a questionnaire instrument. The data was analyzed by the use of Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) Version 21. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to present data. The study found that if Kenyan medium sized firms would sustainably increase the size of their operation, as they age, this would increase theirreadiness to internationalize their operations. They would therefore achieve superior capability to maximize on any opportunity that might arise for doing business in foreign market.The study recommends that the Government of Kenya should provide a supportive environment that would enable medium firmsto grow and overcome the challenges of smallness which is a precursor to internationalization.
This document summarizes a research article about procurement reforms in Africa. It finds that while African countries have made strides in reforming procurement systems through new laws and institutions, full implementation faces challenges. Reforms aim to increase transparency, efficiency and accountability, but challenges include inadequate training and education of procurement officials, legislative constraints like those around procurement technology, and lack of political support which has slowed the pace of reforms. Overall, African countries have made initial improvements to financial management through procurement reforms, but successful implementation continues to face problems.
Research on relationship between china and ghana trade and foreign direct inv...Alexander Decker
This document discusses research on the relationship between China and Ghana in terms of trade and foreign direct investment. It finds that China is the second largest source of trade and foreign direct investment for Ghana. The document provides background on foreign direct investment in Africa, noting that while countries have worked to improve their investment climates, the expected surge in FDI has not occurred due to negative perceptions of risks. Determinants of FDI in Africa discussed include natural resources, market size, labor costs, trade openness, taxes, incentives, political stability, and infrastructure.
Rubric:
Global
Orientation
SLO
Applied
To
Case
Case
Requirements
GO
Dimension
1
Description
GO
Dimension
2
Description
GO
Dimension
3
Description
GO
Dimension
4
Description
Students
will-‐>
Exhibit
knowledge
of
the
major
cultural
economic,
social
and
legal
environments
faced
by
organizations
(GL
SLO
1)
Develop
multiple
strategies
for
the
challenges
of
doing
business
in
a
global
environment
(GL
SLO
2)
Assess
the
needs
and
justify
the
advantages
accruing
from
expanding
into
international
markets
(GL
SLO
1,
2,
3)
Demonstrate
appropriate
responses
to
cultural
diversity
in
a
global
economy
(GL
SLO
3)
Question
1
Identify
the
key
criteria
and
considerations
that
need
to
be
taken
into
account
in
evaluating
BFSI
entry
in
the
proposed
foreign
markets.
20%
Question
2
Of
the
countries
under
consideration,
which
five
would
be
most
suitable
for
the
immediate
establishment
of
a
BFSI
subsidiary?
Highlight
the
key
issues
for
each
of
the
selected
countries
and
discuss
the
reasoning
behind
your
recommendation.
30%
20%
Question
3
Which
countries
would
be
unsuitable
for
a
BFSI
subsidiary
at
this
time,
and
what
are
the
basic
shortcomings
in
each
case?
30%
TOTAL
20%
of
grade
30%
of
grade
20%
of
grade
30%
of
grade
ECONOMICS 1
Economics
[Insert Name]
[Institutional affiliation]
Factors /criteria to be considered by BSFI before entering the foreign market
Due to the decision to go international the company has to consider the following highlighted factors.
The resources the BFSI have. The company should have enough resources of going abroad which will involve providing insurance to customers and extending credit (Bardhan, 2010). The resources for whole sale financing and purchase ...
The Relationship between Foreign Trade and Financial Performance of the Liste...IOSRJBM
The main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between foreign trade and financial performance of the listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The study focused on the 32 listed companies randomly drawn from the 74 listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The secondary data extracted from the financial statement of these companies were subjected to both descriptive and inferential statistics. The result shows a significant positive relationship between the two variables. It was therefore recommended that the management and the board of directors of the listed manufacturing companies should intensify efforts on how the locally produced products will be able to penetrate into the foreign countries as it was discovered that majority of the goods produced by the manufacturing companies in Nigeria are consumed locally
The aim is to determine the short-term profitability of IPOs and to surrounding the evolution of this profitability on the middle/long run. Therefore, we used the raw initial returns and the adjusted initial returns methods to assess the short-term performance. We determined the long-term performance through the cumulative abnormal returns and the buy-and-hold abnormal returns, abnormal returns being adjusted to the market index and to the market model.
Effect of Voluntary Disclosure on Corporate Performance of Quoted Manufacturi...ijtsrd
The objective of the study is to examine the effect of voluntary disclosure on corporate performance of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The study specifically examined the effect of voluntary disclosure on ROA, ROE, and NPM. The population of the study was drawn from manufacturing firms quoted on the floor of the Nigerian Stock Exchange. financial year. The study was based on secondary sources of data, collected from annual financial reports. The study used content analysis to analyse the voluntary disclosure items. The study finds that voluntary disclosure has a significant negative effect on profitability return on assets, return on equity and net profit margin . The study therefore recommends, among others, manufacturing firms to enhance voluntary disclosure based on a cost benefit analysis of such, and also, help “bridge the gap†between financial numbers and the true economics underlying the company’s transaction. Voluntary disclosure is also recommended as a medium to curtail the shenanigans of earnings management. Ikemefuna, Victor C. | Onuora, J. K. "Effect of Voluntary Disclosure on Corporate Performance of Quoted Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42600.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commanagement/accounting-and-finance/42600/effect-of-voluntary-disclosure-on-corporate-performance-of-quoted-manufacturing-companies-in-nigeria/ikemefuna-victor-c
Role of Finance and Organizational Climate on Entrepreneurial Development amo...ijtsrd
Entrepreneurship is a key driver of economic growth and economic development. It is also a medium through which unemployment can be reduced and innovation can be promoted. It is a fact to say that entrepreneurship is a panacea for poverty reduction and eradication which is one of the cardinal eight point agenda of Millennium Development Goals. Entrepreneurship is seen as a key vehicle for employment creation, creation of economic wealth, and an essential means of enhancing the innovation dynamics in the local, regional and national economies Chris 2010 . Entrepreneurship provides a satisfying and rewarding working life, provides a flexible lifestyle and considerable business autonomy. It is becoming an increasingly important career option for unemployed people, secondary school and university graduates. At the national level, entrepreneurial activity contributes to economic growth and economic development Chris 2010 . Many researchers have written extensively on entrepreneurship and its effectiveness to the development of any given economy. Akanni 2008 further opined that the experiences of developed economies in relation to the roles played by entrepreneurship buttresses the fact that the significance of entrepreneurship cannot be overemphasize particularly among developing countries. In order to highlight its importance in relation to the growth and development of a given economy, entrepreneurship has been variously referred to as "source of economic growth". This is because entrepreneurial activities have been found to be capable of making positive impact on the economy of a nation and the quality of life of the people Adejumo, 2000 . Ojo Adeshina Akinwumi | Abifarin Olusola Michael | Dr. Okoklie Emmanuel Azuka "Role of Finance and Organizational Climate on Entrepreneurial Development among Selected Residents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30297.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/30297/role-of-finance-and-organizational-climate-on-entrepreneurial-development-among-selected-residents/ojo-adeshina-akinwumi
Ernst young private equity update 2013 (3)Willy Mutenza
Private equity exits in Africa have been increasing, with 118 exits recorded between 2007 and 2012. Exits have been spread across different regions of Africa, not just South Africa, demonstrating that PE houses can source good investments and exits outside the largest markets. Financial services was the most active sector for exits, representing the growth of the consumer sector across Africa. Trade sales to strategic buyers have been the most common exit route, with regional and local companies increasingly important acquirers as markets in Africa become more integrated regionally.
Foreign capital flows depends on the prevailing monetary forces as supported by capital flows
theory and the mechanism linking these two variables is that contraction of net domestic assets through an
open market sale of bonds will place upward pressure on domestic interest rates. Higher interest rates attract
foreign funds, generating a capital inflow which relieves the pressure on domestic interest rates. Has this
actually happened? It is against this backdrop that the present study investigated the impact of monetary policy
on international capital inflows in Nigeria for a period of 22 years (1994-2015) using time series data. The
autoregressive distributed lag technique revealed that the short-run and long-run significant determinants of
foreign capital inflows are largely from broad money supply, nominal exchange rate, inflation rate and interest
rates spread except inflation rate that is insignificant in the long-run. This outcome upholds theoretical
prediction. Long-run equilibrium relationship was found between the dependent variable and the regressors.
Further examination of the short run dynamics of the model showed that the speed of adjustment coefficients
ECM (-1) to restore equilibrium have a negative sign and statistically significant at 1% level, ensuring that
long-run equilibrium can be attained and about 89% of the short-run deviation from the equilibrium (long-run)
position is corrected annually to maintain the equilibrium. Since the empirical evidence revealed that monetary
aggregates such as broad money supply, nominal exchange rate, inflation rate and interest rates spread
influence foreign capital inflows, it is therefore recommended that government should continue to pursue
expansionary monetary policy and foreign exchange policies that would ensure competitiveness of the
economy in order to attract the much needed foreign capital inflows that would engender economic growth.
Foreign Investment and Its Effect on the Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Triang...iosrjce
Evidence abound about the registered increase in foreign investment inflows in recent years. While
proponents emphasize that these inflows could engender economic growth, critics express concern that there
could be destabilizing effect on the economy if not well managed. This study therefore, attempts to examine the
effect of foreign investments (disaggregated into foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investment)
inflows on economic growth in Nigeria with a view to ascertaining the better contributor, using time series data
from 1987-2012. The OLS and the Granger causality procedures were employed in analyzing the data. The
result displays that both foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investment have positive and significant
effect on economic growth though the partial correlation coefficients show that foreign portfolio investment is
the better contributor. Based on the result, government should pursue policies that encourage both foreign
direct investment and especially foreign portfolio investment.
Why foreign direct investment goes towards central africaAlexander Decker
This document examines the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Central Africa. It finds that (1) high GDP growth rates attract more FDI to the region, (2) natural resources like oil production also promote FDI inflows, and (3) other factors like human capital, trade openness, and infrastructure development can further increase a country's attractiveness for FDI. The study recommends that governments intensify anti-corruption efforts, encourage private investment, and modernize infrastructure to facilitate business.
This document summarizes a study that examined factors affecting foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to Ethiopia from 1990 to 2011. The study used a multiple regression model to analyze the relationship between FDI inflows as a percentage of GDP (the dependent variable) and five independent variables: market size, trade openness, inflation rate, infrastructure, and human capital. Time series data from 1990 to 2011 on these variables was obtained from the World Bank and analyzed. The findings showed that trade openness and inflation rate had a significant impact on FDI flows to Ethiopia, while no clear relationship was found for market size, infrastructure, and human capital.
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Call for papers: Special Issue on Acquisitions and International Joint Ventures in Africa
1. 1
Call for Papers
Special Issue: “Market Entry into Africa: Acquisitions and International Joint Ventures.
Studies of foreign firm’s market entry strategies, challenges, and performance in Africa."
Deadline for submission of Manuscripts: 31st
August 2018
For the past 40 years, while international business (IB) studies have focused on explaining the
internationalization of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and the globalization of markets, studies
focused on Africa have thus far been limited. Extending IB studies to the African context will
improve IB theories as it has been suggested that contextualized explanations improve theorizing
in international business studies (Meyer & Peng 2005; Welch, Piekkari, Plakoyiannaki &
Paavilainen-Möntymäki 2011). African markets provide a unique context to test IB theories
empirically and develop context-specific theories (Van de Ven & Jing 2011). Similar
contextualization has been done in transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe (Meyer &
Peng 2005), China (Child & Tse 2001), and studies on strategies of emerging market MNEs
(Cuervo-Cazurra 2012).
The aim of this special issue is to advance international business in Africa and specifically focus
on how foreign firms enter African markets via acquisitions and international joint ventures. It will
extend knowledge of these market entry strategies in Africa for research and for foreign firms
intending to or currently doing business in Africa.
This special issue will address two important entry mode choices for foreign firms seeking market
entry into Africa, the choice of acquisitions (partial and full acquisitions) and international joint
ventures. Acquisitions and international joint ventures are gaining importance in Africa (Boateng
and Glaister 2003; Dadzie & Owusu 2015) partly due to an increasing consolidation of several
industries and economic liberation policies implemented by many Africa countries (UNCTAD
2015).
Africa currently has some of the fastest growing countries in the world (World Bank 2017). It is
described as the next frontier for global trade and competition (Teagarden 2009; Peters 2011;
Roberts, Kayande & Srivastava 2015: 247). As a result, there is an increasing interest from foreign
companies to focus on Africa (Robert et al. 2015: 249). While the interest in investing in Africa is
rising, the know-how of business on the continent is very limited. There have recently been a few
2. 2
special issues focusing on Sub-Saharan Africa in the top international business journals: Vol 17,
Issue 6 (Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing 2002); “Sub-Saharan Africa at a key
inflection point” (Thunderbird International Business Review 2009); “Contemporary
developments in the management of human resources in Africa” (Journal of World Business,
2011); “Contemporary challenges and opportunities of doing business in Africa” (Journal of
Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2016); “Critical perspectives on international
business in Africa (Critical Perspectives on International Business, 2016); “Strategic Management
in Africa (Global Strategy Journal, 2017) ; and a recent call “The internationalization of African
firms” (Thunderbird International Business Review, 2016).
While cross-border acquisition may be the ideal strategy for foreign firms entering Africa, the
relative institutional difference between African countries and home countries of foreign firms
may make full acquisition entry strategies more challenging. For example, as most African
economies rely on natural resources as their primary source of economic revenue, some
governments impose several local content legislations to protect indigenous firms (Vaaland,
Soneye & Owusu 2012). Local content legislation may hamper feasibility of several M&A deals,
and thus, make it more viable for international joint ventures or other forms of acquisition entry
strategies (partial and staged acquisitions).
The total value of acquisitions into Africa within the decade 2005-2014 doubled to $79bn
compared to $34bn in the previous decade (1995-2004) (UNCTAD 2015). This trend will continue
to rise as BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) and other foreign
corporations continue to invest in Africa for the continent's natural resources, vast untapped
agricultural sector and increasing consumer base (Davies & Segain 2014; UNCTAD 2017). Also,
there is an increasing trend towards regional M&A activity in Africa (ibid). Irrespective of this
positive trend, there is still limited research on cross-border acquisitions into Africa.
Studies focused on cross-border acquisitions explore how organizations select potential acquisition
targets, due diligence process, negotiation of acquisition deals, acquisition entry strategies,
acquisition integration, acquisition performance and subsidiary exit. To the best of our knowledge,
empirical studies focused on cross-border M&As in Africa are scant. The existing studies have
mainly been done in the context of Ghana and have focused specifically on the choice between
greenfields and acquisitions (Dadzie & Owusu 2015; Dadzie, Owusu, Amoako, & Aklamanu
2017), performance of acquisitions and greenfield investments in Ghana (Dadzie, Larimo &
Nguyen 2014) and, recently, a study addressing how host country capability, target specific
experience, institutions and host country market structure impact on Finnish firms’ choice for
partial, staged and full acquisitions in Egypt, Morocco, Kenya, and South Africa (Oguji & Owusu
2017). This study showed that various firm-related and institutional factors affect the acquisition
decisions of Finnish firms and that there has been a change of the emphases between partial and
full acquisitions over time. All the above studies are, however, limited in the sense of their
empirical research being limited to Ghana, and to Finnish companies. The under-representation of
Africa in acquisition research and scholarly journals and the growing cross-border M&A’s into
Africa (UNCTAD 2017) suggest the need for more studies that explore various aspects of cross-
border acquisitions in the context of Africa.
3. 3
Similarly, international joint venture (IJV) is a popular entry strategy through which foreign firms
gain market entry into Africa (Boateng 2004). It is an entry strategy where two or more legally
separate bodies (one a foreign entity) form a separate jointly-owned entity in which they invest
and engage in various decision-making activities (Geringer & Hebert 1989; Geringer & Hebert
1991). A review of the literature on IJVs suggest that extant studies focus on motives of IJV
formation, partner selection process, how IJVs are formed, trust and commitment in IJVs,
ownership and control mechanisms in IJVs, knowledge transfer in IJVs, IJV stability and
performance (Vaidya 2009). Studies on IJVs in Africa are limited. Existing studies have been done
on the motives of IJV formation (Bartels, Johnson & Ahmed 2002; Boateng & Glaister 2003);
ownership and control mechanisms in IJVs (Bartels et al. 2002; Hearn 2015); how IJVs are formed
(Gómez-Miranda, Pérez-López, Argente-Linares & Rodríguez-Ariza 2015) and performance of
IJVs in Africa (Boateng & Glaister 2002).
Specifically, on IJV formation, one key area of research is on how firms access the needed capital
for IJV formation. It is often more difficult for foreign firms to access domestic credit compared
to local firms in emerging countries (Moskalev 2010; Beyer & Fening 2012). On this premise,
Boateng (2004) studied the capital structure of IJVs in Ghana and found that the size of IJV, type
of IJV industry and ownership level of IJV partner have a positive bearing on the capital structure
of IJVs in Ghana. According to him, foreign JV partners in Ghana use more debts compared with
the host partners because debt capital offers foreign investors greater flexibility in repatriating
funds- a strategy to avert the unfavorable tax laws governing the repatriation of dividends in
Ghana.
On the motives of IJV formation, Bartels et al. (2002) explored the motives and control
mechanisms of 45 British and French equity joint ventures in Ghana and Côte D’Ivoire. They
found that while skills acquisition is the most important motivation for IJVs between firms from
developed countries, market access, and government suasion are more important for IJVs between
firms from developed and developing countries of Ghana and Côte D’Ivoire. Similarly, Boateng
& Glaister (2003) studied the strategic motives of international joint venture formation in Ghana
and found that the main motivation for IJVs in Ghana is to overcome regulatory restrictions, cost
sharing and facilitate international expansion of the foreign partners.
Regarding ownership and control mechanism, extant studies argue that mechanism for control in
IJVs lie on communications, coordination, and IJV functional integration with parent MNEs
(Bartels et al. 2002). In the context of Ghana and Côte D’Ivoire, a primary mechanism of control
is through the selection and appointment of the IJV Chief Executive Officer (CEO) (ibid). Hearn
(2015) extends ownership mechanism to include how the board of the IJVs is constituted and the
roles of the IJV board members. He showed that IJVs board members in the Anglo-Saxon
economies are recruited from individuals with governmental or political backgrounds (e.g.,
Hillman, Keim, & Schuler 2004; Hillman 2005; Holburn & Vanden, Bergh 2008; Lester, Hillman,
Zardkoohi & Cannella 2008). In Africa, increasing proportions of IJV board members are drawn
from indigenous social elites and governments compared to their public company counterparts
because of social and political legitimacy concerns (Hearn 2015). Gómez-Miranda et al. (2015)
showed that Spanish-Moroccan IJVs utilized a high degree of centralization of decision taking to
impact on the competitiveness, effectiveness, and efficiency of their joint venture.
4. 4
Finally, studies focused on the performance of IJVs in Africa suggest that partner capabilities,
capital adequacy, congruity of motives and goals and low levels of control are significant
determinants of IJV performance in Ghana (Boateng & Glaister 2002). They also found that IJVs
with a private sector host partner are perceived to perform better than IJVs with the host
government as a partner.
Thus far, the general conclusion from these studies is that IJVs in Africa often have different
characteristics from IJVs in the developed economies and require a different framework to look at
the various stages IJVs go through. Besides, Africa is a continent with varying degrees of
institutional and cultural differences between countries on the continent. The variation in
institutional quality across African continent has been shown to lead to varying degrees of
ownership mechanisms and roles of IJV board members (Hearn 2015).
Overall, despite the prevalence of IJVs and cross-border acquisitions in Africa, we lack a detailed
understanding of the complete life cycle perspective of acquisitions and IJVs in Africa. Africa
provides a unique context to focus IB studies on a coherent theme that provides a useful
contribution to theory and practice.
We seek papers that explore and analyze why foreign firms opt for IJV and acquisition strategies
in Africa, how they manage their African subsidiaries and their performance with these entry
modes. Furthermore, we seek for mainly empirical research but also some conceptual papers that
enrich the contextualization of Africa in international business. Specifically, we seek state-of-the-
art empirical and conceptual papers on topics including, but not limited to the following:
Motives and formation of IJVs and Acquisitions in Africa
Motives of IJVs and acquisitions in Africa
Motives of regional M&A vs. other cross-border M&As.
Partner selection in IJVs, targets search and due diligence in acquisitions in Africa
How IJVs and acquisitions from western countries in Africa differ from those of emerging
market countries such as the BRICS?
What are the major trends in IJVs and acquisitions in Africa?
External factors that are affecting IJVs and cross-border M&As in Africa
How have institutional changes in African countries affected IJVs and acquisitions in
Africa?
In which countries are foreign investors utilizing IJVs more than acquisitions and vice
versa and why?
How do the institutional frameworks in Africa affect IJV & M&A process?
What are the obstacles to IJVs and cross-border M&A in Africa?
Entry and Ownership Strategies: How do foreign firms choose their entry strategies in
Africa?
How do firms choose between partial, staged, full acquisitions and IJVs?
Partial acquisition vs. joint ventures
5. 5
Partial vs. Full Acquisitions
Staged acquisitions vs. full acquisitions
Ownership and control mechanisms in IJVS in Africa
Management of IJVs and Acquisitions in Africa
Knowledge transfer in IJVS and Acquisitions
Expatriate managers vs. local management team
Local adaptation vs. absorption of foreign practices in IJVs and acquisitions in Africa
Organizational and Cultural Issues in Acquisitions and IJVs in Africa
The impact of cultural and language diversity in Africa on effective integration of cross-
border acquisitions in Africa
The integration process in acquisitions in Africa
The role of culture in integration management in cross-border acquisitions in Africa
HRM practices in IJVS and acquisitions
Integration strategies in acquisitions
Performance of IJVs and Acquisitions in Africa
Lessons learned from unsuccessful acquisition deals and IJV failure in Africa
Determinants of performance of IJVs and acquisitions in Africa
Survival and stability of IJVs in Africa.
Divestments of IJVs and acquisitions in Africa
Guest Co-Editors:
1. Dr. Nnamdi Oguji
Researcher, University of Vaasa, Finland
Consultant & Business Analyst, KONE Corporation
Email: nnamdi.oguji@uva.fi
+358449966229
2. Dr. Owusu Richard
Associate Professor
School of Business and Economics, Linnaeus University, Sweden
Email richard.owusu@lnu.se
+358452749131
Guidelines and Submission Information:
All manuscripts should be submitted to the special issue at manuscript central:
https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/tibr
Authors must follow directions for submitting manuscripts to TIBR:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6874/homepage/ForAuthors.html
6. 6
Papers submitted to the Special Issue will be subjected to double‐blind peer review in accordance
with TIBR guidelines. Further questions about this special issue should be directed to any of the
Guest Editors of this Special Issue.
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