calcium abnormalities

1. CALICULI
Dr. Ali Waiswa
Department of Pathology

2. • Caliculi also often called a stone, is a concentration of material,
usually mineral salts, that forms in an organ or duct of the body.
• Formation of calculi is known as lithiasis .
• Stones can cause a number of medical conditions.

3. Types of caliculi
• Calculi in the inner ear are called otoliths
• Calculi in the urinary system are called urinary calculi and
include kidney stones (also called renal calculi or nephroliths)
• Bladder stones (also called vesical calculi or cystoliths). They can have
any of several compositions, including mixed. Principal compositions
include oxalate and urate.
• Calculi in the prostate are called prostatic calculi
• Calculi of the gallbladder and bile ducts are called gallstones and are
primarily developed from bile salts and cholesterol derivatives.

4. • Calculi in the nasal passages (rhinoliths) are rare.
• Calculi in the gastrointestinal tract are called (enteroliths) can be
enormous.
• Calculi in the salivary glands are called salivary calculi (sialoliths).
• Calculi in the tonsils are called tonsillar calculi (tonsilloliths).

5. Cholelithiasis (gall bladder stones)

6. Kidney stones

7. Bladder stones

8. causes
• From an underlying abnormal excess of the mineral, e.g., with elevated
levels of calcium (hypercalcaemia) that may cause kidney stones
• Calcium-oxalate and calcium phosphate stones. Calcium-based stones can
form following consumption of high-oxalate or inadequate intake of fluids.
Calcium-oxalate stones are the most common type of kidney stones.
• Most bladder calculi are formed de novo within the bladder, but some
initially may have formed within the kidneys and subsequently passed into
the bladder, where additional deposition of crystals causes the stone to
grow.
• High oxalate foods include potato chips, peanuts, chocolate, spinach

9. • Uric acid stones. The most common factors that promote uric acid
stone formations are persistently low urinary pH, dehydration leading to
low urinary volume, and high uric acid production.
• Eating high animal proteins (beef, poultry, pork, eggs and fish) can cause
uric acid stones to form
• These foods have high amounts of purines.
• High amounts of purines leads to high production of monosodium urate
which under low PH becomes uric acid which leads to stone formation
• Bacteria infection is also responsible for some salivary duct
calculus occurring in the submandibular salivary gland.

10. How Caliculi cause disease
• Irritation of nearby tissues, causing pain, swelling, and inflammation
• Obstruction of an opening or duct, interfering with normal flow and
disrupting the function of the organ in question
• Predisposition to infection (often due to disruption of normal flow).
For example cystitis
• Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) can cause hydronephrosis,
pyelonephritis and subsequent renal failure
• Urolithiasis (urinary bladder stones) can progress to bladder outlet
obstruction

11. • Cholelithiasis (gallstones) can predispose
to cholecystitis (inflammation of the gall bladder) and ascending
cholangitis (biliary tree infection)

12. Diagnosis
• Clinical history and physical examination
• Imaging studies:
• Some stone types (mainly those with substantial calcium content) can be
detected on X-ray and CT scan
• Many stone types can be detected by ultrasound
• Urinalysis may reveal stone forming crystals
• Renal function are also essential to asses kidney function especially in
nephrolithiasis