This document provides assumptions and data sources for factors used in a household greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions calculator. It includes GHG emissions factors and average consumption data for household vehicles, home energy sources (natural gas, electricity, fuel oil, propane), and waste. Emissions factors and consumption averages are based on national data from the EPA and U.S. Energy Information Administration from 2009-2012 and are used to calculate typical annual GHG emissions per household and per person for different household energy sources and activities.
En la siguiente presentación podrás saber acerca del uso de la huella de carbono. Los respectivos parámetros que contiene la aplicación y cómo calcular las emisiones de CO2 en el ambiente.
A periodic report issued by the U.S. Energy Information Administration on where energy prices and supplies are headed in the short-term, including the status of natural gas. The October 2012 report predicts the average price of natural gas in the U.S. for 2012 will be $2.71 per thousand cubic feet. It predicts an average price of $3.35 in 2013. The EIA says winter for 2012-2013 will be colder than the previous winter, meaning although natgas prices are lower, households will pay more to heat because of the colder weather.
Ey & Cerebral Business Research Shale Gas Reportarjuncerebral
Surging shale gas production in the US, as well as the possibility of replication of this success worldwide, has the potential
to revolutionize the global energy market. Widely dispersed shale gas reserves indicate the strong potential of shale gas to
emerge as a major alternative source of energy worldwide. According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA),
technically recoverable shale gas resources globally stand at 7,299 trillion cubic feet (tcf) 1. To put this into perspective, global
natural gas consumption amounted to 116.7 tcf in 20122.
Hydraulic fracturing technology and horizontal drilling have made the revolution possible and continue to be a topic of
debate across the world. Countries such as China, Poland and Argentina view development of shale gas as a key means to
achieve energy security. On the other hand, countries such as France and Bulgaria are concerned about the impact on the
environment and, therefore, continue to impose a moratorium on shale gas-related activities. The hydrocarbon regulatory
regime in most countries was developed prior to the shale boom and relates to conventional exploration and development.
Countries that anticipate an upturn in their shale-related activity may need to modify their existing regulations to include shale
gas or they may have to devise a new regime to govern unconventional resource development.
The document summarizes the key aspects and findings of the Annual Energy Outlook 2010 reference case published by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. It outlines how the reference case handles public policy and technology assumptions, and highlights several important updates and projections including steady increases in oil prices, increased domestic oil and gas production reducing reliance on imports, growth in renewable energy and biofuels, improvements in vehicle efficiency, and moderate growth in energy-related carbon dioxide emissions through 2035 absent new policies.
A report published by the Cleveland Fed researchers that examines national and Fourth District (KY, OH, WV, PA) trends in energy production and prices.
Clean-Power-Plan-for-Wisconsin-Report-December-2015Matthew Landi
This document provides an analysis of three potential pathways for Wisconsin to comply with the EPA's Clean Power Plan. It finds that all three pathways assessed would be sufficient to meet Wisconsin's emissions reduction targets. The minimum compliance pathway would reduce CO2 emissions from affected power plants by 35.7% in 2030 compared to baseline levels, at no additional cost. The two other pathways provide greater emissions reductions and either small net savings or a 1.25% increase in electricity costs for the state. Energy efficiency, renewable energy expansion, and increased natural gas use are key elements of all three compliance pathways.
Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combu...IJASRD Journal
The use of carbon-base fuels by diesel engines release gases such as CO, NOx, SO2, and THCs which constitute a major source of environmental pollution. These gases when released into the atmosphere result in the formation of acid rain and cause greenhouse effect. In the present study, an experiment was carried out with and without the use of HHO gas. The concentrations of the emitted gases were measured using an E8500 Plus gas analyzer. The results showed that the average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THCs), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted from the combustion chamber of the test engine was decreased by 68.8%, 35.2%, 16.4% and 97.9% respectively when a mixture of HHO gas/petrol/air was used instead of petrol/air mixture in an internal combustion engine. However, the average concentration of oxygen (O2) gas increased by 1.7%.
En la siguiente presentación podrás saber acerca del uso de la huella de carbono. Los respectivos parámetros que contiene la aplicación y cómo calcular las emisiones de CO2 en el ambiente.
A periodic report issued by the U.S. Energy Information Administration on where energy prices and supplies are headed in the short-term, including the status of natural gas. The October 2012 report predicts the average price of natural gas in the U.S. for 2012 will be $2.71 per thousand cubic feet. It predicts an average price of $3.35 in 2013. The EIA says winter for 2012-2013 will be colder than the previous winter, meaning although natgas prices are lower, households will pay more to heat because of the colder weather.
Ey & Cerebral Business Research Shale Gas Reportarjuncerebral
Surging shale gas production in the US, as well as the possibility of replication of this success worldwide, has the potential
to revolutionize the global energy market. Widely dispersed shale gas reserves indicate the strong potential of shale gas to
emerge as a major alternative source of energy worldwide. According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA),
technically recoverable shale gas resources globally stand at 7,299 trillion cubic feet (tcf) 1. To put this into perspective, global
natural gas consumption amounted to 116.7 tcf in 20122.
Hydraulic fracturing technology and horizontal drilling have made the revolution possible and continue to be a topic of
debate across the world. Countries such as China, Poland and Argentina view development of shale gas as a key means to
achieve energy security. On the other hand, countries such as France and Bulgaria are concerned about the impact on the
environment and, therefore, continue to impose a moratorium on shale gas-related activities. The hydrocarbon regulatory
regime in most countries was developed prior to the shale boom and relates to conventional exploration and development.
Countries that anticipate an upturn in their shale-related activity may need to modify their existing regulations to include shale
gas or they may have to devise a new regime to govern unconventional resource development.
The document summarizes the key aspects and findings of the Annual Energy Outlook 2010 reference case published by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. It outlines how the reference case handles public policy and technology assumptions, and highlights several important updates and projections including steady increases in oil prices, increased domestic oil and gas production reducing reliance on imports, growth in renewable energy and biofuels, improvements in vehicle efficiency, and moderate growth in energy-related carbon dioxide emissions through 2035 absent new policies.
A report published by the Cleveland Fed researchers that examines national and Fourth District (KY, OH, WV, PA) trends in energy production and prices.
Clean-Power-Plan-for-Wisconsin-Report-December-2015Matthew Landi
This document provides an analysis of three potential pathways for Wisconsin to comply with the EPA's Clean Power Plan. It finds that all three pathways assessed would be sufficient to meet Wisconsin's emissions reduction targets. The minimum compliance pathway would reduce CO2 emissions from affected power plants by 35.7% in 2030 compared to baseline levels, at no additional cost. The two other pathways provide greater emissions reductions and either small net savings or a 1.25% increase in electricity costs for the state. Energy efficiency, renewable energy expansion, and increased natural gas use are key elements of all three compliance pathways.
Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combu...IJASRD Journal
The use of carbon-base fuels by diesel engines release gases such as CO, NOx, SO2, and THCs which constitute a major source of environmental pollution. These gases when released into the atmosphere result in the formation of acid rain and cause greenhouse effect. In the present study, an experiment was carried out with and without the use of HHO gas. The concentrations of the emitted gases were measured using an E8500 Plus gas analyzer. The results showed that the average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THCs), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted from the combustion chamber of the test engine was decreased by 68.8%, 35.2%, 16.4% and 97.9% respectively when a mixture of HHO gas/petrol/air was used instead of petrol/air mixture in an internal combustion engine. However, the average concentration of oxygen (O2) gas increased by 1.7%.
Este documento presenta un resumen del capítulo 1 y 2 de la novela "El retrato de Dorian Gray" de Oscar Wilde, así como una biografía del autor y un ensayo sobre cómo la belleza exterior puede dañar el alma. El documento contiene los elementos requeridos como carátula, índice, formato y publicación en línea.
Determinado afastamento de Eduardo Cunha do mandato de deputado federalVanessa Araújo
O Ministério Público Federal requereu o afastamento de Eduardo Cunha de seu cargo de Deputado Federal e Presidente da Câmara dos Deputados. O MPF alega que Cunha usou seu cargo para obter vantagens indevidas e atrapalhar investigações contra ele na Lava Jato, como receber propina e beneficiar empresas em troca de pagamentos. O MPF descreve diversos atos de Cunha para pressionar testemunhas, proteger aliados e aprovar leis de interesse de empreiteiras e bancos em troca de v
Este documento habla sobre la redacción de textos. Explica que la redacción de textos implica expresar pensamientos y conocimientos de manera organizada por escrito. Luego, detalla las etapas de elaboración de un texto y ofrece instrucciones para escribir bien. Finalmente, describe los fundamentos de la corrección y adaptación de textos, y explica diferentes tipos de redacción como la académica, técnica y administrativa.
A continuación observarás algunos ejemplos de figuras literarias. Recuerda que la literatura es una de las materias más importantes para el estudiante.
Toda la historia sobre el baloncesto está relatada en este presentación. Aprenderás acerca de las reglas del juego y las posiciones que tiene cada jugador.
En la siguiente presentación observarás el plan de estudios de una carrera universitaria. Este es el esquema que se seguirá a lo largo de los estudios del universitario.
Este documento describe la importancia de las habilidades comunicativas y cómo estas han evolucionado a través de la historia. Comunicarse involucra más que solo palabras, incluye gestos, imágenes y otras herramientas. Los primeros humanos usaban historias orales y arte para transmitir su legado a futuras generaciones. Hoy en día, una comunicación efectiva requiere comprender y redactar textos, así como ser buen emisor y receptor de mensajes. Las competencias comunicativas también son importantes en el mundo actual para tener éxito en diferentes ámbitos.
Este documento presenta dos fotografías de paisajes sonoros y las preguntas correspondientes a cada una. La primera foto muestra una carretera con coches y árboles, donde los sonidos primarios son los coches y las hojas de los árboles movidas por el viento. La segunda foto presenta el mar con olas rompiendo en las rocas y árboles, donde los sonidos primarios son las olas, el viento y las hojas de los árboles. El documento también analiza dos grabaciones de audio de los paisajes, identific
La reproducción asegura la supervivencia de los organismos a lo largo del tiempo mediante la creación de nuevos individuos. Existen dos modalidades principales de reproducción: la reproducción asexual, donde un solo organismo origina uno o más nuevos organismos genéticamente idénticos; y la reproducción sexual, que involucra la fusión de gametos masculinos y femeninos para formar un cigoto diploide y generar mayor variabilidad genética en la descendencia.
Este documento presenta dos fotografías de paisajes sonoros y las preguntas correspondientes a cada una. La primera foto muestra una carretera con coches y árboles, donde los sonidos principales son el motor de los coches y las hojas movidas por el viento. La segunda foto es de una playa con olas y árboles, cuyos sonidos dominantes son las olas rompiendo y las hojas agitadas por el viento. El documento analiza los orígenes de los sonidos en ambas situaciones y si forman una melodía o
PROTECTED HEALTH INFORMATION_PATIENT PRIVACYDenise Masella
Protected health information refers to a patient's private medical information that is protected by law under HIPAA. HIPAA established standards to protect patient privacy and the confidential handling of their health information. PHI includes a patient's demographics, medical treatments, and insurance information. Only qualified health professionals with patient consent can access a person's full medical records and history. Strict privacy rules help ensure patients' sensitive health details are kept private and not inappropriately shared with others. Violations of HIPAA privacy standards can result in penalties like job loss, fines, and imprisonment.
With improvements in solar technology throughout the past decade, more homeowners are considering adding solar panels to their roofs. While it seems like a great idea if you live in a sunny climate, homeowners often wonder what will happen to this solar solution when it rains and snows. Learn the facts about using solar all year round, regardless of fluctuating weather conditions.
WRI - Seeing is Believing: Creating a New Climate Economy in the United StatesMarcellus Drilling News
A so-called report by the World Resources Institute that purports to show that adopting alternative energy sources and drastically reducing carbon emissions from sources like coal and reducing methane emissions from natural gas will lead to not only a better environment but a better economy--instead of financial hardship and misery. A fariy tale, essentially.
Este documento presenta un resumen del capítulo 1 y 2 de la novela "El retrato de Dorian Gray" de Oscar Wilde, así como una biografía del autor y un ensayo sobre cómo la belleza exterior puede dañar el alma. El documento contiene los elementos requeridos como carátula, índice, formato y publicación en línea.
Determinado afastamento de Eduardo Cunha do mandato de deputado federalVanessa Araújo
O Ministério Público Federal requereu o afastamento de Eduardo Cunha de seu cargo de Deputado Federal e Presidente da Câmara dos Deputados. O MPF alega que Cunha usou seu cargo para obter vantagens indevidas e atrapalhar investigações contra ele na Lava Jato, como receber propina e beneficiar empresas em troca de pagamentos. O MPF descreve diversos atos de Cunha para pressionar testemunhas, proteger aliados e aprovar leis de interesse de empreiteiras e bancos em troca de v
Este documento habla sobre la redacción de textos. Explica que la redacción de textos implica expresar pensamientos y conocimientos de manera organizada por escrito. Luego, detalla las etapas de elaboración de un texto y ofrece instrucciones para escribir bien. Finalmente, describe los fundamentos de la corrección y adaptación de textos, y explica diferentes tipos de redacción como la académica, técnica y administrativa.
A continuación observarás algunos ejemplos de figuras literarias. Recuerda que la literatura es una de las materias más importantes para el estudiante.
Toda la historia sobre el baloncesto está relatada en este presentación. Aprenderás acerca de las reglas del juego y las posiciones que tiene cada jugador.
En la siguiente presentación observarás el plan de estudios de una carrera universitaria. Este es el esquema que se seguirá a lo largo de los estudios del universitario.
Este documento describe la importancia de las habilidades comunicativas y cómo estas han evolucionado a través de la historia. Comunicarse involucra más que solo palabras, incluye gestos, imágenes y otras herramientas. Los primeros humanos usaban historias orales y arte para transmitir su legado a futuras generaciones. Hoy en día, una comunicación efectiva requiere comprender y redactar textos, así como ser buen emisor y receptor de mensajes. Las competencias comunicativas también son importantes en el mundo actual para tener éxito en diferentes ámbitos.
Este documento presenta dos fotografías de paisajes sonoros y las preguntas correspondientes a cada una. La primera foto muestra una carretera con coches y árboles, donde los sonidos primarios son los coches y las hojas de los árboles movidas por el viento. La segunda foto presenta el mar con olas rompiendo en las rocas y árboles, donde los sonidos primarios son las olas, el viento y las hojas de los árboles. El documento también analiza dos grabaciones de audio de los paisajes, identific
La reproducción asegura la supervivencia de los organismos a lo largo del tiempo mediante la creación de nuevos individuos. Existen dos modalidades principales de reproducción: la reproducción asexual, donde un solo organismo origina uno o más nuevos organismos genéticamente idénticos; y la reproducción sexual, que involucra la fusión de gametos masculinos y femeninos para formar un cigoto diploide y generar mayor variabilidad genética en la descendencia.
Este documento presenta dos fotografías de paisajes sonoros y las preguntas correspondientes a cada una. La primera foto muestra una carretera con coches y árboles, donde los sonidos principales son el motor de los coches y las hojas movidas por el viento. La segunda foto es de una playa con olas y árboles, cuyos sonidos dominantes son las olas rompiendo y las hojas agitadas por el viento. El documento analiza los orígenes de los sonidos en ambas situaciones y si forman una melodía o
PROTECTED HEALTH INFORMATION_PATIENT PRIVACYDenise Masella
Protected health information refers to a patient's private medical information that is protected by law under HIPAA. HIPAA established standards to protect patient privacy and the confidential handling of their health information. PHI includes a patient's demographics, medical treatments, and insurance information. Only qualified health professionals with patient consent can access a person's full medical records and history. Strict privacy rules help ensure patients' sensitive health details are kept private and not inappropriately shared with others. Violations of HIPAA privacy standards can result in penalties like job loss, fines, and imprisonment.
With improvements in solar technology throughout the past decade, more homeowners are considering adding solar panels to their roofs. While it seems like a great idea if you live in a sunny climate, homeowners often wonder what will happen to this solar solution when it rains and snows. Learn the facts about using solar all year round, regardless of fluctuating weather conditions.
WRI - Seeing is Believing: Creating a New Climate Economy in the United StatesMarcellus Drilling News
A so-called report by the World Resources Institute that purports to show that adopting alternative energy sources and drastically reducing carbon emissions from sources like coal and reducing methane emissions from natural gas will lead to not only a better environment but a better economy--instead of financial hardship and misery. A fariy tale, essentially.
This document discusses President Trump's "America First Energy Plan" and the potential impacts on US climate change programs and policies. The plan would remove the US from the Paris Agreement and undo many of President Obama's efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This could negatively impact global climate change mitigation efforts. If countries do not meet their emissions reduction targets, it could lead to problems like the free rider issue and tragedy of the commons, where lack of collective action fails to address a global public good like the climate.
This document compares five methods for calculating the CO2 intensity (g/kWh) of power generation and consumption on a global scale. It finds that the method chosen can significantly impact the reported CO2 intensity, especially for countries with large amounts of combined heat and power (CHP) generation. Calculating CO2 intensity from an end-use perspective, which accounts for transmission and distribution losses and auxiliary power use, results in intensities 8-44% higher than from a generation perspective. The document also estimates potential reductions in CO2 emissions of 18-44% through implementing best practice fossil fuel generation technologies, and additional potential through reducing transmission and distribution losses, which range from 4-25% globally.
This document provides an analysis of idling reduction technologies and alternative fuel vehicles for municipal fleets in the City and County of Schenectady, NY. It finds that the police department consumes 65% of the city's unleaded fuel and accounts for 31% of greenhouse gas emissions. Idling police vehicles for 4 hours per day costs an estimated $147,000 annually in fuel costs alone. Idling reduction devices could save over $337,000 annually with payback periods of 16 months or less. Replacing the entire police fleet with electric vehicles could reduce total lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions by 78% compared to gas vehicles. While electric vehicles have lower emissions, return on investment must consider total ownership costs over the vehicle lifetime
Transportation is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for approximately 14% globally. Climate change from greenhouse gas emissions is a pressing issue that requires action. This paper examines two strategies for reducing transportation greenhouse gas emissions: 1) improving engine technologies and alternative fuels like electricity, biofuels, and hydrogen, and 2) implementing mobility management approaches like road pricing policies. The ultimate mix of emission reduction measures will depend on technology development and other economic, social, and political factors.
Transportation accounts for approximately 14% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change is a pressing issue that must be addressed to avoid major environmental consequences. This paper examines strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, including improving engine and fuel technologies as well as implementing mobility management approaches. Engine technologies like hybrids and fuels like ethanol can help lower emissions, but the best results depend on developing alternatives from renewable sources. Mobility management, including road pricing and promoting low-speed transportation, has demonstrated potential to significantly decrease carbon dioxide emissions. Overall, a variety of solutions will be needed to curb the rising emissions expected from continued population and economic growth.
This document summarizes the results of two life cycle assessment studies on ammonia production and utilization. Some key findings include:
- Ammonia has potential as a low-carbon transportation fuel with benefits such as no direct greenhouse gas emissions during use.
- Production of ammonia from renewable resources like solar and wind has the lowest environmental impacts compared to conventional methods.
- Utilizing ammonia in vehicles results in lower life cycle global warming potential than gasoline, diesel, or natural gas vehicles.
- The cost of ammonia as a vehicle fuel per unit distance traveled is lower than other fuels such as hydrogen, CNG, and gasoline based on tank costs and fuel efficiency.
By Lee Schipper UCTC, University of California Berkeley 2641 Dwight Way, Berkeley CA 94720 (202) 262-7476 (510) 642 6889 schipper@wri.org. Submission date: Nov.15, 2007.
Zerega San Diego Gas & Electric Presentation - July 31, 2012CALSTART
This document compares the costs of charging electric vehicles using different methods and at different utilization rates. It finds that without managing load, utility billing costs for a plug-in Prius driver using fast charging can exceed gasoline costs even at high utilization rates. However, charging from standard 120V outlets has low costs even with demand charges, and meets the needs of most drivers who charge before noon. It also finds that matching charging equipment to typical charging times results in the lowest costs, and an 80 mile charge takes longer than a typical workday using a standard outlet.
ETCFC presentation to the West Knox Sertoma Club, 7/14/09ETCleanFuels
This is a presentation I gave to a Sertoma Club in Knoxville in July this year. It covers a lot, starting with our coalition and what we do, then going through basics and background on oil and oil systems, to actions taking place in East Tennessee today to help us move away from oil alone in the transportation sector.
This document summarizes a study on greenhouse gas emissions from existing electricity generation technologies in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. The study estimates CO2 emissions from conventional power plants in 2010-2011 using fuel consumption data and emission factors. It also estimates potential emissions reductions from installing solar panels on residential buildings. The objectives are to estimate emissions from current systems and mitigation potential of solar power by analyzing emissions reductions from 2008-2009 through the lifespan of solar panels. Methodology includes calculating CO2 emissions based on fuels used - natural gas, oil, coal - and their carbon content, oxidation rates and energy values. Emissions of other greenhouse gases like CH4 and N2O are also considered.
Canada's energy policies have been increasingly shaped by environmental considerations. Laws like the Renewable Fuels Strategy and Energy Efficiency Act have promoted renewable energy and reduced emissions. However, the document suggests Canada's primary motivations may have been energy security and economic factors rather than just environmental protection. While partnerships with the US have improved efficiency and supported emission targets, they also helped secure Canada's economic relationship and growth. Overall, while environmental issues have contributed to Canada's energy strategies, concerns over trade, security and economic impacts may have been equally or more influential drivers of policy changes.
What are greenhouse gas conversion factorswalled ashwah
This document provides guidelines for calculating greenhouse gas emissions using conversion factors published by the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). It introduces the conversion factors and explains how to use them to calculate emissions from activities like energy use, transport, waste disposal, and supply chains. The factors allow calculation of emissions in units of kg of carbon dioxide equivalent by converting activity data like fuel usage or miles traveled. Annexes provide specific conversion factors and guidance for calculating emissions from fuels, electricity, transport, refrigerants, biomass, and other sources.
Intelex Top 5 Environmental Statistics – Greenhouse Gas Reporting (Infographic)Intelex
The EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program collects annual greenhouse gas emissions data from over 8,000 facilities in the top emitting sectors of the US economy. In 2012, total US greenhouse gas emissions reported to the program were 6,526 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents. The primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the US are electricity production (32%), transportation (28%), industry (20%), commercial and residential (10%), and agriculture (10%). Greenhouse gas emissions in 2012 were 10% below 2005 levels.
ENGINE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH TRENDS OF ADVANCED BIOFUEL AS ALTERNATIVE FUEL...IAEME Publication
1) The document discusses research trends in advanced biofuels as alternatives to fossil fuels for transportation. It focuses on using non-edible raw materials like lignocellulose and algae to produce biofuels.
2) The key challenges discussed are reducing fuel production costs and developing engine technologies optimized for biofuels. Research is exploring more efficient cultivation of algae and conversion of biomass.
3) The document also examines policies and technologies needed to improve biofuel properties, increase blending limits in vehicles, and boost biofuels' carbon dioxide reduction effectiveness compared to fossil fuels.
Mark Walkington on the Ministry of Economic Development's energy projectionsmhjbnz
The document discusses New Zealand's energy outlook according to a reference scenario and two alternative scenarios. The reference scenario assumes current policies and technologies and predicts that renewable energy such as biomass will see the greatest growth. Transport energy demand is dominated by road transport and heavy fleet demand increases more than light fleet. The alternative scenarios consider higher carbon prices and more electric vehicles, biofuels, and fuel switching to biomass, with the goal of reducing reliance on imported oil and lowering emissions.
The Role of Fuel Economy in Saving Resources, Dr. Lewis Fulton, NextSTEPS Pro...FIA Foundation
Strong fuel economy improvements will save drivers over $2 Trillion over the next 10 years, and much more in years after.
• Launching PEVs worldwide will initially have higher purchase costs, of a quite uncertain magnitude; $500B reflects very large volume sales and could be considered a high estimate.
• One can imagine a feebate system that generates a sustainable funding stream for the introduction of large numbers of PEVs and other low-carbon vehicles.
• Fuel economy could get us half way to a low carbon LDV system, but we will likely need PEVs to get the rest of the way, especially after 2030.
• PEVs are projected to become more cost-effective than fuel economy improvement after 2030 or 2035.
• Getting there will require building ZEV markets starting now…
The Role of Fuel Economy in Saving Resources
Dr. Lewis Fulton, NextSTEPS Program,
Institute of Transportation Studies
University of California, Davis
Read more: http://www.its.ucdavis.edu/blog-post/push-to-improve-vehicle-fuel-economy-key-near-term-strategy-to-reduce-global-co2-emissions/
Presented at the Global Fuel Economy Initiative ‘Accelerator Symposium’ on September 5th, ahead of the September 2014 UN Climate Summit.
The Symposium hosted by the French Government at the Ministry of Ecology Sustainable Development and Energy on 5th September, provided a forum for countries, experts, NGOs and the private sector to advance the agenda on fuel economy globally and prepare for the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon’s Climate Summit.
Government representatives from a wide range of countries working on fuel economy policies participated in the Symposium. Countries presenting at the Symposium included China, Georgia Kenya and Mauritius. There were more than 70 delegates attending the symposium from around the world with countries represented including Chile, Costa Rica, Hungary, Ivory Coast, Kosovo, Peru, Sri Lanka, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, the UAE, Uganda and Vietnam. Organisations included Transport & Environment, the FIA, ExxonMobil, Michelin, Renault, CEDARE, the OECD and the World Bank.
Read more: http://www.globalfueleconomy.org/updates/2014/Pages/GFEIAcceleratorbuildsmomentumforUNClimateSummit.aspx
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
Calculadora de huella de carbono
1. List of Assumptions for Household GHG Calculator
Last Update: 01/09/2014
Description of Factor Value Unit Assumptions Source Vintage of Data
Household Vehicles
Pounds of CO2 emitted per gallon 19,6 lbs CO2/gallon
A gallon of gasoline is assumed to produce 8.887 kilograms (or 19.6
pounds) of CO2. This gasoline factor is from a recent regulation
establishing GHG standards for model year 2012- 2016 vehicles (75
FR 25324, May 7, 2010).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011, Average Annual
Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Gasoline-Fueled Passenger
Cars and Light Trucks,
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/420f08024.pdf
2011
Ratio of emissions of greenhouse gases other
than CO2
1,01 lbCO2e/lbCO2
In addition to carbon dioxide, automobiles produce methane (CH4) and
nitrous oxide (N2O) from the tailpipe, as well as HFC emissions from
leaking air conditioners. The emissions of CH4 and N2O are related to
vehicle miles traveled rather than fuel consumption, and the emissions
of CH4, N2O, and HFCs are not as easily estimated from a vehicle as
for CO2. On average, CO2 emissions represent 95-99% of the total
greenhouse gas emissions from a passenger vehicle. CH4, N2O, and
HFC emissions represent roughly 1-5% of the total greenhouse gas
emissions from passenger vehicles, after accounting for the global
warming potential of each greenhouse gas. To simplify this estimate, it
is assumed that CH4, N2O, and HFCs account for 1.5 percent of
emissions, and the CO2 estimate was multiplied by 100/98.65 to
incorporate the contribution of the other greenhouse gases. These
percentages are estimated from the EPA Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse
Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 - 2011.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Average Annual
Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Gasoline-Fueled Passenger
Cars and Light Trucks,
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/420f08024.pdf;
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013. Inventory of U.S.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2011. Chapter 3
(Energy), Tables 3-12, 3-13, and 3-14.
2011
Passenger Vehicle Fuel Economy 21,6
miles per gallon
(mpg)
Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2012, Table
VM-1. Average miles traveled per gallon of fuel consumed,
passenger cars and other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles.
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2012/vm1.cfm.
See also U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000, Average
Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Gasoline-Fueled
Passenger Cars and Light Trucks,
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/420f08024.pdf.
2012
Average miles traveled per year per vehicle 11.398 miles per year 219 miles per week
Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2012, Table
VM-1. Average miles traveled per vehicle, passenger cars and
other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles.
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2012/vm1.cfm.
2012
Average emissions for a typical vehicle 10.484 lbs CO2e/vehicle (1/21.6 mpg)*11,398 miles/year*19.6 lbs CO2/gallon*CO2e / CO2
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009, Average Annual
Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Gasoline-Fueled Passenger
Cars and Light Trucks,
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/420f08024.pdf
2011
Home Energy
NATURAL GAS
Average monthly consumption of natural gas 5.500
cubic feet of natural
gas/household
Average monthly consumption of 5,500 cubic feet of gas, or average
annual consumption of 66 thousand cubic feet per household. Average
household size is 2.57.
U.S. Energy Information Administration 2012. A Look at
Residential Energy Consumption in 2009-Table CE2.1.
http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/index.cfm?vi
ew=consumption
2009
Price per thousand cubic feet of natural gas $10,68
dollars/1000 cubic
feet
Energy Information Administration: US Residential Natural Gas
Prices. 2013. 2012 annual average.
http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_nus_a.htm
2012
Average cost of natural gas $1,04 dollars/therm Conversion 2012
Carbon coefficient of natural gas 14,46 Tg C/QBtu 116.89 lbs CO2/MMBtu
EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:
1990-2011, Annex 2,Table A-38.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryrepor
t.html
2011
Emission factor (natural gas/therm) 11,7
lbs CO2/therm
natural gas
Calculation - EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
and Sinks: 1990-2011, Annex 2,Table A-38.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryrepor
t.html
2011
Emission factor (natural gas/thousand cubic feet) 119,58
lbs CO2/1000 cubic
feet of natural gas
Carbon coefficient of natural gas * ratio of CO2 to carbon * energy
content of natural gas * lbs to teragrams conversion * QBtu/10
15
Btu
Calculation - EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
and Sinks: 1990-2011, Annex 2,Table A-38.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryrepor
t.html
2011
Average annual CO2 emissions from natural gas
per household
7.892
lbs CO2/household
(natural gas)
Typical annual CO2 emissions of about 7,900 pounds per household
based on national average monthly consumption of 5,500 cubic feet of
gas.
U.S. Energy Information Administration 2012. A Look at
Residential Energy Consumption in 2009-Table CE2.1.
http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/index.cfm?vi
ew=consumption
2009
Average annual CO2 emissions from natural gas
per household of one person
3.071 lbs CO2/year/person
Average emissions per household/average household size. Assumes
average household size of 2.57.
Calculation 2009
2. Average monthly cost of natural gas per
household of one person
$22,86 dollars/month/person
Average monthly natural gas consumption/average household
size*price per thousand cubic feet of natural gas/1000. Assumes
average household size of 2.57.
Calculation 2012
ELECTRICITY
Average monthly electricity consumption per
household
943
kWh/month/househol
d
Average annual electricity consumption is 11,320 kWh per household,
or 943 kWh per month per household. Average household size is 2.57.
U.S. Energy Information Administration 2012. A Look at
Residential Energy Consumption in 2009-Table CE2.1.
http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/index.cfm?vi
ew=consumption
2009
Average US price per kWh $0,1188 dollars/kWh
U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly-
September 2013, Table 5.3 (Average Retail Price of Electricity to
Ultimate Customers, Residential Sector).
http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=e
pmt_5_3
2012
Electricity emissions factors are categorized by
geographic subregion: see EGRID_DATA.
See
Emission_Factor
s tab
lbs CO2e/kWh varies by subregion
EPA. eGRID 9th edition Version 1.0 Subregion File (Year 2010
Data), 2014. http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-
resources/egrid/index.html
2010
Average annual CO2e emissions from electricity
per household
14.020
lbs CO2e/household
(electricity)
Typical annual CO2 emissions are 14,020 pounds per household,
assuming approximately 943 kWh per month.
U.S. Energy Information Administration 2012. A Look at
Residential Energy Consumption in 2009-Table CE2.1.
http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/index.cfm?vi
ew=consumption
2009
Average annual CO2e emissions from electricity
per household of one person
5.455
lbs
CO2e/year/person
Average emissions per household/average household size. Assumes
average household size of 2.57.
Calculation 2009
Average montly cost of electricity per household of
one person
$43,61 dollars/month/person
Average monthly electricity consumption/average household size*price
per kWh of electricity. Assumes average household size of 2.57.
Calculation 2012
FUEL OIL
Average monthly consumption of fuel oil per
household
46
gallons of fuel
oil/month
Average monthly consumption of 46 gallons of fuel oil, based on
annual average consumption of 551 gallons of fuel oil per household
per year. Average household size is 2.57.
U.S. Energy Information Administration 2012. A Look at
Residential Energy Consumption in 2009-Table CE2.1.
http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/index.cfm?vi
ew=consumption
2009
Average price per gallon of fuel oil $4,02 dollars/gallon
Energy Information Administration, 2013. US No. 2 Heating Oil
Residential Prices - 2012 annual average.
http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/heatingoilpropane/,
http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=M_
EPD2F_PRS_NUS_DPG&f=M
2012
Carbon coefficient of fuel oil 20,17 Tg C/QBtu
EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:
1990-2011, Annex 2,Table A-38.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryrepor
t.html
2011
Fuel oil emission factor (pounds of CO2/gallon fuel
oil)
22,61
lbs CO2/gallon of
fuel oil
Carbon coefficient of fuel oil * ratio of CO2 to carbon * energy content
of fuel oil * lbs to teragrams conversion * QBtu/10
15
Btu
Calculation - EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
and Sinks: 1990-2011, Annex 2,Table A-38.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryrepor
t.html.
2011
Fuel oil emission factor (pounds of CO2/MMBtu
fuel oil)
163,05 lbs CO2/MMBtu lbs CO2/gallon * Btu/gallon * Btu to MMBtu conversion Calculation 2011
Average annual CO2 emissions from fuel oil per
household
12.460
lbs CO2/household
(fuel oil)
Typical annual CO2 emissions of 12,460 pounds per household based
on national average monthly consumption of 42 gallons of oil.
U.S. Energy Information Administration 2012. A Look at
Residential Energy Consumption in 2009-Table CE2.1.
http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/index.cfm?vi
ew=consumption
2009
Average annual CO2 emissions from fuel oil per
household of one person
4.848 lbs CO2/year/person
Average emissions per household/average household size. Assumes
average household size of 2.57.
Calculation 2009
Average monthly cost of fuel oil per household of
one person
$71,82 dollars/year/person
Average monthly fuel oil consumption/average household size*price
per gallon of fuel oil. Assumes average household size of 2.57.
Calculation 2012
PROPANE
Average monthly consumption of propane (LPG)
per household
39 gallons of oil/month
Average monthly consumption of 39 gallons of propane per month,
based on annual average consumption of 464 gallons of propane per
household per year. Average household size is 2.57.
U.S. Energy Information Administration 2012. A Look at
Residential Energy Consumption in 2009-Table CE2.1.
http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/index.cfm?vi
ew=consumption
2009
Price per gallon of propane $2,47
dollars/gallon
propane
Energy Information Administration, 2013. U.S. Propane
Residential Price - 2012 annual average,
http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/heatingoilpropane/,
http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=M_
EPLLPA_PRS_NUS_DPG&f=M
2012
Carbon coefficient for propane 16,83 Tg C/QBtu 136.05 lbs CO2/MMBtu
EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:
1990-2011, Annex 2,Table A-38.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryrepor
t.html
2011
Propane emission factor (pounds of CO2/gallon
propane)
12,43
lbs CO2/gallon
propane
Carbon coefficient of propane * ratio of CO2 to carbon * energy content
of propane * lbs to teragrams conversion * QBtu/10
15
Btu
Calculation - EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
and Sinks: 1990-2011, Annex 2,Table A-38.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryrepor
t.html
2011
3. Average annual emissions from propane per
household
5.766
lbs CO2/household
(propane)
Typical annual CO2 emissions of 5,766 pounds per household based
on national average monthly consumption of 39 gallons of propane.
U.S. Energy Information Administration 2012. A Look at
Residential Energy Consumption in 2009-Table CE2.1.
http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/index.cfm?vi
ew=consumption
2009
Average annual emissions from propane per
household of one person
2.243 lbs CO2/year/person
Average emissions per household/average household size. Assumes
average household size of 2.57.
Calculation 2009
Average monthly cost of propane per household of
one person
$37,16 dollars/year/person
Average monthly propane consumption/average household size*price
per gallon of propane. Assumes average household size of 2.57.
Calculation 2012
Waste
Average lbs CO2 equivalent generated from waste
per person per year
692
lbs
CO2e/year/person
from waste
Based on EPA's Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
and Sinks 1990-2011, Chapter 8 (Waste), Table 8-3 and Chapter
3, Table 3-1, and EPA's annual Municipal Solid Waste
Characterization Report: Facts and Figures, 2011
2011
Average number of pounds of CO2 equivalent per
person per year that could be saved by recycling
metal
-89,38
lbs
CO2e/year/person
avoided from
recycling metal
Calculations assume that it would be possible for households to recycle
100 percent of all recyclable materials generated as waste. The plastic
material type used in the calculator includes PET and HDPE, and the
metal material type includes aluminum and steel cans.
Emission factors were developed based on the methodologies
presented in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Solid
Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life-Cycle
Assessment of Emissions and Sinks, EPA530-R-06-004, and have
been updated since this report was published to reflect the most
current data on national waste generation and recovery rates. The
most recent versions of the emission factors used to inform these
figures are available in the EPA's WAste Reduction Model
(WARM).
2011
Average number of pounds of CO2 equivalent per
person per year that could be saved by recycling
plastic
-35,56
lbs
CO2e/year/person
avoided from
recycling plastic
Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions associated with household waste
management were calculated using the total emissions for landfills
(including incineration, landfill gas-to- energy projects, oxidation, and
flaring) and the United States population estimates from EPA's
Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, 1990-2011.
The emission factors for each material type were developed by EPA
and presented in the Agency's report on greenhouse gas emissions
from waste management and in the online WAste Reduction Model
(WARM). These emission factors take into account the full material life
cycle; i.e., not only emissions at the landfill, but also emissions and
sequestration associated with production, manufacturing,
remanufacturing, forest carbon storage due to reduced harvests, etc.
The emission factor used for recycling materials in this calculator
compares greenhouse gas emissions from recycling with those
attributable to landfilling. This approach enables policy makers to
evaluate, on a per-ton basis, the overall difference in greenhouse gas
emissions between (1) recycling 1 ton of material and (2)
manufacturing and then managing (post-consumer) 1 ton of the same
material. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011. Solid
Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life-Cycle Assessment
of Emissions and Sinks, EPA530-R-06-004. WARM is available in the
Tools section of the Waste section of this Web site.
Emission factors were developed based on the methodologies
presented in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Solid
Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life-Cycle
Assessment of Emissions and Sinks, EPA530-R-06-004, and have
been updated since this report was published to reflect the most
current data on national waste generation and recovery rates. The
most recent versions of the emission factors used to inform these
figures are available in the EPA's WAste Reduction Model
(WARM).
2011
Average number of pounds of CO2 equivalent per
person per year that could be saved by recycling
glass
-25,39
lbs
CO2e/year/person
avoided from
recycling glass
Emission factors were developed based on the methodologies
presented in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Solid
Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life-Cycle
Assessment of Emissions and Sinks, EPA530-R-06-004, and have
been updated since this report was published to reflect the most
current data on national waste generation and recovery rates. The
most recent versions of the emission factors used to inform these
figures are available in the EPA's WAste Reduction Model
(WARM).
2011
Average number of pounds of CO2 equivalent per
person per year that could be saved by recycling
newspaper
-113,14
lbs
CO2e/year/person
avoided from
recycling newspaper
Emission factors were developed based on the methodologies
presented in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Solid
Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life-Cycle
Assessment of Emissions and Sinks, EPA530-R-06-004, and have
been updated since this report was published to reflect the most
current data on national waste generation and recovery rates. The
most recent versions of the emission factors used to inform these
figures are available in the EPA's WAste Reduction Model
(WARM).
2011
4. Average number of pounds of CO2 equivalent per
person per year that could be saved by recycling
magazines
-27,46
lbs
CO2e/year/person
avoided from
recycling magazines
Emission factors were developed based on the methodologies
presented in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Solid
Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life-Cycle
Assessment of Emissions and Sinks, EPA530-R-06-004, and have
been updated since this report was published to reflect the most
current data on national waste generation and recovery rates. The
most recent versions of the emission factors used to inform these
figures are available in the EPA's WAste Reduction Model
(WARM).
2011
Average total emissions for household of one
person
19.702 lbs CO2e/year
The "average" figure here is the sum of the average values given
above, excluding fuel oil and propane.
2009
What You Can Do To Reduce Your Emissions
On the Road
Average variable cost per mile to drive 0,1964 dollars/mile
Transportation Energy Data Book. Table 10.12. Average variable
cost per mile, 2013. Includes gas, oil and maintenance, 2012
dollars. http://www-cta.ornl.gov/data/chapter10.shtml
2012
Increase in fuel efficiency from performing regular
maintenance on your vehicles
0,04 %
Properly inflating tires: Assumes an increase in fuel efficiency of 3
percent. Keeping your engine properly tuned: Assumes an increase in
fuel efficiency of 4 percent. Source: Environmental Protection Agency
and Department of Energy, Fuel Economy Website, 2011.
US EPA and US DOE Fuel Economy Website:
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/maintain.jsp
2015
Price per gallon of gasoline $3,68
dollars/gallon
gasoline
EIA US Retail Gasoline Prices, 2013. Annual average price per
gallon of gasoline (all grades).
http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_gnd_dcus_nus_a.htm
2012
At Home
Savings per degree of setback (heating season) 0,03 %
ENERGY STAR CALCULATOR: Cost Estimate for Energy Star
Qualified Programmable Thermostats (2006)
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=thermostats.pr_thermostat
s
2006
Percentage of natural gas allotted to heating 0,63 %
2,873 billion cubic feet of natural gas consumed for space
heating/4,580 billion cubic feet total natural gas consumption
U.S. Energy Information Administration 2012. A Look at
Residential Energy Consumption in 2009,Table CE4.1
2009
Percentage of electricity source allotted to heating 0,09 %
120 billion kWh of electricity consumed for space heating/1,286 billion
kWh total electricity consumption
U.S. Energy Information Administration 2012. A Look at
Residential Energy Consumption in 2009,Table CE4.1
2009
Percentage of fuel oil source allotted to heating 0,87 %
3,675 million gallons of fuel oil consumed for space heating/4,214
million gallons total fuel oil consumption
U.S. Energy Information Administration 2012. A Look at
Residential Energy Consumption in 2009,Table CE4.1
2009
Percentage of propane source allotted to heating 0,70 %
3,754 million gallons of LPG (propane) consumed for space
heating/5,384 million gallons total LPG consumption
U.S. Energy Information Administration 2012. A Look at
Residential Energy Consumption in 2009,Table CE4.1
2009
Percent of total electricity emissions accounted for
by air conditioning
0,14 %
186 billion kWh of electricity consumed for air conditioning/1,286 billion
kWh total electricity consumption
U.S. Energy Information Administration 2012. A Look at
Residential Energy Consumption in 2009,Table CE4.1
2009
Savings per degree of setback (cooling season) 0,06 %
ENERGY STAR CALCULATOR: Cost Estimate for Energy Star
Qualified Programmable Thermostats (2006)
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=thermostats.pr_thermostat
s
2004
Annual energy savings from enabling sleep feature
on computer and monitor
107,1 kWh
Enabling your computer's power management features can save
between 38 and 187 kWh per year.
Calculation 2014
Average annual unit computer energy (sleep
feature enabled, computer turned off at night):
70,7 kWh ENERGY STAR Data Book Worksheet for 2014 2014
Average annual unit computer energy (sleep
feature not enabled, computer turned off at night):
143,0 kWh ENERGY STAR Data Book Worksheet for 2014 2014
Average annual unit monitor energy (sleep feature
enabled, monitor turned off at night):
31,7 kWh ENERGY STAR Data Book Worksheet for 2014 2014
Average annual unit monitor energy (sleep feature
not enabled, monitor turned off at night):
66,5 kWh ENERGY STAR Data Book Worksheet for 2014 2014
Average estimated kWh per load 0,96 kWh
Assumes 295 loads/yr, 289 kWh/yr for machine energy and dryer
energy. Data is being referenced in support of assessing energy
savings from washing clothes in cold water only so water heating
energy is excluded - see 'Personal GHG Calculator' line 137
ENERGY STAR Data Book Worksheet for 2014 2014
Average energy consumption of a household dryer 769 kWh/year
EERE, amended federal standard (10 CFR 430.32(h)(3)) for
residential clothes dryers:
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/produ
ct.aspx/productid/36
2014
Average premium of green power per kWh $0,02 dollars
EPA, Green Power Procurement.
http://epa.gov/statelocalclimate/documents/pdf/greenpowerprocure
ment508final.pdf
2014, refs. 2012
data
Annual kWh savings per lamp 33 kWh
Replacing 43 watt incandescent light bulbs with 13 watt compact
fluorescents: Assumes that lights are on for 3 hours per day.
ENERGY STAR Data Book Worksheet for 2014 2014
Annual energy cost saving per lamp $4,00 dollars
Replacing 43 watt incandescent light bulbs with 13 watt compact
fluorescents: Assumes that lights are on for 3 hours per day.
ENERGY STAR Data Book Worksheet for 2014 2014
5. Average kWh/year ENERGY STAR refrigerator 488 kWh/year ENERGY STAR Data Book Worksheet for 2014 2014
Average kWh/year old refrigerator 810 kWh/year
2000 refrigerator with a unit energy consumption of 704 kWh/yr
multiplied by a 1.1507 degradation factor. - based on AHAM data
ENERGY STAR Data Book Worksheet for 2014 2014
Average kWh savings for refrigerator replacement 322 kWh/year
Difference between 2000 refrigerator with a unit energy consumption of
704 kWh/yr multiplied by a 1.1507 degradation factor and an ENERGY
STAR refrigerator (488 kWh/year).
Calculation 2014
Average emission savings for natural gas from
replacing boiler/furnace
728,0 lbs/year
Replacing a 15 year old standard 80 AFUE boiler or 78 AFUE furnace
with current ENERGY STAR boiler at 90 AFUE or Furnace at 95 AFUE
in the North and 90 AFUE in the South
Boiler and Furnace Replacement Savings spreadsheet 2014
Average emission savings for fuel oil from
replacing boiler/furnace
1056,0 lbs/year
Replacing a 20 year old standard 80 AFUE boiler or 78 AFUE furnace
with current ENERGY STAR boiler at 87 AFUE or Furnace at 85 AFUE
Boiler and Furnace Replacement Savings spreadsheet 2014
Annual energy cost savings from switching to a
boiler
$78,34 dollars
Annual cost savings of replacing a standard gas/oil boiler/furnace with
ENERGY STAR boiler/furnace
Boiler and Furnace Replacement Savings spreadsheet 2014
Average annual energy savings from switching
single pane windows to low-e ENERGY STAR
windows
25.210.000 BTUs
Assumes 2000 square-foot house, 300 square feet of glass. Source:
ENERGY STAR. Methodology based on RESFEN 3.1 calculations
performed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), 2005.
ENERGY STAR. Savings estimates were generated using a
methodology based on RESFEN 3.1 calculations performed by
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)
2005
Average annual energy cost savings from
changing to ENERGY STAR windows (ranges from
$150-$500 depending on climate)
$150 dollars $150 is low end of the $150-$500 range.
ENERGY STAR.
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_benefit
s
2011
Conversion Factors and Constants
Ratio of CO2 to Carbon 3,67 Ratio of CO2 to C, 44/12
Btu per Quadrillion Btu 1E+15 Btu/QBtu
Conversion from teragrams to pounds 2.204.622.620 lbs/teragram
Conversion from metric tons to lbs 2.204,62 lbs / metric ton
Conversion from thousand cubic feet of natural
gas to therms
10,23 therms/thousand cf 1 therm = 100,000 Btu
Conversion from liters to gallons 0,2642 gallons/liter
Energy content per 1000 cubic feet of natural gas 1.023.000
Btu/1000 cf natural
gas
HHV
EIA Annual Energy Review, 2012. Appendix A,
http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/pdf/aer.pdf 2011
Energy content per kWh of electricity 3412 Btu/kWh HHV
EIA Annual Energy Review, 2012. Appendix A,
http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/pdf/aer.pdf 2011
MMBtu per barrel of fuel oil 5,825 MMBtu/barrel
EIA Annual Energy Review, 2012. Appendix A,
http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/pdf/aer.pdf 2011
Fuel oil conversion - barrels per liter 0,00629 barrels/L
EIA Annual Energy Review, 2012. Appendix A,
http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/pdf/aer.pdf; EPA
Inventory of U.S. GHG Emissions and Sinks 1990-2011, Appendix
6. 2011
Energy content per gallon of fuel oil 138.691,09 Btu/gallon fuel oil HHV Calculation 2011
MMBtu per barrel of propane 3,836 MMBtu/barrel
EIA Annual Energy Review, 2012. Appendix A,
http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/pdf/aer.pdf 2011
Propane conversion - barrels per liter 0,00629 barrels/liter
EIA Annual Energy Review, 2011. Appendix A,
http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/pdf/aer.pdf; EPA
Inventory of U.S. GHG Emissions and Sinks 1990-2011, Appendix
6. 2011
Energy content per gallon of propane 91.335,94 Btu/gallon propane HHV Calculation 2011
Average members/household 2,57 people
U.S. Energy Information Administration 2012. A Look at
Residential Energy Consumption in 2009. 2009