CA_Frank Gehry to Richard Rogers, Michael Hopkins.pptx

Frank Gehry (1929)
Frank Gehry– his works and philosophies

Frank Gehry, a Canadian-American Architect graduated from
University of Southern California's School of Architecture in
1954.
Lives in Santa Monica, California, and continues to practice out
of Los Angeles.
Practitioner of – ‘Deconstructivism’
Came to international prominence with works that exploded the
geometry of traditional architecture to create a dramatic new
form of expression
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE – Last Phase of Modern Architecture

Gehry's own Santa Monica residence- a commonly cited example of De-
constructivist architecture
Drastically divorced from its original context, and in such a manner as to
challenge its original spatial intention.

• Gehry’s building design begins with distinctive sketches. The fine line is invariably fluid, and spontaneous.
• The drawings convey no architectural mass or weight, only loose directions and shifting spatial relationships.
• Deployed cutting-edge computer technology to realize shapes and forms of previously unimaginable complexity.
• Inspired by fish
Gehry is very much inspired by fish. Not only do they appear in his buildings, he created a line of jewelry, household items, and sculptures
based on this motif.

Gehry’s sketches

AeroSpace Museum, LA, California Vitra Design Museum, Osten

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao Dancing House, Prague

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao

Site Context
Successful in relating the design to the site
surroundings.
The museum is built on the industrial waste
land adjacent to the river.
To the south - The dialogue with the city is
achieved through the use of right angles,
windows aligned, strict geometry and stone.
To the north- This masterpiece is a kind of urban
sculpture that gives people the impression of
being a ship in the Nervión River.

Physical Description:
The museum is set between two levels:
a. the river level and
b. the city level..
This sculptural building is composed by different volumes with different
uses:
exhibition rooms
an auditorium
a library, offices, a café and a restaurant.
The atrium, which Gehry nicknamed “The Flower” because of its
shape,
serves as the organizing center of the museum.
An artificial pond has been created to give a feeling the museum is built
on the water
Although the metallic form of the exterior looks almost floral from
above, from the ground the building more closely resembles a
boat, evoking the past industrial life of the port of Bilbao.

Symphony of spaces

Design Concept:
The building in the design stage was split into separate volumes. Gehry has worked with multiple concepts with each volume:
• Cruise liner
• A metal flower with petals and
• A fish with its head and tail chopped off

The curves on the exterior of the building were
intended to appear random; the randomness of the
curves is designed to catch the light.
The walls and surfaces of the atrium are curved, bowed
and twisted to generate a sense of movement.
Materials used:
Blocks of limestone, ½ MM thick titanium panels and
glass curtains
Limestone represents the tradition (Deusto University,
on the other side of the river, is made of sandstone) and
titanium panels give the building a futurist image
(reminiscent of fish scales).

Aerospace Museum, Santa Monica (1982-84)

Context:
• The main entrance to the museum is ironically
placed at the rear, facing the entrance of its
neighbor structure, the Armory.
• This was done to supposedly integrate the new
museum with the institution beside it.
• The entrance leads to a main viewing platform
inside where museum-goers could stare in awe at
the suspended life-size aircraft exhibits.

Design Concept:
• Incorporated the distinctive style he adapted from previous
residential projects (eccentric and out-of-the-box designs),
creating geometric shafts and irregular angular forms which
break from the spatial bounding of the base structure.

• The structure is segmented, comprising of a union of differentiated
pieces brought together in a special collage of artistic style and
architectural form.
• Exterior has the signature sculptural style that infuses Gehry’s work,
with the facade of the building an arrangement of intricate stylistic
components:
1. a large metal-skinned polygon
2. a glass wall with a windowed prism above it
3. and a stucco cube with a hangar door.
• Above the aircraft hangar door is an F-104 Lockheed Model G Star
fighter Jet poised in mid-flight, jutting out from the structure as both
artistic statement and the purpose of the structure

Skylights
Unique approach to these elements, incorporating them into walls, angling and rotating them to become architectural
elements within themselves, rather than simply utilities.

CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE – High-Tech Architecture or Structural Expressionism
Norman Foster– his works and philosophies
• Prominent and prolific British architect known for his innovative, stylish
structural designs.
• Known for sleek, modern designs of steel and glass with innovations
in
contouring and inner space management.
• Recipient of numerous awards for his work including :
• the Pritzker Prize (1999),
• the Japan Art Association’s Praemium Imperiale prize for architecture
(2002),
•Aga Khan Award (2007) for his design of the Petronas University of
Technology in Malaysia
• Recipient of numerous awards for his work including :
• the Pritzker Prize (1999),
• the Japan Art Association’s Praemium Imperiale prize for architecture (2002),
•Aga Khan Award (2007) for his design of the Petronas University of
Technology in Malaysia
• Father of “high-tech architecture”

What is high-tech architecture
l
• Development in British Modernist architecture from the late 1960s. It was a
concept of design, based on engineering, construction and other aspects,
such as the manipulation of space.
• Focuses on creating adaptable buildings through choice of materials, interna
structural elements, and programmatic design.
• Influenced by engineering and new technology
• Norman Foster and Richard Rogers - key architects who brought about these
changes and implemented them from the 1970s.
• This style of architecture developed from modernism and is now often seen
as the link between modernism and postmodernism.
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE- High-Tech Architecture or Structural Expressionism
Renault Distribution Centre Swindon, England – Norman Foster

High Tech buildings are characterised by :
1. Exposed structures (usually of steel and or other metals)
2. Services (pipes, air ducts, lifts etc.) often picked out in bright colours
3. Smooth, impervious skin (often of glass)
4. Flexibility to create internal service zones, rather than rooms or sequences of rooms
Open plan with the ability to partition as necessary.
Structures such as beams and cables visibly displayed. Colour used to delineate structural parts and areas.
Use of steel and glass some with reflective surfaces.
• High-Tech architecture is also known as ‘late modernism’ or ‘structural
expressionism’.

HSBC , Hong Kong Shanghai Bank (1985)

"If I tried to give you a word picture of the Hong Kong tower, let's compare it with a typical tower of the day, which has a central core,
there's a space around it, every elevation is the same,"
Unique characteristics :
1. The structure, which was normally hidden inside, is suddenly there on the outside for all
to see
2.All the stuff that was in the traditional central core has been taken out and is
expressed on the sides.

• The brief for the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Headquarters
was simple: to create the best bank building in the world.
• Responded to a site which has impressive views of :
1. Hong Kong Harbor to the north
2. Victoria Peak to the south,
by creating a forty-seven-story rectangular prism with its long sides
oriented to the views while mechanical and service functions close off
the short east and west elevations.
• Placing the structure and services at the edge of the building
freed up internal spaces for large open-plan offices.
HSBC installed two "cannons" on the roof, pointing directly at the Bank of China
Tower, allegedly to balance the negative feng shui energy directed at it

• The new building is a steel suspended structure
• The requirements to build in excess of one million
square feet in a short timescale suggested :
1. high degree of prefabrication, including factory-
finished modules
2. while the need to build downwards and upwards
in tandem led to the adoption of a suspension
structure, with pairs of steel masts
• As a result, the building form is expressed in a
stepped profile of three individual towers,
respectively 29, 46, and 44high, which create
floors of varying width and depth and allow for
garden terraces.

• The bridges that span between the masts define double-height reception areas that break down the scale of the building both visually and socially.
• From the outset, it placed a high priority on flexibility. Consequently, over the years, it has been able to reconfigure office layouts with ease, even incorporating
a large dealers room into one floor, an arrangement that was not thought possible when the building was designed.

Renault Distribution Centre Swindon, England

• one of the most expressive and distinctive examples of
the style.
• the Renault Distribution Centre was the main UK
distribution facility for French car manufacturer
Renault.

• The structure - 42 square modules that are each
24mX24m
• Each module is covered by a ‘steel umbrella’
with a central steel mast with beams radiating
from the top.

• The structure - 42 square modules that are each
24mX24m – 8m high
• Each module is covered by a ‘steel umbrella’
with a central steel mast with beams radiating
from the top.
• Each module has a PVC membrane roof
stretched across a grid of arched steel-beams
that are held up by ties connected to masts at
their corners.

• The portal frames were made using continuous columns onto
which angled, continuous beams were fixed and stiffened by
tension members radiating from the top.
• The inverted catenary arch form of the beams resists uplift
forces
due to wind.
• The angled beams vary in depth with respect to the forces that
cause them to bend.

Michael Hopkins
Michael Hopkins– his works and philosophies

• Gave modern architecture a human face.
• At the start of his career - linked to the young turks of high-
tech, Richard Rogers and Norman Foster, designing steel-frame buildings
of immaculate precision.
• Founded London studio Hopkins Architects together with his
architectural partner and wife Patty Hopkins in 1976
• marrying high-tech architecture with postmodern
considerations such as
working within tradition.

Hamstead House
Schlumberger Cambridge Research Centre

Dynamic Earth
Portcullis House

Hamstead House (1976)

• Open plan, boxy shape and utilitarian, almost industrial look are now iconic, and received a Grade II* listing in 2018.
https://www.hopkins.co.uk/projects/residential/hopkins-house/

• First high-tech residential project
• Two-storey, lightweight steel and glass structure
• Built as the Hopkins' family home and office of their own
architecture studio, first project together
• Used as a calling card for the recently established studio's
philosophy.

• The house has a 10m x 12m rectangle footprint defined by
building restriction lines and is arranged on two levels over a
sloping site.
• With a small-scale structural steel grid of 2m x 4m, the design
experiments with construction techniques being developed for
commercial buildings.
• The result is a building of extreme simplicity and refinement.

• Access to the main entrance is at first floor level across a footbridge, with the lower level opening out onto the garden.
• The two levels are connected internally by an open spiral staircase.

• Internal planning is open and flexible, with domestic spaces
arranged mainly on the lower floor and the studio positioned
at entrance level.
• Venetian blinds hanging between the internal columns define
various living functions, with prefabricated melamine
partitions enclosing the bedrooms and shower pods.
• Venetian blinds moderate heat gain and heat loss through the
all-glass walls.

Richard Rogers (1933-2021)

• British-Italian architect noted for his modernist and
constructivist designs in high-tech architecture.
• Architecture school attended :
• 1954 - Architectural Association School of
Architecture in London
• 1962 - Yale School of Architecture in 1962 on a Fulbright
Scholarship
• While studying at Yale, Rogers met fellow architecture
student Norman Foster and planning student Su Brumwell
• As Team 4, Su Brumwell, Richard Rogers, Wendy Cheesman
and Norman Foster began to develop high-tech architecture
• Won Pritzker Prize - world's most distinct architects- utilizing
bright colors and structural elements to create a style
that is both recognizable and adaptable.
Richard Rogers– his works and philosophies

Lloyd’s Building
Millenium Dome

Minami Yamashiro Elementary School
Antwerp Law Courts, Belgium

Neo Bankside European Court of Human Rights building

Millenium Dome
https://rshp.com/projects/culture-and-leisure/the-millennium-dome/

In 1994 - the British announced a national festival to mark the year 2000 - to house this exhibition.
Amid a new sense of optimism, the year-long festival, known as the Millennium Experience, would take the form of an exhibition celebrating
“who we are, what we do, and where we live”
Millenium Dome

• "The ultimate inspiration for the Dome was a great sky, a cosmos
under which all events take place – the radial lines and circles of
the high-tensile roof structure recall the celestial reference grid
of astronomical maps throughout the ages."
• A dome structure was chosen as the most appropriate design
solution to the brief - due to the strict time constraints imposed
on the project.
• Separate pavilions for each of the exhibitions created - was more
time-efficient and cost-effective to create a single enclosure to
house them all -

• The design of the dome features a circle of twelve steel masts, one hundred meters high, which support a network of high-tensile cables.
• The seventy kilometers of cabling is covered by a canopy of white PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) fabric just one millimeter thin, with an interior
lining to absorb both sound and condensation.

• The seventy kilometers of cabling is covered by a canopy of white PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) fabric just one millimeter thin, with an interior
lining to absorb both sound and condensation.

The Millennium Experience was conceived to be the latest
in a long line of national festivals, including the Festival of
Britain in 1951 and the globally-seminal Great Exhibition
in 1851.
The most iconic structures at the Festival of Britain
were the Skylon (a steel cigar-shaped structure) and
the Dome of Discovery (a dome housing an
educational exhibition).

• Features:
1. 12 masts, one for each month of the year
2. 24 ‘scallops’ (the curved cutouts at the base of the
canopy), one for each hour of the day.
3. Diameter of the dome - 365 meters, representing
each day of the year,
4. Panels of the canopy are based on the celestial
lines of longitude and latitude
These time-based references are particularly
appropriate given the project’s purpose of celebrating
a significant calendar event.

Module 4
10. High-tech architecture or Structural Expressionism-2:
The High-tech architecture practitioners include Italian architect Renzo Piano (Pompidou Centre, Paris and Menil
Museum, Houston)
Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava (Lyon-Satolas Railway Station and Olympic Stadium at Athens)
11.Postmodern Architecture: Development of Postmodernism with its origins in the alleged failure of
Modern architecture from 1950s, and spreading in the 1970s and its continuous influence on present-day
architecture.
Ideas and works of Michael Graves, James Stirling, Robert Venturi etc.

CA_Frank Gehry to Richard Rogers, Michael Hopkins.pptx

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