Ca Testis (EDITED) - Copy.pptx
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Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men aged 15 to 45. It has doubled in incidence over the past 40 years. Testicular cancer is typically found as a painless scrotal mass and is subdivided into seminoma and non-seminoma, with germ cell tumors being the most common type. Treatment involves removing the testicle with the mass through orchiectomy. Further treatment with surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy depends on the cancer's stage and response to initial treatment. Patients are monitored after primary treatment for recurrence, complications, and fertility issues.
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- A Pap smear involves gently scraping cells from the cervix and vagina and examining them under a microscope to check for abnormal cells.
- Liquid-based cytology (LBC) uses a brush to collect cells which are then placed in a vial of preservative fluid, rather than smeared onto a slide. This allows for automated processing and may provide a more representative sample than conventional smears.
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- Metaplasia is a reversible
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- There are two main types - Type 1 is associated with estrogen exposure, is lower grade, and has a better prognosis. Type 2 occurs without estrogen stimulation, is higher grade and has a poorer prognosis.
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This document discusses endometrial carcinoma (cancer of the uterus). It covers the epidemiology, risk factors, types/classification, diagnosis, staging, treatment and prognosis. Some key points:
- It is the 3rd most common female cancer in India, occurring most often in post-menopausal women aged 60-70. The 5-year survival rate is approximately 75%.
- There are two main types - Type 1 is associated with estrogen exposure, is lower grade, and has a better prognosis. Type 2 occurs without estrogen stimulation, is higher grade and has a poorer prognosis.
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Colon cancer is the second most common cancer and most common gastrointestinal malignancy. It typically presents between ages 45-65. The predominant type is adenocarcinoma. Risk factors include family history, inflammatory bowel disease, and diet low in fruits and vegetables. Treatment involves surgical resection of the primary tumor with or without chemotherapy depending on staging. Palliative options are considered for metastatic or unresectable disease.
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- Pakistan has the highest rate of breast cancer in Asia, with approximately 90,000 new cases diagnosed annually.
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- Screening is recommended annually with mammography after age 40. Diagnosis involves biopsy of suspicious lumps.
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Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma, is a malignant kidney tumor that typically occurs in children under 5 years old. It begins from abnormal proliferation of embryonic kidney cells. Staging is determined by imaging and pathology, and treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation. The prognosis is generally good, especially for early stages, with 4-year survival rates over 90% for stages I-III and 70-90% for stage IV.
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Seminoma testis is a relatively rare but common germ cell tumor in young men. It typically presents as a painless testicular swelling. Staging involves tumor markers, imaging and pathology. Stage I seminoma can be managed with surveillance, adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Carboplatin is as effective as radiotherapy for stage I. For stage II, radiotherapy to retroperitoneum is standard but chemotherapy is also effective. Seminoma is highly curable with long term survival over 90% even with advanced stages. Careful follow up is needed long term.
Women cancer
1. The three most common cancers in women in India are breast cancer, cervical cancer, and ovarian cancer.
2. Breast cancer refers to malignant tumors that develop from breast cells. Risk factors include family history and lifestyle factors like smoking. Early detection involves screening mammography for women over 45-50.
3. Cervical cancer is often caused by HPV infection and can be prevented through Pap smear screening and HPV vaccination. Early cancers usually don't cause symptoms.
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Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
A Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Ca Testis (EDITED) - Copy.pptx
- 2. Anatomy
- 3. • Testicular carcinoma is the most common malignancy in men aged 15 to 45 years • The incidence of testicular cancer has doubled over the past 40 years • Testicular cancer is subdivided between seminoma and non-seminoma • Germ cell tumors (95% of all testicular cancers) are the most common type of testicular cancer Epidemiologi
- 5. Pathogenesis
- 6. Histologi
- 7. Risk Factor
- 8. • Testicular cancer may present as a painless scrotal mass, an incidental radiologic finding, posttraumatic symptom, or abdominal pain • Routine screening for testicular cancer in asymptomatic men is not recommended • Confirmation of an alternative diagnosis is required to exclude testicular cancer in patients with a scrotal mass • Scrotal ultrasonography is the preferred initial imaging study for evaluating a testicular mass Clinical Presentation
- 10. Staging
- 12. Treatment • Both definitive diagnosis and initial management can be achieved by removing the mass along with the testicle • Further surgery or radiotherapy or chemotherapy will be based on the disease's stage and response to the initial management • Active surveillance (orchiectomy without additional therapy) is a reasonable treatment option for stage I germ cell tumors with no risk factors for relapse.
- 13. Follow-up • After primary treatment for testicular cancer, primary care physicians should routinely monitor patients for recurrence, secondary malignancy, infertility, cardiovascular disease, and other complications of chemotherapy and radiotherapy • For patients desiring future fertility, sperm banking should be discussed early in the course of treatment
- 14. Survival Rate
- 17. TERIMA KASIH