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C2 and ch 6 drafting
- 2. Structure of an Essay Title May announce your subject Sparks readers’ interest Paragraph 1 Identifies your narrowed topic Introduction Presents your thesis Interests your readers Provides background Body Body paragraphs (there is no set number. The number depends on your topic, purpose, and audience.) Support and explain your thesis Final paragraph Conclusion Reemphasizes your thesis (does not just restate it) Draws your essay to a close
- 3. Organizing Be sure to select a method that works best for your paper. (Argument should use emphatic order, or least to most) Most-to-Least / Least-to-Most order Chronological order Spatial order These are also useful to use when you first do an outline and then carry over to your draft.
- 4. Most-to-Least/Least-to-Most Most-to-Least Introduction Least-to-Most Least Important Less important Slightly more important Slightly less important More important Least important Conclusion Thesis Most Important Body Thesis Most important Final Paragraph Final Paragraph
- 5. Chronological Order Introduction Thesis First Event Body Second Event Third Event Last Event Conclusion Final Paragraph
- 6. Spatial Order Introduction Thesis Thesis Far Left section Top part Left section Body Middle Part Right section Far Right section Conclusion Bottom Part Final Paragraph Final Paragraph
- 7. Drafting Draft – practice version of your essay Start by reviewing your thesis statement. Work on developing and expressing ideas that explain your thesis. Devote one paragraph to each important idea that directly explains your thesis statement. Think of drafting as a means of experimenting and testing ideas. Be prepared to change your topic or focus. Focus on ideas first. Allow time between drafts. Seek help from classmates.
- 8. Link Ideas Clearly Readers expect to find the topic sentence in the beginning of a paragraph. If every sentence does not clearly connect to the topic sentence then “transitions” should be used to help the reader understand the connection. Example: pg 41 A Writer’s Reference
- 9. Transitional Expressions Word, phrase, clause, or sentence that shows the reader how a new sentence or paragraph is connected to the one before it. Example: A compliment is a brief and pleasant way of opening lines of communication and demonstrating good will… Although compliments do demonstrate good will, they should be used sparingly; otherwise they may seem contrived…
- 10. Sentence-Level Transitions To Show Addition And, also, besides, further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, next, too, first, second To Give Examples For example, for instance, to illustrate, in fact, specifically To Compare Also, similarly, likewise To Contrast But, however, on the other hand, in contrast, nevertheless, still, even though, on the contrary, yet, although To Summarize or Conclude In other words, in short, in conclusion, to sum up, therefore To Show Time After, as, before, next, during, later, finally, meanwhile, since, then, when, while, immediately To Show Place or Direction Above, below, beyond, farther on, nearby, opposite, close, to the left To Indicate Logical Relationship Is, so, therefore, consequently, thus, as a result, for this reason, because, since
- 11. Paragraph-Level Transitions These happen in the first sentence of two adjacent paragraphs. Use similar structure or words in both sentences to show the connection from one paragraph to another. Example: pg 45 A Writer’s Reference
- 12. Repeated words to Transition Repetition of key words can help connect ideas. To keep from being “repetitious” use synonyms instead. Example: There are many types of liars, but all put forth dishonest or misleading information. The occasional liar is the most common and lies to avoid embarrassing or unpleasant situations.
- 13. Parallel Structure Parallel Structure is used to show the similarities between examples. Use grammar and sentence structure to create parallelism (S1)
- 14. Introductions Page 127 Reflections: provides two introductions for the same topic. Both address or set up the background information in different ways. Set up focus and tone Present your thesis Interest your reader Provide background information the reader may need.
- 15. Ideas for Introductory Paragraphs Ask a provocative or disturbing question Begin with a story or an anecdote Offer a quotation Cite a little-known or shocking fact or statistic Move from general to specific State a commonly held misconception or position that you oppose. Describe a hypothetical situation Begin with a striking example Make a comparison
- 16. Avoid Mistakes Do not make an announcement. Keep your introduction short, do not be long winded. Avoid statements that may discourage your readers from continuing. Avoid a casual or overly familiar, or chatty tone. Be sure your topic is clear or explained adequately for your readers. Do not confuse them.
- 17. Conclusion Possibilities Look ahead. Remind readers of the relevance of the issue. Offer a recommendation or make a call to action. Discuss broader implications. Conclude with a fact, a quotation, an anecdote, or an example that emphasizes your thesis.
- 18. Avoid Mistakes Avoid a direct restatement of your thesis. Avoid standard phrases. Avoid introducing new points in your conclusion. Avoid apologizing for yourself, your work, or your idea. Avoid weakening your stance in the conclusion.
- 19. Titles Write straightforward, descriptive titles for most academic essays: Lotteries: A Game Players Can Little Afford Ask a question that your essay answers: Who Plays the Lottery? Use alliterations. Repeating initial sounds creates a catchy phrase. Lotteries: Dreaming about Dollars Consider using a play on words or a catchy or humorous expression. If You Win, You Lose Avoid broad, vague titles that sound like labels. Titles such as “Baseball Fans” or “Gun Control” provide your reader with too little information.