International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Green Marketing: A Marketing Mix conceptEECJOURNAL
This paper tries to provide an overview of green marketing from marketing mix concept. The aim of green marketing is to include environmental issues in the marketing efforts. The idea is that marketers provide consumers with better information about the green properties of the products offered and then they will include this information in their purchasing decisions. This will consequently push companies to produce products that are better from an environmental point of view. Consequently companies have executed various green marketing strategies to meet the demands of environmentally sensible customers as they are very much aware of what they are consuming. Companies that use the extreme green marketing fully incorporate environmental issues and responsibility into their business and address issues related to marketing mix for the environment
“Green Environment” relates to the concerns for environmental conservation and improved health of the environment. This includes supporting practices like informed consumption, conservation practices and investment in renewable energy.Why is green environment important?
Going green reduces air pollution and environmental toxins that could affect our body's immune system that fights infections, and that could expose us to diseases and fatal illnesses
Analysis of the effects of economic corporate social responsibility on financ...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect economic corporate social responsibility on Financial performance. The study was guided by the following objectives: To analyze the effect of innovational CSR cost on financial performance, to examine the effect of social quality practices spending on financial performance ,to find out the effect of corporate entrepreneurship spending on financial performance and to examine the effect of financial literacy expenditure CSR on financial The study was guided by Stakeholders theory, Shareholder theory and Shareholder-Based Financial Performance theory. This study used quantitative research approaches. Quantitative research is generally associated. Collecting and converting data into numerical form so that statistical calculations can be made and conclusions drawn. This study will employ descriptive research design. The target population used was 100 and sampling procedure used was stratified. The study used primary (collected using questionnaires) and secondary data (trend analysis). To test the validity of the research instruments the questionnaires prepared and submitted to the supervisor and other research experts. In order to test the reliability of the instrument used in this study, the researcher used test retest method. Descriptive and inferential statistics method was used for data analysis and interpretation regression model was used to analyze the effect between variables. The study recommended that companies should ensure effective sustainability programs which include social responsibility, They should also ensure effective social programs are accomplished through cause-related marketing and corporate philanthropy, they should also create initiative which has beneficial relationship between the corporation and society, they should also should ensure corporate governance which is the framework of rules and practices by which a board of directors and embrace accountability, fairness, and transparency in a company's relationship with its stakeholders. For further research the study suggests that more studies should be done on economic social responsibility and corporate governance, economic social responsibility and financial literacy.
Corporate Social Responsibiliity In The Hospitality Industryceciljay
A white paper on current CSR practices in the hospitality industry and the significant variance between espoused values and the necessary performance based measurement to support them.
Green Marketing: A Marketing Mix conceptEECJOURNAL
This paper tries to provide an overview of green marketing from marketing mix concept. The aim of green marketing is to include environmental issues in the marketing efforts. The idea is that marketers provide consumers with better information about the green properties of the products offered and then they will include this information in their purchasing decisions. This will consequently push companies to produce products that are better from an environmental point of view. Consequently companies have executed various green marketing strategies to meet the demands of environmentally sensible customers as they are very much aware of what they are consuming. Companies that use the extreme green marketing fully incorporate environmental issues and responsibility into their business and address issues related to marketing mix for the environment
“Green Environment” relates to the concerns for environmental conservation and improved health of the environment. This includes supporting practices like informed consumption, conservation practices and investment in renewable energy.Why is green environment important?
Going green reduces air pollution and environmental toxins that could affect our body's immune system that fights infections, and that could expose us to diseases and fatal illnesses
Analysis of the effects of economic corporate social responsibility on financ...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect economic corporate social responsibility on Financial performance. The study was guided by the following objectives: To analyze the effect of innovational CSR cost on financial performance, to examine the effect of social quality practices spending on financial performance ,to find out the effect of corporate entrepreneurship spending on financial performance and to examine the effect of financial literacy expenditure CSR on financial The study was guided by Stakeholders theory, Shareholder theory and Shareholder-Based Financial Performance theory. This study used quantitative research approaches. Quantitative research is generally associated. Collecting and converting data into numerical form so that statistical calculations can be made and conclusions drawn. This study will employ descriptive research design. The target population used was 100 and sampling procedure used was stratified. The study used primary (collected using questionnaires) and secondary data (trend analysis). To test the validity of the research instruments the questionnaires prepared and submitted to the supervisor and other research experts. In order to test the reliability of the instrument used in this study, the researcher used test retest method. Descriptive and inferential statistics method was used for data analysis and interpretation regression model was used to analyze the effect between variables. The study recommended that companies should ensure effective sustainability programs which include social responsibility, They should also ensure effective social programs are accomplished through cause-related marketing and corporate philanthropy, they should also create initiative which has beneficial relationship between the corporation and society, they should also should ensure corporate governance which is the framework of rules and practices by which a board of directors and embrace accountability, fairness, and transparency in a company's relationship with its stakeholders. For further research the study suggests that more studies should be done on economic social responsibility and corporate governance, economic social responsibility and financial literacy.
Corporate Social Responsibiliity In The Hospitality Industryceciljay
A white paper on current CSR practices in the hospitality industry and the significant variance between espoused values and the necessary performance based measurement to support them.
Investor calls for transparency and the rise of social media have thrust the impact businesses have on the economy, the environment and society more firmly into the spotlight. Drawing on more than 2,500 interviews with business leaders in 34 economies, Corporate Social Responsibility: beyond financials, looks at how companies are responding to this challenge; how they are making their operations more sustainable and what role they feel integrated reporting can play.
This study sought to ascertain the green business best practices for enterprise sustainability in SouthSouth
Nigeria.. The population for the study was 23,985 managers of registered enterprises in the six states of
South-South Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was adopted in this study.
Proactive Environmental Strategy and Environmental Performance: A Resource-ba...Ahmad Alastal
This paper intends to review the relationship between proactive environmental strategy and environmental performance from resource-based perspective by providing the recent findings on this relationship. The benefits and meaning of proactive environmental strategy and environmental performance is discussed in this article. We find that resource-based view theory is important to define the relationship between proactive environmental strategy and environmental performance.
Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Community Development in Akwa Ib...paperpublications3
Abstract: The study examines the impact of corporate social responsibility on community development in Akwa Ibom State with a particular reference to Julius Berger Company Plc. The study intends to find out how corporate social responsibility activities (basic social amenities, social causes and compensation to community members) enhance community development in Akwa Ibom State the Julius Berger company in Akwa Ibom State claim that they are doing enough in terms of bringing development to the communities as part of their corporate social responsibility, yet the host communities remain hostile and constantly at variance with the company. Point in time data were collected from primary source. The Ordinary Least Square was adopted and finding reveals that corporate social responsibility has significant relationship with community development in Akwa Ibom State. It is therefore recommended that CRS activities like basic social amenities, social causes and compensation to community members and policies regarding these CRS should be improve to enable the Julius Berger company to operate freely in the community and add to their development and CRS activities performed by Julius Berger in Akwa Ibon State should be appreciated by the communities and encouraged them to do more in the future.
The second annual Corporate Social Responsibility Perceptions Survey, conducted by research-based consultancy Penn Schoen Berland in partnership with brand consulting firm Landor Associates and strategic communications firm Burson-Marsteller, analyzed consumer views of companies operating across 14 industries ranging from Apparel to Telecommunications.
This presentation is aimed at CSR Managers and Sustainability Managers and deals with corporate responsibility, sustainability and sustainability reporting.
One Laptop Per Child Presentation for Uruguay GovtJeffreyBo
A presentation given to the One Laptop Per Child and Plan Ceibal team in Uruguay, suggesting ways to build volunteer and community support for the 1:1 computing project
Oil pulling as an adjunct to scaling and root planing: A Clinico-Microbial studyinventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
To Study the Efficacy of Kampillakadi Tail as- Vranaropak In Sadyovranainventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Investor calls for transparency and the rise of social media have thrust the impact businesses have on the economy, the environment and society more firmly into the spotlight. Drawing on more than 2,500 interviews with business leaders in 34 economies, Corporate Social Responsibility: beyond financials, looks at how companies are responding to this challenge; how they are making their operations more sustainable and what role they feel integrated reporting can play.
This study sought to ascertain the green business best practices for enterprise sustainability in SouthSouth
Nigeria.. The population for the study was 23,985 managers of registered enterprises in the six states of
South-South Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was adopted in this study.
Proactive Environmental Strategy and Environmental Performance: A Resource-ba...Ahmad Alastal
This paper intends to review the relationship between proactive environmental strategy and environmental performance from resource-based perspective by providing the recent findings on this relationship. The benefits and meaning of proactive environmental strategy and environmental performance is discussed in this article. We find that resource-based view theory is important to define the relationship between proactive environmental strategy and environmental performance.
Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Community Development in Akwa Ib...paperpublications3
Abstract: The study examines the impact of corporate social responsibility on community development in Akwa Ibom State with a particular reference to Julius Berger Company Plc. The study intends to find out how corporate social responsibility activities (basic social amenities, social causes and compensation to community members) enhance community development in Akwa Ibom State the Julius Berger company in Akwa Ibom State claim that they are doing enough in terms of bringing development to the communities as part of their corporate social responsibility, yet the host communities remain hostile and constantly at variance with the company. Point in time data were collected from primary source. The Ordinary Least Square was adopted and finding reveals that corporate social responsibility has significant relationship with community development in Akwa Ibom State. It is therefore recommended that CRS activities like basic social amenities, social causes and compensation to community members and policies regarding these CRS should be improve to enable the Julius Berger company to operate freely in the community and add to their development and CRS activities performed by Julius Berger in Akwa Ibon State should be appreciated by the communities and encouraged them to do more in the future.
The second annual Corporate Social Responsibility Perceptions Survey, conducted by research-based consultancy Penn Schoen Berland in partnership with brand consulting firm Landor Associates and strategic communications firm Burson-Marsteller, analyzed consumer views of companies operating across 14 industries ranging from Apparel to Telecommunications.
This presentation is aimed at CSR Managers and Sustainability Managers and deals with corporate responsibility, sustainability and sustainability reporting.
One Laptop Per Child Presentation for Uruguay GovtJeffreyBo
A presentation given to the One Laptop Per Child and Plan Ceibal team in Uruguay, suggesting ways to build volunteer and community support for the 1:1 computing project
Oil pulling as an adjunct to scaling and root planing: A Clinico-Microbial studyinventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
To Study the Efficacy of Kampillakadi Tail as- Vranaropak In Sadyovranainventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Accounting Information Quality And The Accounting Information System Qual...inventionjournals
The purpose of the study is to measure the influences of accounting information system quality
on the accounting information quality through observing the organizational structure. The study uses
descriptive and verificative analysis method and involves forty seven (47) Baitulmal Wattamwil (BMT) in West
Java Indonesia, those are applied accounting information system. The result of the study shows that the
organizational structure have significant influence on the accounting information system quality. Besides, the
accounting information system quality has an impact on the accounting information quality as well.
In recent decades, climate change, globalisation and business .docxjaggernaoma
In recent decades, climate change, globalisation and business scandals, such as the “Eron-
scandal” (Maak 2008) initiated an environmental and social consciousness, which brought the
ethical behaviour of organisations more into focus. Therefore, the concept of corporate social
responsibility (CSR) has become increasingly important for large companies, as they operate
in a world with greater levels of integration between their stakeholders and local
communities. This social concept includes the adherence to regulations and societal standards
for ethical business practice, as well as the permanent consideration by organisations of their
roles, decisions and consequences towards society and environment. Supporters of CSR
believe that the corporation is obligated to promote social progress due to its dependence on
society. Opponents on the other hand argue, that these demands are unjustified and see the
only purpose of the business in increasing shareholder wealth within legal and social norms
(Morrison & Bridwell 2011). This essay briefly describes ethical organisational behaviour and
refers to the “Triple Bottom Line”. The main topic is the concept of corporate social
responsibility, which will be defined and critically evaluated. Benefits in regards to the
organisation and its stakeholders will be discussed and major critics and limitations in regards
to this theory highlighted.
Ethical behaviour in organisations is systematically developed and monitored by most
corporate leaders in the Asia-Pacific region. In supporting ethical and moral practice and
decision making, most companies construct a code of ethical conduct, in which organisational
behaviour is regulated. However, many companies need to engage in effective ethical training
to establish and foster a comprehensive corporate culture which supports ethical values and
practice. Role-modelling of leaders and top-management, transparency and disclosure of the
business practice but also a sense of diversity within the company can facilitate the ethical
standards (McShane & Travaglione 2007).
One aspect of ethical behaviour generated by an organisation is the topic of CSR. The
theory received more attention by stakeholders towards the end of the 20th century, when
environmental and social awareness increased, for example in connection with the global
climate change. During that time the rule of triple responsibility (Triple Bottom Line)
developed, which is associated with the corporate concern of the environmental and social
sphere besides the financial aspect of the company. CSR can be seen as a commitment to this
3
“Triple Bottom Line” (Stanislavská, Margarisová & Štastná 2010). For instance, Branco and
Rodrigues (2006) relate CSR to ethical and moral aspects concerning the overall (internal and
external) decision-making and behaviour of the organisation. Complex issues such as health
and safety at work, environmental .
IntroductionPatagonia The Responsible CompanySpecializing in .docxnormanibarber20063
Introduction
Patagonia: The Responsible Company
Specializing in outdoor clothing in a niche market, Patagonia, Inc. has long been considered a responsible company. Top executives make it apriority to convey the message that they care about their employees, their customers, and the environment. What does it mean to be aresponsible company? The founder and owner of Patagonia, Yvon Chouinard, has admitted that he did not intend for Patagonia to be anindustry leader in social and environmental responsibility when he started the company in 1972. Only after addressing a series of decisionsin product design, supply, and marketing did Patagonia executives realize that every business has responsibilities beyond profit. Chouinarddecided that he wanted to make a difference in the world by offering quality products that had minimal environmental impact and providingemployees with meaningful work.
In 1988, staff at one of the Patagonia stores began to experience headaches due to a malfunctioning ventilation system that was recirculatingformaldehyde into the air. The source of formaldehyde was linked to the finishing process of the cotton used in the company’s products. Byexploring the issue in detail, Patagonia discovered that formaldehyde in clothing could create adverse reactions for customers, includingcancers and other illnesses. In response, the company investigated the environmental impact of the materials in their clothing. Based on theirfindings, they initiated a switch to organic cotton that was not readily available. Working with suppliers in the United States and laterinternationally, Patagonia was able to secure a greater supply of organic cotton that is free from the harmful chemicals that can affectcustomers and employees as well as the environment. These types of situations have shown that being a responsible company entailsfocusing on a broad range of stakeholders and provides for a viable and sustainable business.
Patagonia has since become a leader in social responsibility. In their book, The Responsible Company (2012), Chouinard and Vincent Stanley,the company’s chief storyteller and editor of the Footprint Chronicles (the company’s website that provides transparency to the public byshowing the social and environmental impact of Patagonia products), share five elements of business responsibility as a model for othercompanies. These are responsibilities to:
1. The health of the business, including the obligation of a company to stay financially viable.
2. The workers, including caring for the people who make and sell its products.
3. Customers, focusing on the value of the products and services that satisfy the customers through truthful and honest relationships.
4. The community, which incorporates the varied interests of the neighborhoods and cities where they conduct business, including thevirtual community of blogs and social media.
5. Nature, by recognizing that our economy depends on nature and the resources that it provides. The a.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Environmental sustainability is an important component of a firm’s Corporate Social Responsibility. It relates to
firm practices that ensure the conservation of the environment and natural resources, such as water, land and air.
This research study aims to study the concept in relation to firm performance in Jordan. It proposes that
environmental sustainability practices of a company in Jordan’s manufacturing industry positively influence its
financial performance. For this purpose, the study assesses the relationship between environmental sustainability
score and the profitability ratios. Results reveal a significant positive impact of sustainability score on the ROA of
the companies. It is therefore recommended to manufacturing firms in Jordan to focus more on environmental CSR
and sustainability practices, which would result in improved efficiency and profitability.
Social innovation practices in sustainable waste management case study of suc...Ambati Nageswara Rao
This paper aims to understand the role of social enterprise engagement in social innovations that facilitate, promote or challenge the environmental sustainability in Ahmedabad city.
Corporate Social Responsibility Practice of Nickel Mining Company for Commun...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
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https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
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2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
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Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
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involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
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International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)
1. International Journal of Business and Management Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 801X
www.ijbmi.org Volume 2 Issue 12ǁ December. 2013ǁ PP.13-21
Corporate Social Responsibility’s Effect On Consumer Buying In
The Restaurant Industry Of India
Ms Parminder Kaur
1,
Assistant Prof In commerce ARSD College University of Delhi
ABSTRACT : In the present paper we first theoretically contextualize the significance of social and
environmental responsibility in the firm. In the hotel sector this study is particularly significant, given the strong
relations and dependencies that this industry has with its environmental framework. The basic purpose of this
study was to examine the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives on customer behavior in the
restaurant field in india. Furthermore, this study gives a general look at current practices of CSR in the
restaurant industry of India. Ninety random customers at the local restaurants were asked in questionnaires
about their reaction to diverse CSR activities. The study of both type of the data, primary and secondary data,
shows that CSR practices do have an effect on customer behavior in restaurant industry. However, every CSR
activity does not generates the same level of impact on customers.
KEYWORDS: Corporate Social Responsibility, Hospitality enterprise, India, customer behavior
I.
INTRODUCTION
Multinational corporations introduced the term stakeholder in the 1960’s .Stakeholders are the people
who are in any way affected by the organizations’ activities. Consequently, the term ―corporate social
responsibility‖ (CSR) came into use. The aim of corporate social responsibility is to take responsibility for all
the company’s actions and to put a positive impact on its communities, environment, consumers, employees and
all other stakeholders (Freeman, 2010). CSR is not a new idea, more companies than ever before are supporting
CSR initiatives like corporate philanthropy, minority support programs, cause-related marketing and socially
responsible manufacturing practices and employment—and they are doing so with real marketing and financial
muscle. More than 80% of the Fortune 500 companies address CSR issues on their websites, reflecting the
persistent belief among business leaders that today CSR is not only an ethical vital, but also an economic one.
With a growing concern for corporate social responsibility (CSR), companies motivated by companies’
stakeholders, societies, consumers and governments, are accelerating initiatives to exhibit their CSR
commitments. For example, HSBC, a leader in international banking, announced a carbon neutral program,
depicting its commitment to CSR for climate change problems. While in 2008, Wal-Mart started its new jewelry
line named ―Love, Earth‖ in which Wal-Mart only uses diamonds, gold and silver from mines and
manufacturers that meet sustainability standards established by Wal-Mart.
Along with this general trend
of public and corporate attention to CSR, the hospitality industry has showing an ever increasing interest in
CSR. More leading companies in hospitality industry, including Hilton, Starbucks and McDonald's In spite of
rising interest in CSR and vigorous participation in CSR activities in the this industry, only a few studies have
been done on the impacts of these activities on financial performance ( Lee and Park, 2009 and García and
Armas, 2007 ). Even if the major industry effect reported by the CSR literature ( Banerjee et al., 2003, Amato
and Amato, 2007, Brammer and Millington, 2005), comparative studies across industries in the hospitality has
been rarely conducted.To achieve the objectives of the study the paper is divided into following sections.
Section 1 gives the introduction of the study. Section II includes review of literature. Section III describes about
data and methodology, followed by Section IV which gives detailed analysis and interpretations of results
including concluding remarks and References are contained in the last section.
II.
SECTION 11: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The following section gives the review of existing literature
Corporate Social Responsibility
During the 21th century, the environmental aspect of CSR grew even stronger and society’s increased
interest regarding environmental issues gives a new image of CSR. Therefore, pressure was put on corporations
and their initiatives for support of the environment. In the European Commission’s CSR-report from 2002, CSR
is described to have a close relationship between societies and companies to deal with both social and
environmental concerns: ―CSR is a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in
their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. In their most
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2. Corporate Social Responsibility…
recent definition, the European Commission (2011) explains CSR as ―the responsibility of enterprises for their
impacts on society‖.Another definition which is very famous is The total corporate social responsibility of
business entails the simultaneous fulfillment of the firm’s economic ,legal ,ethical & philanthropic
responsibilities . ( Carroll, 1991 ) .Carroll proposed other responsibilities in the following decreasing order of
importance, after economic: legal, ethical and philanthropic. This concept by Carroll (1979) suggests that a
business should follow four components: economic responsibility, ethical responsibility, philanthropic and legal
responsibility, (Bhattacharya and Sen, 2004; Carroll, 1995). The first component is economic responsibility
.This is actually the business’ elementary responsibility to make a profit and expand. The second component is
legal responsibility which means a business must obey the law and work within the legal framework of society.
The third is ethical responsibility which means a business has to value the rights of others and meet the hope
applied by society to do what is right. The last component is philanthropic responsibility which means a
business should add to and support the broader community and improve the quality of society. [ Carroll ,1995.
Snidar et al. 2003 ]. Although there is still no agreement on any one meaning of CSR ,each and every meaning
is based on the thought that CSR is about how a business takes account of its social and economic impact on
environmental of the way it operates. We presume that consumers are affected by the fact that how effectively
business is completing its ethical and philanthropic responsibilities because they believe that legal
responsibilities all business complete because these responsibilities have legal backing. So to measure ethical
and philanthropic responsibilities we have taken three factor first is how effectively business house is taking
care of environmental sustainability, second is how effectively they are taking care of local community and
Third is whether they are selling environment friendly green products or not.
Typical CSR initiatives in restaurant industry
Energy consumption is certainly one of the biggest issues in the industry these days. By limiting the
use of electricity and gas, the restaurants will undoubtedly have the added benefit of lowering energy bill [ Lelic
,2006 ] . Many leading fast food chains have taken action regarding energy reduction. As an example, Burger
King has introduced a new energy-efficient restaurant in Germany that uses renewable energy to supply onethird of the restaurant’s energy requirements. Consequently, the restaurant’s energy costs are reduced by 45
percent annually. Ethical sourcing of ingredients is becoming a mainstream among eating industry. They are
now much more aware of this issue, which refers to the act of supporting local farmers by ordering raw
ingredients from them, or at least ensuring that the ingredients come from sustainable sources (Lelec, 2006.).
The Crown Plaza London hotel’s environmental policy is a representative example. Only suppliers that meet the
hotel’s green credentials are accepted. In fact, the hotel’s car supplier, Green Tomato Cars, is an
environmentally friendly company that uses the greenest cars to ensure the least damage to the environment
(Mullen, 2008.).Ethical treatment of employees is another key element of a successful CSR program from which
the restaurateurs can benefit. In fact, the industry as a whole often relies on temporary and low-paid workforce.
If the staff are trained professionally and receive right treatment ,they can turn into the restaurant’s biggest
assets. There is no doubt that a happy and well-treated workforce will produce the most amazing food and
service ( Lelic, 2006 ) .As per the report by CSR News Europe, food waste management has been a major
environmental issue for restaurant operations. Restaurateurs have realized that it would cost them less to manage
food waste properly. Some common practices encouraged by environmentalists to reduce food waste are:
Plan different sized portions properly
Order perishable ingredients to meet demand
Use first-in, first-out practice to minimize spoilage stocks
Serve vegetables with skin on if it is possible
Re-use trimmings for stock, pickles, etc.
III.
CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Consumer behavior refers to the study of how a person buys products. However, it is only part of the
definition. More specifically, the term is termed as the emotional and physical activities that people engage in
when purchasing, using and disposing of products and services so as to satisfy needs and also the desires. It
involves the purchasing, and other consumption-related activities of people engaging in the exchange process
(Hoyer & Macinnis, 2009, 3.). The restaurant industry have different characteristics in comparison to
manufacturing industry. In the operations of food and beverage, the customer is present at both service and
production process (Davis, Alcott, Lockwood, Pantilidis ,2008 ,23) .The customer is eating out, the meal
experience includes both tangible and intangible aspects. Briefly, food and drink make up the tangible
component; meanwhile the intangible component involves service, atmosphere and so on. It seems that, the
meal experience starts with the entrance of customer in the restaurant and ends when they leave .Nonetheless ,it
is just the main part of the meal experience because any feelings the customer has when he/ she arrives at the
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3. Corporate Social Responsibility…
restaurant or when he/she leaves should be also taken into account. In the restaurant industry, those two things
go hand in hand to present a total product to the customer. None of these can work out without the other (Davis
et al., 2008, 24.). In order to attest if CSR actions have an impact on consumer behavior, it is essential to
understand what factors affect consumer behavior in general. Consumer buying decisions are subject to be
influenced from a variety of sources. Kotler, Amstrong, Saunders, and Wong (2001) suggest four factors that
influence consumer behavior, which are social, cultural, psychological factors and personal.
IV.
CULTURAL FACTORS
Culture- element refers to the beliefs, values, and views shared in a society. Every society has a culture
and to what extent cultural factors influence consumer behavior is varied from society to society. In addition,
culture acts as a guideline for identifying acceptable products, services, and behaviors ( Wilkie, 1994, 20 )
.Every culture group contains smaller subcultures, which means groups of citizens who share a particular value
system. A customer does not necessarily belong to only one specific subculture but they can belong to several
groups at a time. Gender, race, age, nationality, religion, etc. form bases for subculture ( Wilkie, 1994, 20 ).
Social class- includes variables like occupation, income level, and educational degree. These components affect
a person’s lifestyle and therefore have a significant influence on consumption habits (Wilkie, 1994, 20.).
Regular customers of a fine dining restaurant usually have a higher level of income than those who only eat at a
fast food restaurant.
V.
SOCIAL FACTORS
Family -plays an important role in developing a person’s buying behavior since family is the very first
society that strongly influences a person’s values and habits (Wilkie, 1994, 20.). Reference groups and friends
have potential influence on people who identify with them by providing guidelines to appropriate attitudes. A
person’s buying decision is not only affected by frequent discussion with friends, but also by watching their
behaviors in everyday life (Wilkie, 1994, 21.). A satisfied customer will surely recommend the restaurant to his/
her friends.Roles and status - a person can hold different roles and status in society depending on to what
organizations, clubs, groups he/ she belong. If the mother of a family is also working as a doctor, her buying
decision will be affected by both roles. A restaurant suitable for families will be her first priority when planning
to eat out with her husband and children; meanwhile nutrition may be paid a certain attention to in her buying
decision.
Personal factors
Personal characteristics also have an impact on consumer behavior. Some major personal factors
affecting a person’s buying behavior are age, occupation, lifestyle, economic situation, personality and selfconcept (Kotler et al., 2001, 198.).
Age - it is obvious that age has an influence on buying behavior. As the time passes by, a person’s needs and
wants change; therefore, it leads to the changes in buying behaviors (Kotler et al., 2001, 199.). Taste in food and
age have a certain relation.
Occupation - an example of the influence of occupation on buying behavior is the difference between students
and business people in choosing a restaurant. While students usually go to casual restaurants or bars, business
people tend to choose a fine dining restaurant to discuss business with their partners.
Lifestyle - people belonging to the same culture, social class, or even occupation groups do not necessarily have
the same lifestyle. Lifestyle is ―a person’s pattern of living as expressed in their activities and interests.
Economic Situation : Product choice is greatly affected by a person’s economic situation. Trends in personal
income, savings and interest rates are studied by marketers of income-sensitive products. Consequently, they
can decide if they need to redesign, reposition and reprice their products (Kotler, 2001).
Personality and Self-Concept : A person’s buying choice is undoubtedly affected by his/ her own personality.
Personality is termed as the unique psychological characteristics that lead to relatively consistent and lasting
responses to one’s own environment. Personality traits examples are self-confidence, dominance, sociability,
defensiveness, etc. (Kotler 2001, 204.). Customers who are high in sociability have a tendency to eat out
regularly .A person’s self-concept is a term related to personality. What people possess identify their selfconcept (Kotler, 2001, 204.). For example, a student who sees herself as an active, outgoing and social girl will
favor casual restaurants than fine-dining ones. Coincidences and surrounding people will affect outcomes
notably.
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VI.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
Four major psychological factors influencing a person’s buying choices are perception, learning, beliefs
and attitudes.
Motivation : a person’s buying motivation arises from their biological or psychological needs. When a need
reaches to a sufficient level of intensity, it becomes a motive. Then, a motive drives a person to act in order to
seek satisfaction (Kotler et al, 2001, 204.).
Perception : a motivated person’s actions are guided by his/ her perception of the situation. Perception in this
case is what an individual thinks about a particular restaurant’s food and service. Two people, even if have same
need may not end up going to the same restaurant, as they are different in perception (Kotler et al, 2001, 208.).
Learning –Learning is the interaction of stimuli, responses, drives, cues and reinforcement (Kotler et al, 2001,
209.). For example, a couple has a drive for social need in Valentine’s Day. In other words, they want to
celebrate the day. A drive is a burly internal incentive that calls for action. When this drives them towards a
specific stimulus object – in this case, planning to go out for dinner, it becomes a motive. Their response to the
idea of going out for dinner is conditioned by the surrounding cues, which are factors that determine the way
they respond. If everything goes perfectly on the day, i.e. great food and service, there is a great chance that they
will re-visit the restaurant frequently. In other words, if the experience is rewarded, their response to the
restaurant will be reinforced (Kotler et al, 2001, 209.).Beliefs and Attitudes – beliefs and attitudes are acquired
through acting and learning. Restaurant manager must consider the beliefs customers formulate about the
restaurant’s food and service because they influence consumer behavior to some extent. If some of the beliefs
are wrong and stop purchase , the restaurant has to take action to correct it (Kotler et al, 2001, 210.). For
example, people who are on a diet will never come to a pizza restaurant because they believe the restaurant has
nothing else except pizzas. In order to attract this group of customers, the restaurant can emphasize their salad
offer in the ads. People’s attitudes are formed based on their beliefs and they are difficult to change (Kotler et al,
2001, 2010) Consumer social responsibility, along with personal locus of control, is an important term, which
should be explained in order to understand the effects of CSR initiatives on consumer behavior. The term can be
def as the conscious and deliberate choice to make certain consumption choices based on personal and moral
beliefs (Devinney, Eckhardt, Auger and Birtchnell, 2006). It means they support socially responsible restaurant
by going there, or boycott antithetical restaurants by avoiding those. The positive effect of socially responsible
behavior on business in the long run has been recognized among entrepreneurs. It is explained that the trust and
satisfaction of customers transform into customer loyalty and therefore the competitive position of the restaurant
is enhanced ( Solomon, et al. 2006 , 18-19 ).
The impact of CSR initiatives on several customer-related outcomes
In their recent study, Gupta (2002), with his research results, has provided evidence to support the
popular view that when there is parity in price and quality, consumers would prefer the company actively
engaging in CSR initiatives and their consumption related decisions are affected by this factor. As a result, he
strongly supports corporate investments in CSR activities due to its convincing benefits to the business.Maignan
and Ferrell (2004) have concluded a direct positive relationship between CSR and customer loyalty in a
managerial survey. From the retail perspective, CSR activities, for instance support for a non-profit cause or
positive ethical practices, lead to store loyalty, emotional attachment to the store. As a result is a positive
increase in the percentage of shopping done at the store and the amount of purchases (Lichtenstein et al., 2004.).
Other studies have attested the collective impact of multiple CSR strategies on customer attitudes .For eg
,Brown and Dacin (1997 ) have examined the combined influence of various CSR actions, which are support for
causes, contributions to the community, and environmental concern, finding that CSR associations influence
product attitudes through their influence on company. Studies by Barne, Taylor, Miyazaki (2000), Bhattacharya
and Sen (2001), and Creyer and Ross (1997) suggested that consumers are willing to actively support companies
committed to cause-related marketing, environmentally friendly practices and that CSR practices have an impact
on customer purchase intention. Overall, these studies provide evidence supporting the suggestion that socially
responsible companies are likely to be perceived more favorably by consumers than less socially responsible
companies.
SECTION III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this study, both qualitative and quantitative research methods are employed. For the quantitative
research, ninety respondents were chosen to fill out ninety questionnaires, which ask about their basic
backgrounds and their possible behavior towards CSR related issues.
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5. Corporate Social Responsibility…
VII.
QUANTITATIVE METHODS
Quantitative research method was employed in this research because of following reasons. Firstly, it is
one of the most widely used techniques to reach a large population and to identify and describe the variability in
different situations (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2009, 361 - 362.). Secondly, the collected data later on can be
analyzed effectively through SPSS program. The questionnaire included fifteen questions. The first three
questions were about the respondents’ general backgrounds. The three questions coming next were to find out
their buying habits and their personal qualities. The left behind questions were goes deeper into whether CSR
related activities had any impact on their buying. Before doing actual research, five persons were chosen for a
pilot test to assure that the respondents have no misunderstandings about the nature of the questions. After that,
the questionnaire was adjusted and presented to the supervisor of the thesis for comments and approval.
SECTION IV: ANALYSIS OF EMPIRICAL DATA
The empirical study reveals these key findings. First, there is noticeable difference among the
respondents in their reactions to CSR related activities in restaurant industry. Secondly, not every CSR initiative
can affect customers in an expected manner. However, CSR initiatives do have a positive impact on customer
behavior in general. ― Do you go to a restaurant that offers less price ? ‖ This question helps us to recognize if
customer would avoid a restaurant not fulfilling its economic responsibilities. A large number of respondents
(46 percent) remained neutral when being asked this query. The total number of respondents supporting a
restaurant offering much lower price than its competitors and those avoiding that restaurant were equal.Offering
different sized portions is one of the CSR practices to reduce the amount of daily food waste. This practice
gained positive reaction from customers. Indeed, 52 percent of the respondents answered ―likely‖, 11 percent
answered ―extremely likely‖ when being asked ―Would you like to be offered different sized portions of every
item available on the menu?‖Another CSR activity related to environmental issues is utilizing organic food
ingredients. Although 48 percent of the respondents answered ―neutral‖ to the question ―While eating is it
relevant for you to know that the food is made from natural sources ? ‖, Do u think natural food ingredients help
restaurants to persuade customer positively since 32 percent of the respondents answered it is ―important‖ and 3
percent of the respondents answered it is ―extremely important‖.To some extent, ethical source of ingredients is
a good practice to attract certain customers.
Among ninty respondents, two ―always‖ ask about the origin of the food ingredients when eating out
,and twenty respondents ―sometimes‖ do this. Most of the respondents (44 percent) ―rarely‖ ask this kind of
question, and 35 percent of the respondents ―never‖ do this.Ethical treatment to the staff is an effective practice
to affect customer behavior. Indeed, 62 percent of respondents said that the staff’s behavior affects their mood
―very much‖ when dining out, 39 percent said it affects them ―moderately‖, 3 percent answered their mood is
not affect much by the staff’s behavior. None of the respondents chose the answer alternative ―not at all‖.The
finding showed that customers have a favorable attitude towards restaurants doing good activities to the
community like sponsoring to the local charity groups, donating money to non-profit programs, etc.
Approximately 54 percent of the respondents would be ―likely‖ to support that type of restaurant.Customers
tend to pay more for the food and service at a socially responsible restaurant. When it came to the question ―Are
you willing to pay more for the and service ? ‖ some 38percent answered they would be ―likely‖ to pay, and 3
percent would be ― extremely likely ‖ to do so. 36percent were ―neutral‖ and 26percent were ―unlikely‖ to pay
more. Among 43 respondents who would be willing to pay premium price, five are ready to pay ―less than 5%‖,
thirty-three would pay a ―4-15%‖ more price in the restaurant.CSR activities benefit restaurants by gaining
customers’ loyalty. If a restaurant stops doing those good activities to the community, customers are more likely
to boycott the restaurant. In fact, 22 percent of the respondents answered that they would be ―unlikely‖ to visit
the restaurant regularly. Most of the respondents (64 percent) stayed ―neutral‖ because they also take into
account the quality of food and service the restaurant offers.
VIII.
EFFECT OF INCOME LEVEL
As mentioned in the theoretical framework, economic situation has a great effect on an individual’s
buying. So we will take a closer look on whether CSR activities affect the buying decision of people with
different income level.
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6. Corporate Social Responsibility…
Table 1. Three income groups and their reaction to the question ―Do you go to a restaurant that offers much
lower price than its competitors?‖
Annual income
Going to a restaurant selling things at much lower price.
Extremely unlikely
less than 30 000
30 000 - 50 000
more than 50 000
Total
Unlikely
Neutral
Likely
2
0
2
4
6
8
6
20
10
23
10
43
10
10
0
20
Total
Extremely
likely
2
1
0
3
30
42
18
90
Table 2. How people of three income groups react to the idea of being able to order different sized portions of
every items available on the menu
Prefer to be offered diverse sized portions
Annual income.
less than 30 000
30 000 - 50 000
more than 50 000
Total
Extremely Unlikely
5
9
3
17
Unlikely.
5
6
2
13
Neutral.
14
21
15
50
Likely.
2
4
2
8
Total
26
41
23
90
ExtremelyLikely
0
1
1
2
Table 3. How important it is to people of three income groups that the food is made from organic ingredients
It's vital the food is made from organic ingredients
Annual income
less than 30 000
30 000 - 50 000
more than 50 000
Total
Extremely
unimportant
2
2
2
6
Unimportant
Neutral
Important
3
6
1
10
11
26
10
47
10
9
5
24
Extremely
important
2
1
0
3
Total
28
44
18
90
Table 4. How often people of three income groups ask about the origin of the food ingredients when eating out
It's important the food is made from organic ingredients
Annual income
Total
less than 30 000
30 000 - 50 000
more than 50 000
Total
Always
1
1
1
3
Sometimes
4
8
5
17
Rarely
15
16
11
42
Never
10
10
8
28
30
35
25
90
Table 6. How much people of three income groups support a restaurant doing good activities to the community
Supporting restaurants doing good activities
Annual income
less than 30 000
30 000 - 50 000
more than 50 000
Total
Unlikely
3
0
2
5
Neutral
9
16
9
34
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Likely
12
25
10
47
Extremely likely
2
1
1
4
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Total
26
42
22
90
7. Corporate Social Responsibility…
Table 7. How much people of three income groups would be willing to pay premium price for the food and
service at a CSR friendly restaurant
Supporting restaurants doing good activities
Annual income
less than 30 000
30 000 - 50 000
more than 50 000
Total
Unlikely
8
5
6
19
Neutral
5
20
5
30
Likely
12
15
9
36
Total
Extremely likely
2
2
1
5
27
42
21
90
Table 8. How much more people of three income groups would be willing to pay
How much more is resonable?
Annual income
less than 5%
5 - 10%
more than 10%
Total
2
6
1
9
less than 30 000
30 000 - 50 000
more than 50 000
Total
14
12
11
37
2
2
1
5
18
20
13
51
If we analyze these tables we come to the conclusion that it is not true that people with higher annual income
would support every kind of CSR activities more positively. Certain CSR initiatives gain more supports from
customers with lower income than from those with higher income.
IX.
LIFESTYLE
In order to see whether there is a relationship between people’s lifestyle and their reactions to different
CSR activities, the Pearson correlation statistical test was employed. The Pearson correlation statistical test, a
tool in SPSS program, is often used to examine the association between two variables by a correlation ( Hinton
,Brownlow ,McMurray & Cozens ,2004 ,296 ). 60
Table 9. Customers’ lifestyle and their reaction about going to a restaurant offering much lower price than its
competitors.
Frequency of
buying
organic food
Frequency of buying organic food
Correlation
Pearson
Sig . (2-tailed)
1
90
Going to a restaurant offering
much lower price than its
competitors
-.236
.016
90
N
Going to a restaurant offering
Correlation
lower price than
tailed)
Pearson
Sig . (2-
-.236
.016
90
1
90
N
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
The Pearson Correlation test statistic in this case is negative (-,236), which means that there is a
negative correlation between two variables above (Table 9). A negative correlation means that as one variable
increases, the other variable decreases. If the Pearson Correlation test value is positive this means there is a
positive correlation between two variables. It shows that when a variable increases, the other variable increases
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8. Corporate Social Responsibility…
also. (Hinton et al., 298 – 300.). In order words, if the people buy organic food more often, the less likely they
would go to a restaurant that offers much lower price than its competitors do. Similar Pearson Correlation tests
are utilized to examine the relationship between customers’ frequency of buying organic food and the other CSR
related questions. The study shows these key correlations. First, the action of offering different sized portions of
every item available on the menu is more supported by people who buy organic food regularly. when eating out
and it is important to them that the food is made from organic ingredients. The staff’s behavior affects their
mood very much when dining out. Importantly, they show higher tendency to support CSR friendly restaurants
than those who do not buy organic food regularly do.
Personality
The Pearson correlation statistical test continued to serve as a tool to examine the correlation between
people’s personality and their reaction to CSR related activities. Except for respondents’ support to a restaurant
doing good activities to the society and respondents’ willingness to pay premium price, no correlations between
customers’ personality and other CSR related activities were indicated.
Table 10. Correlation between respondents’ personality and their support to a restaurant doing good activities to
the community
An individual can influence
the environment through
their daily events
Supporting restaurants
doing good actions
Pearson Correlation
Sig . (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig . (2-tailed)
N
An individual
can influence
the environment
through
their
daily events
1
Supporting restaurants doing good
activities
-.312
.001
90
1
90
-.312
.001
90
90
Table 10 shows that the Pearson Correlation test value is positive (0.312). This means that people who believe
in their ability to improve the quality of the surrounding environment through their daily events have a tendency
to support a restaurant socially responsible.
Table 11. Correlation between respondents’ personality and their willingness to pay premium price
An individual can influence
the environment through
their daily events
Willing to pay premium price
Pearson Correlation
Sig . (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig . (2-tailed)
N
X.
An individual
can influence
the environment
through
their
daily events
1
Willing to pay premium price
90
-.273
.003
90
-.273
.003
90
1
90
SECTION V: CONCLUSION
The figures from the quantitative research analysis indicate that customers do expect restaurants to be
socially responsible. Indeed, 25 percent of the respondents agreed that promoting human welfare is the
responsibility of enterprises For 62 percent of respondents, the idea that the restaurant will offer different sized
portions was strongly supported. For 35 percent of respondents, organic sources of ingredients are important.
Ethical treatment of employees will indirectly affect the mood of 62 percent of respondents.
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9. Corporate Social Responsibility…
Besides, 58 percent of customers would support a socially responsible restaurant by coming there to
eat. In conclusion, customers’ buying decision is certainly affected by CSR related activities of the restaurant.
Forty-two customers said they would be willing to pay more for the food and service at the mentioned
restaurant. The most reasonable rate chosen by customers is ―4-15%‖.
CSR efforts alone do not have an impact on customer behavior entirely. In fact, the respondents chose
to stay neutral in several questions like ―Do you go to a restaurant that offers much lower price than others ? ‖ ,
In other words CSR work must be merged with good quality of food and service to have the most impact on
customer behavior. By understanding customer reactions to CSR, restaurants can develop optimal CSR
strategies, which will result in customer satisfaction and financial rewards. So any CSR policy can reap benefits
for restaurant which already offer good quality of food and service, but as a package, they become an effective
means to attract customers and gain customers’ loyalty.This study sets the stage for future research about CSR
implementation in restaurants, for example. A thorough study about current practices of CSR in restaurant
industry is an interesting topic. In-depth interviews with restaurant owners would be the most effective method
to gather necessary information. Besides, the findings of this research could serve as secondary data for a
research about customer behavior before and after they know about CSR activities of a restaurant
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