c programming session 1.pptx

UNIT II C PROGRAMMING BASICS
Problem formulation – Problem Solving - Introduction to ‘ C’
programming –fundamentals – structure of a ‘C’ program – compilation
and linking processes – Constants, Variables – Data Types – Expressions
using operators in ‘C’ – Managing Input and Output operations –
Decision Making and Branching – Looping statements – solving simple
scientific and statistical problems.

Problem formulation
• Effective problem formulation is fundamental to the success of all analysis,
but particularly in Command and Control assessment because the problems are
often ill-defined and complex, involving many dimensions and a rich context.
• Problem formulation involves decomposition of the analytic problem into
appropriate dimensions such as structures, functions, mission areas.
• Problem formulation is an iterative process that evolves over the course of
the study.
• It is essential even for small studies or where time is short; it will
save time later and help ensure quality.

• The problem formulation phase should identify the context of the
study and aspects of the problem related issues.
• There is no universally acceptable approach to problem
formulation. However, best practices exist that can be applied.
• First find out what the question is then find out what the real
question is.

PROBLEM SOLVING
•When we starts reading these and wants to learn how to solve problem by
using a computer, it is first of all important to understand what the problem
is.
•We need to read the problem statement a number of times to ensure that
it understands what is asked before attempting to solve the problem.
Method of Problem Solving
1. Recognize and understand the problem.
2. Accumulate facts.
3. Select appropriate theory.
4. Make necessary assumptions.
5. Solve the problem.
6. Verify results.

•Performing step 5 Solve the problem may involve a computer.
•The 5 steps in using a computer as a problem-solving tool
1. Develop an Algorithm and a Flowchart.
2. Write the program in a computer language.
3. Enter the program into the computer.
4. Test and' debug the program.
5. Run the program, input data, and get the results from the computer

Introduction to ‘ C’ programming
•C was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell laboratory in 1972
•It is an upgrade version of languages B and BCPL.
Features of C
•It is a structured programming language.
•It is highly portable.
•It is a middle level language.
•It is a case sensitive language.
•It uses Top-Down approach.
•It is a Free form language.etc,.

Steps in learning C
Character
Set
Programs
Instructions
Tokens

C Character Set
C Character Set
Execution
Character Set
Source
Character Set
Special
Characters
Digits
Alphabets Escape
Sequence
White
Spaces

C Character Set (Cont)
 Source Character Set
 It is used to construct the statements in the program.
 Executable Character Set
 These characters are employed at the time of execution i.e. they
have effects only when the program is being executed.

Source Character Set
Letters a to z ,A to Z
Digits 0 to 9
Special Characters ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ - + = | { } [ ]
etc,.
White Spaces Blank Space ,Horizontal tab, New
line, Vertical tab etc,.

Special characters
 Comma ,
 Period or dot .
 Semicolon ;
 Colon :
 Apostrophe ‘
 Quotation mark “
 Exclamation mark !
 Vertical bar |
 Back Slash
 Tilde ~
 Underscore -
 Dollar $
 Question mark ?

 Ampersand &
 Caret ^
 Asterisk *
 Minus -
 Addition +
 Lesser than <
 Greater than >
 Parenthesis ()
 Bracket []
 Braces {}
 Percentage %
 Hash #
 Equal to =
 At the rate @

Executable Character Set
Characters Escape Sequence
Back Space b
Horizontal Space t
Vertical Space v
Newline n

C Tokens
 The smallest element in the C language is the token.
 It may be a single character or a sequence of characters.

C Tokens (Cont)
C Tokens
Identifiers
Eg:main,
avg
Keywords
Eg: int,
for
operators
Eg: +
-
Strings
Eg: “ab”
spI
symbol
Eg: #
$ %
Constants
Eg:17,
15.5

Executing a C Program
Creating the Program
Compilation
Linking
Execution

Executing a C Program (Cont)
 Enter the program in a C editor.
 Save the program (File  Save) or F2. Use the extension .c for
saving the file.
Eg: sample.c
 Compile the program(Compile  Compile) or Alt+F9.
 Run the program(Run  Run) or Ctrl+F9.

Executing C program using UNIX
 Enter the program in vi editor.
 Save the file using :wq
Use the extension .c for saving the file.
Eg: sample.c
 Compile the program.
Eg: cc sample.c (or) gcc sample.c
 Run the program using a.out.

Structure of C program
DOCUMENTATION SECTION
PREPROCESSOR SECTION
DEFINITION SECTION
GLOBAL DECLARATION SECTION
main()
{
Declaration part;
Executable Part;
}
sub program section
{
Body of the subprogram;
}

 Documentation Section
 It contains the comment lines.
 Preprocessor Section
 It is used to link library files.
 Global Declaration Section
 The Global declaration section comes at the beginning of the
program and they are visible to all parts of the program.
 Declaration Section
 It describes the data to be used within the function.
 Executable Part
 It contains the valid statements.

C Programs
 C program may have many functions.
 One and only one of the functions MUST BE named main.
 main is the starting point for the program.
 main and other functions in a program are divided into two
sections, declaration section and statement section.

Preprocessor Directives
 Special instructions to the preprocessor that tells how to prepare the
program for compilation
 E.g: include : tells the processor to include information from
selected libraries known as header files e.g. <stdio.h>

Comments (Program documentation)
 The compiler simply ignores comments when it translates the
program into executable code.
 To identify a comments, C uses opening /* and closing */
comment tokens.

Comments (Cont)
 Comments can appear anywhere in a program.
 Comments are also found wherever it is necessary to explain a point
about a code.
 Comments cannot be nested in C i.e. you cannot have comments
inside comments.

C program
/* Example program in C*/ Comments
# include <stdio.h> Preprocessor Section
Global Declaration
void main ()
{ Local declaration
printf (“Hello World! n”); Statements
}
Output :
Hello World

C Tokens
 Identifiers
 Keywords
 Constants
 Operators
 Special symbols

Identifiers
 Identifiers are names given to various program elements such as
variables, functions and arrays etc,.
 Eg: #define N 10
#define a 15
Here N and a are user defined identifiers.

Rules for naming identifier
 First character must be alphabetic or underscore.
 Must consist only of alphabetic characters, digits, or underscores.
 Only the first 31 characters of an identifier are significant and are
recognized by the compiler.
 Cannot use a keywords or reserved word (e.g. main, include, printf &
scanf etc.).
 No space are allowed between the identifiers etc,.
 C is case sensitive, e.g. My_name  my_name.

Examples of Valid and Invalid Names
Valid Names Invalid Names
a a1 $sum /* $ is illegal */
student_name stdntNm 2names /* Starts with 2 */
_aSystemName _anthrSysNm stdnt Nmbr /* no spaces */
TRUE FALSE int /* reserved word */

Variables
 Variable is an identifier that is used to represent some specified type
of information.
 Eg: x=3
 Here x is variable.

Keywords
 reserved words.
 Cannot be used for anything else.
 Examples:
 int
 while
 for etc,.

Keywords
Auto register Continue
Double typedef For
Int Char signed
Struct extern void
Break return Default
Else union Goto
Long Const sizeof
Switch Float do
Case short If
Enum unsigned
Static While

Constants
 It is an entity whose value does not changes during the execution.
 Eg: x=3
 Here 3 is a constant.

Types
 Numeric constants
 Character constant

Constants
Constants
Character Constants
Numeric Constants
Real
Constant
Integer
Constant
String
Constant
Single
Character
Constant

Numeric constants
Integer constants
 It is formed using a sequence of digits.
Decimal - 0 to 9 .
Octal - 0 to 7.
Hexa - 0 to 9 ,A to F
Eg: 10,75 etc.

Rules for defining Integer Constant
 It must have at least one digit.
 Decimal point are not allowed.
 No blank space or commas are allowed.
 It can be either positive or negative. Etc,.

Numeric constants
Real constants
 It is formed using a sequence of digits but it contain decimal point.
 length, height, price distance measured in real number
Eg: 2.5, 5.11, etc.

Character constants
Single character constant
 A character constant is a single character they also represented
with single digit or a single special symbol which is enclosed in
single quotes.
 Eg: ‘a’, ‘8’,’_’etc.

Character constants
String constants
 String constant are sequence of characters enclosed with in double
quote.
 Eg: “Hello” ,”444”,”a” etc,.

Operators
 An operator is a symbol that specifies an operation to be performed
on the operands.
 Eg: a + b
+ is an operator.
a,b are operands.

Data Types
 A Data type is the type of data that are going to access within the
program.

Standard Data Types
•These Standard type can be used to build more complex data types
called Derived Types (e.g. pointers, array, union etc.).

Data types
Data type Size(bytes) Range Format string
Char 1 -128 to 127 %c
int 2 -32,768 to 32,767 %d
Float 4 3.4 e-38 to 3.4 e+38 %f
Double 8 1.7 e-308 to 1.7 e+308 %lf

integer
 A number without a fraction part : integral number.
 C supports three different sizes of the integer data type :
 short int
 int
 long int

Floating Point
 A floating-point type is a number with a fractional part, e.g. 56.78
 Floating point numbers are stored using
4 Byte.
 Types
 Float
 Double
 long double

character
 Character are generally stored using 8 bits(1 Byte) of the internal
storage.
Character ASCII code value
a 97(decimal) or 01100001(binary)
x 120(decimal) or 01111000(binary)

void
 The void type has no values and no operations.
 Both the set of values and the set of operations are empty.

Variable’s Declaration
 To create a variable, you must specify the type and then its
identifier :
float price;
int a,b;
char code;

Entire Data types in c:
Data type Size(bytes) Range Format string
Char 1 128 to 127 %c
Unsigned char 1 0 to 255 %c
Short or int 2 -32,768 to 32,767 %i or %d
Unsigned int 2 0 to 65535 %u
Long 4 -2147483648 to 2147483647 %ld
Unsigned long 4 0 to 4294967295 %lu
Float 4 3.4 e-38 to 3.4 e+38 %f or %g
Double 8 1.7 e-308 to 1.7 e+308 %lf
Long Double 10 3.4 e-4932 to 1.1 e+4932 %lf

Types of Operator
 Arithmetic operator
 Relational operator
 Logical operator
 Assignment operator
 Increment or decrement operator(unary)
 Bitwise operator
 Conditional operator

Arithmetic operator
 It is used to carry out arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction etc,
Eg: + , - , * , / etc,

Sample program
#include<stdio.h> // Header File
#include <conio.h>
int b=10; //Global Declaration
void main ( ) /* main is the starting of every c program */
{
int a,c; //Local Declaration
clrscr( );
scanf(“%d”,&a);
printf(“ n The sum of the two values:”);
c = a+b;
printf(“%d”,c);
getch( );
}

Division operator on Different Data Type
Operation Result Example
int/int int 5/2 = 2
int/real real 5/2.0 = 2.5
real/int real 5.0/2 = 2.5
real/real real 5.0/2.0 = 2.5

Sample program
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int a=10,b=4,c;
float d=3,e;
clrscr( );
c = a/b;
printf(" n value a/b is:%d",c);
e = a/d;
printf("n value a/d is:%f",e);
getch( );
}

Output
value a/b is:2
value a/d is:3.333333

Relational operator
 It is used to compare two or more operands.
 Eg :< , > , <= , >=, != etc,.
 5 < 9 which will return 1

Logical operator
 It is used to combine the result of two or more condition.
 AND(&&)
 OR (||)
 NOT (!) are Logical operators.
 Eg: (i>10)&&(j>5).
(i>10)||(j>5) etc,.

Sample program
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( ){
int a=10,b=3,c=5,e;
clrscr( );
if(a>b) // relational operator
{
printf(" n a is bigger than b");
}
if((a>b)&&(a>c)) //Logical operator
{
printf(" n a is biggest");
}
getch( );
}

Output
a is bigger than b
a is biggest

Assignment operator
 It is used to assign a value or expression etc to a variable.
 Eg: a =10.
a = b
a = b + c etc,.

Assignment operator(Cont)
 Compound operator
It is also used to assign a value to a variable.
Eg: x + = y means x = x + y
 Nested operator
It is used for multiple assignment.
Eg: i = j = k = 0;

Sample program
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int b=10;
void main ( )
{
int a=3,b=5;
clrscr( );
a+=b; // a= a+b
printf(" n The sum of the two values:%d",a);
getch( );
}

Output
The sum of the two values:8

Increment or decrement operator(Unary)
 It is used to Increment or decrement an operand.
 Eg: ++x (Pre Increment),
x++ (Post Increment),
--x (Pre Decrement),
x-- (Post Decrement).

Sample Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int a=5;
clrscr( );
printf(" n Post increment Value:%d",a++);
printf(" n Pre increment Value:%d",++a);
printf(" n Pre decrement Value:%d",--a);
printf(" n Post decrement Value:%d",a--);
getch( );
}

Output
Post increment Value:5
Pre increment Value:7
Pre decrement Value:6
Post decrement Value:6

Bitwise operator
 It is used to manipulate data at bit level.
 Eg: a=5 i.e 0000 0101
b=4 i.e 0000 0100
Then a & b = 0000 0100
a | b = 0000 0101 etc,.

Sample program
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int a=5,b=4,c;
//char a=5,b=4,c;
clrscr( );
c = a&b;
printf(" n value a&b is:%d",c);
getch( );
}

Conditional Operator (or) Ternary Operator
 It is used to checks the condition and execute the statement
depending on the condition.
 Eg: C = a > b ? a:b

Sample Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int a=5,b=8,c;
clrscr( );
c = a>b?a:b; //Conditional operator
printf(" n The Larger Value is%d",c);
getch( );

Special Operator
 comma operator ( , )
 sizeof operator
 pointer operator (& , *) etc,.

#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int c;
clrscr( );
printf(" n size of int is:%d",sizeof c);
getch( );
}

Expression
 An expression represent data item such as variable, constant are
interconnected using operators.
 Eg:
Expression C Expression
a + b + c a + b + c
a2+b2 a*a + b*b

Operator Precedence & Associativity
 The arithmetic expressions evaluation are carried out based on the
precedence and associativity.
 The evaluation are carried in two phases.
 First Phase: High Priority operators are
evaluated.
 Second Phase: Low Priority operators are
evaluated.

Precedence Operator
High * , / , %
Low + , -

Example
 5 - 20/4 + 3*3 – 1
 = 5 - 5 + 9 – 1
 = 0 + 9 – 1
 = 9 – 1
 = 8

Example
 5 – (20/4) + 3*(3 – 1)
= 5 - 5 + 3*2
= 5 - 5 + 6
= 6

Type Conversion
 Converting the type of an expression from one type to another type.
Eg: x = (int)10.45

Sample Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int c;
clrscr( );
c=(int)10.45;
printf("nOutput is:%d",c);
getch( );
}
Output is:10

Input/output Function
Input/Output
Function
Unformatted
Formatted
Output
printf()
fprintf()
Input
scanf()
fscanf()
Input
getc()
gets()
getchar()
Output
putc()
puts()
putchar()

Formatted Input/output
 C uses two functions for formatted input and output.
 Formatted input : reads formatted data from the keyboard.
 Formatted output : writes formatted data to the monitor.

Standard Output
 The standard output file is the monitor.
 Like the keyboard, it is a text file.
 When you need to display data that is not text, it must be
converted into to the text before it is written to the screen.

Formatted Input (scanf)
• The standard formatted input function in C is scanf (scan
formatted).
• scanf consists of :
 a format string .
 an address list that identifies where data are to be placed in
memory.
scanf ( format string, address list );
(“%c….%d…..%f…..”, &a,….&i,…..,&x…..)

getchar() Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
void main()
{
char x;
printf("enter the character:");
x=getchar();
if(islower(x))
putchar(toupper(x));
else
putchar(tolower(x));
getch();
}
Output:
enter the character:ABC
a

getche() Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char c ;
clrscr();
printf("nInput a string:");
c = getche();
printf("nstring is:");
putch(c);
getch();
}
Output:
Input a string:k
string is:k

Getch() Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char c;
clrscr();
printf("nInput a string:");
c = getch();
printf("nstring is:");
putch(c);
getch();
}
Output:
Input a string:
string is:h

getc Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
void main()
{
char x;
printf("enter the character:");
x=getc(stdin);
if(islower(x))
putc(toupper(x),stdout);
else
putc(tolower(x),stdout);
getch();
}
Output:
enter the character:abc
A

gets() Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char c[80];
clrscr();
printf("Input a string:");
gets(c);
printf("The string is:");
puts(c);
getch();
}
Output:
Input a string:qwerty
The string is:qwerty

Character Test Function
 It is used to test the character taken from the input.
 isalpha(ch)
 isdigit(ch)
 islower(ch)
 isupper(ch)
 tolower(ch)
 toupper(ch) etc,.

Decision Making
 It is used to change the order of the program based on condition.
 Categories:
 Sequential structure
 Selection structure
 Iteration structure
 Encapsulation structure

Decision Making (cont)
 Sequential structure
 In which instructions are executed in sequence.
 Selection structure
 In which instruction are executed based on the result of some
condition.
 Iteration structure
 In which instruction are executed repeatedly.
 Encapsulation structure
 In which some compound structure are used.

SELECTION STRUCTURE
 It allows the program to make a choice from alternative paths.
 C provide the following selection structures
 IF statement
 IF … ELSE statement
 Nested IF … ELSE statement
 IF … ELSE ladder

IF Statement
Syntax
IF (condition is true)
{
Statements;
}
If
condition
False
True
Statements

Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int a;
clrscr( );
printf("nEnter the number:");
scanf("%d",&a);
if(a>10)
{
printf(" n a is greater than 10");
}
getch( );
}

Output
Enter the number: 12
a is greater than 10

IF…ELSE Statement
Syntax
IF (condition)
{
True statements;
}
ELSE
{
False statements;
}
If
Condition
True False
True
statements
False
statements

#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int a;
clrscr( );
scanf("%d",&a);
if(a>10)
{
printf(" n a is greater than 10");
}
else
{
printf(" n a is less than 10");
}
getch( );
}

NESTED IF… ELSE
If
Condition
2
True False
True
statements
False
statements
If
Condition
1
False
Statements
True

NESTED IF… ELSE
Syntax
IF (condition1)
{
IF (condition2)
{
True statements;
}
ELSE
{
False statements;
}
}
ELSE
{
False statements;
}

IF…ELSE LADDER
Condition
1
Statements
Condition
2
Statements
Condition
3
Statements Statements
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE FALSE
FALSE
FALSE

IF…ELSE LADDER
Syntax
IF (condition1)
{
statements;
}
else if (condition2)
{
statements;
}
else if (condition3)
{
statements;
}
else
{
statements;
}

Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int m1,m2,m3;
float avg;
printf("nEnter the marks:");
scanf("%d%d%d",&m1,&m2,&m3);
avg=(m1+m2+m3)/3;
printf("n The average is:%f",avg);
printf("n The Grade is:");
if(avg>=60)
{
printf("First class");
}

else if(avg>=50)
{
printf("Second class");
}
else if(avg>=35)
{
printf("Thrid class");
}
else
{
printf("Fail");
}
getch();
}

Output
Enter the marks:65
75
70
The average is:70.000000
The Grade is: First class

Looping
 It is used to execute some instructions several time based on
some condition.
 WHILE
 Do…WHILE
 For

WHILE Loop
Syntax
.
WHILE (condition)
{
.
Body of the loop;
.
}
Body of The loop
condition
False
True

Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=1,fact=1,n;
printf("nEnter the Number:");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(i<=n)
{
fact =fact *i;
i++; // i=i+1
}
printf("n The value of %d! is:%d",n,fact);
getch();
}

Output
Enter the Number:3
The value of 3! is: 6

DO…WHILE Loop
Syntax
do
{
Body of the loop
}while (condition);
Body of The loop
condition
False
True

for loop
Syntax
for (initialization; test condition; Increment/Decrement)
{
Body of the loop
}

for loop
Initialization
condition False
Body of the loop
Inc / Decrement

Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,fact=1,n;
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
fact =fact *i;
}
printf("n The value of %d! is:%d",n,fact);
getch();
}

Nested for loop
Syntax
for (initi; cond; Inc/Dec)
{
for (initi; cond; Inc/Dec)
{
Body of the loop
}
}

CASE structure
Case 1
Case 2
Default
case
Switch

CASE structure
Syntax
switch (expression)
{
case constant 1:
block1;
break;
case constant 2:
block2;
break;
.
.
default :
default block;
break;
}

Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,n;
scanf("%d",&n);
switch(n)
{
case 1:
{
printf("n Its in case 1");
break;
}

case 2:
{
printf("n Its in case 2");
break;
}
default:
{
printf("n Its in default");
break;
}
}
getch();
}

Output
Enter the Number:2
Its in case 2

break Statement
 It is used to terminate the loop
 When a break statement is encountered inside a loop, then the
loop is terminated.

Loops with break Statement
while(cond)
{
…………
if(cond)
break;
…………
}

do
{
…………
if(cond)
break;
…………
} while(cond);

for (initi; condt; Inc/Dec)
{
…………
if(cond)
break;
…………
}

Continue Statement
 When a continue statement is encountered inside a loop, the
control is transferred to the beginning.

Loops with continue Statement
while(cond)
{
…………
if(cond)
continue;
…………
}

do
{
…………
if(cond)
continue;
…………
} while(cond);

for (initi; condt; Inc/Dec)
{
…………
if(cond)
continue;
…………
}

goto Statement
 When a goto statement is encountered inside a loop, the control is
transferred to the beginning.

Syntax for goto Statement
label:
…………
…………
…………
goto label;
…………

goto label;
…………
…………
…………
label:
…………

Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c,n;
clrscr();
printf("nEnter the value of a,b:");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
printf("nMENU");
printf("n1.ADDn2.SUBn3.MULTIPLYn0.EXIT");
printf("nEnter the choice:");
scanf("%d",&n);

switch(n)
{
case 1:
c=a+b;
printf("nThe result of Addition is:%d",c);
break;
case 2:
c=a-b;
printf("nThe result of Subtraction is:%d",c);
break;
case 3:
c=a*b;
printf("nThe result of Multiplication is:%d",c);
break;
case 0:
exit(0);
break;
}
getch();
}

Output
Enter the value of a,b:5
6
MENU
1.ADD
2.SUB
3.MULTIPLY
0.EXIT
Enter the choice:1
The result of Addition is:11

Finding Armstrong No
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int r=0,sum=0,n,a;
scanf("%d",&n);
a=n;
while(n>0)
{
r=n%10;
sum=sum+r*r*r;
n=n/10;
}

if(a==sum)
{
printf("nIt is an armstrong number");
}
else
{
printf("nIt is not an armstrong number");
}
getch();
}

Output
Enter the number:153
It is an armstrong number

Sum of the Digits
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int r=0,sum=0,n;
printf("nEnter the no:");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(n>0)
{
r=n%10;
sum=sum+r;
n=n/10;
}
printf("sum of the digits is:%d",sum);
}

Output
Enter the no:156
sum of the digits is:12

Reverse of a number
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int r=0,sum=0,n;
printf("nEnter the no:");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(n>0)
{
r=n%10;
sum=sum*10+r;
n=n/10;
}
printf("Reverse of the number is:%d",sum);
getch();
}

Output
Enter the no:567
Reverse of the number is:765

Fibonacci Series
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int f=0,f1=-1,f2=1,n,i;
scanf("%d",&n);
while(f<n)
{
f=f1+f2;
f1=f2;
f2=f;
printf("t%d",f);
}
getch();
}

Output
Enter the number:5
0 1 1 2 3 5

Swapping
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int a,b,c;
clrscr( );
printf(" nEnter the value of a:");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf(" nEnter the value of b:");
scanf("%d",&b);
c=a;
a=b;
b=c;
printf(" nThe value of a is:%d",a);
printf(" nThe value of b is:%d",b);
getch( );
}

Output:
Enter the value of a:5
Enter the value of b:4
The value of a is:4
The value of b is:5

Swapping without using third variable
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int a,b;
clrscr( );
scanf("%d",&a);
scanf("%d",&b);
a=a+b;
b=a-b;
a=a-b;
printf(" nThe value of a is:%d",a);
printf(" nThe value of b is:%d",b);
getch( );
}

Output:
The value of a is:6
The value of b is:5

Quadratic Equation
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main ( )
{
int a,b,c,d,r1,r2;
clrscr( );
scanf("%d",&a);
scanf("%d",&b);
printf(" nEnter the value of c:");
scanf("%d",&c);
d=b*b-4*a*c;

if(d>=0)
{
r1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a);
r2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a);
printf(" nThe roots are %d,%d",r1,r2);
}
else
{
printf(" nThe roots are imaginary");
}
getch( );
}

Output
Enter the value of c:6
The roots are imaginary

c programming session 1.pptx

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c programming session 1.pptx