C Programming Language (Features and Components)

Mangalayatan University
05/31/2025 CSM – 6151 Programming with "C" 1
Faculty Name :- Prof. LALIT MOHAN GUPTA
Course Name :- Programming with ‘C’
Course Code :- CSM – 6115
Semester :- 1
Class No. :- 2
Chapter No :-1,2,3
JAN’2025 SESSION

Programming Paradigms
• Imperative Programming: Focuses on how to execute.
• Declarative Programming: Focuses on what to execute.
• Logical Programming: Focuses on True or False
• Examples: SQL (Declarative), Python (Imperative),
Prolog (Logical)

Analysis of Algorithms and Programs
• Benchmarking: Measuring the performance of programs.
• Profiling: Analyzing a program to determine which parts
of it are time or memory-intensive.
• Optimization: Improving the efficiency of algorithms and
programs.

Real-World Applications of Algorithms
• Sorting and Searching: Used in databases, file
management.
• Encryption Algorithms: Data security and cryptography.
• Pathfinding Algorithms: GPS navigation, AI in games.
• Machine Learning Algorithms: Data analysis, prediction
models.

Fundamental Stages of Problem Solving
• Definition: Problem-solving is the process of identifying
solutions to specific issues using a logical approach.
• Importance: Critical for effective programming and
software development.

Understanding the Problem
• Objective: Clearly define the problem.
• Steps:
• Analyze the problem statement.
• Identify input and output requirements.
• Determine constraints and limitations.
• Outcome: A precise understanding of what needs to be
solved.

Planning the Solution
• Objective: Develop a strategy to solve the problem.
• Steps:
• Choose an appropriate problem-solving approach (e.g.,
Divide and Conquer, Dynamic Programming).
• Outline the steps required to solve the problem (algorithm).
• Create a pseudocode or flowchart.
• Outcome: A clear plan of action for solving the problem.

Implementing the Solution
• Objective: Convert the planned solution into a program.
• Steps:
• Select a suitable programming language.
• Write the code based on the algorithm or pseudocode.
• Ensure the code is syntactically correct.
• Outcome: A working program that solves the problem.

Testing and Debugging
• Objective: Ensure the program works correctly and
efficiently.
• Steps:
• Test the program with various inputs, including edge cases.
• Identify and fix any errors or bugs.
• Optimize performance if necessary.
• Outcome: A reliable and efficient program.

Documentation and Maintenance
• Objective: Maintain and improve the program over time.
• Steps:
• Document the code for future reference.
• Update and modify the program as needed.
• Ensure compatibility with new requirements or
environments.
• Outcome: A sustainable and adaptable program.

Introduction to Programming Languages
• Definition: A programming language is a formal language
comprising a set of instructions that produce various kinds
of output.
• Purpose: Facilitates communication between the
programmer and the machine.

Key Features of Programming Languages
• Syntax and Semantics: Rules that define the structure
and meaning of code.
• Data Types: Defines the type of data that can be
processed (e.g., integers, floats, strings).
• Control Structures: Directs the flow of the program (e.g.,
loops, conditionals).
• Standard Library: A set of pre-written functions and
routines available to the programmer.
• Error Handling: Mechanisms to handle errors gracefully.

Additional Features of Programming Languages
• Modularity and Reusability: Supports modular code and
reusable functions.
• Object-Oriented Features: Supports objects and classes
for encapsulating data and functionality.
• Portability: Ability to run on different platforms with
minimal modifications.
• Performance: Efficiency in terms of execution speed and
memory usage.
• Security: Features that protect against vulnerabilities and
unauthorized access.

Flow Charts
Introduction to Flow Charts
• Definition: A flowchart is a diagrammatic representation
of a process or algorithm.
• Purpose: Visualize the flow of a program or system,
making it easier to understand and communicate.

Symbols Used in Flow Charts
• Oval (Start/End): Indicates the beginning or end of a process.
• Rectangle (Process): Represents a process or operation.
• Diamond (Decision): Indicates a decision point with multiple
outcomes.
• Parallelogram (Input/Output): Represents input or output
operations.
• Arrows (Flow Lines): Show the direction of the flow of control.

Creating a Flow Chart
• Steps:
• Identify the main steps of the process.
• Determine the sequence of these steps.
• Use standard symbols to represent each step.
• Connect the steps using arrows to indicate the flow.
• Outcome: A clear and concise diagram that represents the
logic of the program or process.

Example Flow Chart
• Title: Flow Chart for a Simple Decision-Making Process
• Diagram: Show a flow chart that illustrates a basic decision-
making algorithm (e.g., “Is the number even or odd?”).
Advantages of Using Flow Charts
• Clarity: Makes the logic of a process easy to understand.
• Communication: Facilitates better communication among team
members.
• Debugging: Helps in identifying logical errors in algorithms.
• Documentation: Serves as documentation for future reference.

Start
Enter a number
Remainder=N
umber id
divisible by 2
Remainder
Number is
Even
 Number is
Odd
End

Programs and Programming Languages
• Definition of a Program:
• A sequence of instructions written to perform a specified
task on a computer.
• What is a Programming Language?:
• A formal language comprising a set of instructions used to
produce various kinds of output.
• Purpose of Programming Languages:
• To communicate instructions to a computer.
• To create software applications, tools, and systems.

Types of Programming Languages
• Low-Level Languages:
• Machine Language: The fundamental language understood by
computers, composed of binary code.
• Assembly Language: A low-level language with a set of instructions
more readable by humans but closely related to machine code.
• High-Level Languages:
• Compiled Languages: C, C++, Java — translated into machine code
by a compiler.
• Interpreted Languages: Python, JavaScript — executed line-by-line
by an interpreter.
• Scripting Languages: Designed for integrating and communicating
with other programming languages.

Introduction to C Language
• History of C:
• Developed by Dennis Ritchie in the early 1970s at Bell Labs.
• Originally created for developing the UNIX operating system.
• Features of C:
• Procedural Language: Supports a structured approach to
programming.
• Mid-Level Language: Combines the features of both high-level
and low-level languages.
• Portability: Programs written in C are highly portable across
different hardware.
• Efficient Use of Memory: Provides dynamic memory allocation.

Structure of a C Program

The Greeting Program

Examples of Block Comments

Examples of Line Comments

• History of C:
• Developed by Dennis Ritchie in the early 1970s at Bell Labs.
• Originally created for developing the UNIX operating system.
• Features of C:
• Procedural Language: Supports a structured approach to
programming.
• Mid-Level Language: Combines the features of both high-level
and low-level languages.
• Portability: Programs written in C are highly portable across
different hardware.
• Efficient Use of Memory: Provides dynamic memory allocation.

Compiling and Running C Programs
•
Steps to Compile and Run:
1. Write the Program: Create a .c file using a text editor or IDE.
2. Compile the Program: Use a compiler like gcc to compile
the code.
• Command: gcc program.c -o program
3. Run the Program: Execute the compiled output.
• Command: ./program (Linux/Mac) or program.exe (Windows)
Common Tools:
• IDEs: Code::Blocks, Visual Studio, Dev-C++
• Compilers: GCC (GNU Compiler Collection), Clang,
MSVC

Common Errors in C Programming
Syntax Error Incorrect use of language syntax.
•Example: Missing semicolon, (;).
Runtime Errors: Errors that occur during program
execution.
•Example: Division by zero.
Logical Errors: Program runs but produces incorrect
results.
•Example: Incorrect algorithm implementation.
Compilation Errors: Errors detected by the compiler.
•Example: Missing header files.

C Programming Language (Features and Components)

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